An Automated Plant Irrigation System using μC

In the agriculture sector Continuous water extraction from the earth decreases water level owing to the slow arrival of a lot of soil in the areas of irrigated land. This is also owing to the unexpected use of water, which leads to a substantial quantity of waste. This automatic irrigation system is used for this purpose. Power comes from photovoltaic cells using solar energy. Therefore it is not necessary to rely on erratic business energy. The circuit consists of sensor components constructed with op-amp IC. Op-amps are set up as a comparator here. In the soil are placed two steep copper cables to see if the soil is moist or dry. The entire system is controlled by a microcontroller. IC which contacts are used to turn the engine ON, the engine is switched OFF when the ground is moist. The above task is carried out by the microcontroller, which receives the signal from the sensors and which functions under software control that can be stored on the microcontroller's Rom. The pump situation is shown on a 16X2 LCD interfacing to the microcontroller. The ON / OFF pump situation is shown. The project can also be strengthened through its interfaces with a GSM modem, which allows control of the engine switching

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Solar powered smart irrigation system

10.31227/osf.io/s5t72 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Viswanatha V

Keyword(s):

Solar Energy ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Photovoltaic Cells ◽

Gain Control ◽

Continuous Extraction ◽

Reservoir Water ◽

Op Amp ◽

System P ◽

Wet Condition ◽

Solar Powered

In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important because the main reason is the lack of rains and scarcity of land reservoir water. The continuous extraction of water from earth is reducing the water level due to which lot of land is coming slowly in the zones of un-irrigated land. Another very important reason of this is due to unplanned use of water due to which a significant amount of water goes waste. The system derives power from solar energy through photovoltaic cells. Hence, dependency on erratic commercial power is not required. In this paper we use solar energy which is used to operate the irrigation pump. The circuit comprises of sensor parts built using op-amp IC. Op-amp’s are configured here as a comparator. Two stiff probes are inserted in the soil to sense whether the soil is wet or dry. A microcontroller is used to control the whole system by monitoring the sensors and when sensors sense dry condition of soil, then microcontroller will send command to relay driver IC the contacts of which are used to switch on the motor and it will switch off the motor when the soil is in wet condition. The microcontroller does the above job as it receives the signal from the sensors through the output of the comparator, and these signals operate which is stored in ROM of the microcontroller. The condition of the pump i.e., ON/OFF is displayed on a 16X2 LCD which is interfaced to the microcontroller. Further it can be enhanced in future by interfacing it with a GSM modem to gain control over the switching operation of the motor.

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Influences of high-reflective mulching membrane coupled with a drip sub-irrigation system on temperature and humidity of the soil

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202131212006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 312 ◽

pp. 12006

Author(s):

Alessia Di Giuseppe ◽

Mattia Manni ◽

Alessandro Petrozzi ◽

Laura Maria Becchetti ◽

Beatrice Castellani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Experimental Facility ◽

Reference Case ◽

Monitoring Campaign ◽

Agriculture Sector ◽

Different Depths ◽

Original Application ◽

Set Up

The present study deals with an original application of RR materials to the agriculture sector, evaluating the effectiveness of a high-reflective mulching membrane treated with glass micro-spheres and coupled with a drip sub-irrigation system. An experimental facility, in which this technology is exploited, has been set up in Perugia (Italy). Influences of the mulching membrane on hygrothermal properties of the soil were evaluated through humidity and temperature sensors during the monitoring campaign. Data from unmulched field section was used as a reference case. The effectiveness of this technology was evaluated by focusing on three days that are representative of as much weather conditions. The monitoring campaign conducted from April to May 2021 has demonstrated that the high-reflective mulching membrane can reduce the temperature and relative humidity fluctuations throughout the day. In addition, the mulching membrane can reduce the soil temperature at different depths (i.e. 0.05 m, 0.10 m, and 0.15 m). The highest soil temperature reduction was found equal to 8.95°C at 0.15 m. Basing on such preliminary results, a more detailed and extended monitoring campaign will be performed in summer conditions.

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Improvement of Gain Accuracy and CMRR of Low Power Instrumentation Amplifier Using High Gain Operational Amplifiers

Micro and Nanosystems ◽

10.2174/1876402912666200123153318 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 168-174

Author(s):

Rashmi Sahu ◽

Maitraiyee Konar ◽

Sudip Kundu

Keyword(s):

Low Power ◽

Building Blocks ◽

High Gain ◽

The Other ◽

Operational Amplifiers ◽

Instrumentation Amplifier ◽

Biomedical Signals ◽

Op Amp ◽

Op Amps ◽

Multi Stage

Background: Sensing of biomedical signals is crucial for monitoring of various health conditions. These signals have a very low amplitude (in μV) and a small frequency range (<500 Hz). In the presence of various common-mode interferences, biomedical signals are difficult to detect. Instrumentation amplifiers (INAs) are usually preferred to detect these signals due to their high commonmode rejection ratio (CMRR). Gain accuracy and CMRR are two important parameters associated with any INA. This article, therefore, focuses on the improvement of the gain accuracy and CMRR of a low power INA topology. Objective: The objective of this article is to achieve high gain accuracy and CMRR of low power INA by having high gain operational amplifiers (Op-Amps), which are the building blocks of the INAs. Methods: For the implementation of the Op-Amps and the INAs, the Cadence Virtuoso tool was used. All the designs and implementation were realized in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Results: Three different Op-Amp topologies namely single-stage differential Op-Amp, folded cascode Op-Amp, and multi-stage Op-Amp were implemented. Using these Op-Amp topologies separately, three Op-Amp-based INAs were realized and compared. The INA designed using the high gain multistage Op-Amp topology of low-frequency gain of 123.89 dB achieves a CMRR of 164.1 dB, with the INA’s gain accuracy as good as 99%, which is the best when compared to the other two INAs realized using the other two Op-Amp topologies implemented. Conclusion: Using very high gain Op-Amps as the building blocks of the INA improves the gain accuracy of the INA and enhances the CMRR of the INA. The three Op-Amp-based INA designed with the multi-stage Op-Amps shows state-of-the-art characteristics as its gain accuracy is 99% and CMRR is as high as 164.1 dB. The power consumed by this INA is 29.25 μW by operating on a power supply of ±0.9V. This makes this INA highly suitable for low power measurement applications.

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Seasonal variations and north–south asymmetries in polar wind outflow due to solar illumination

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-34-961-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (11) ◽

pp. 961-974 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lukas Maes ◽

Romain Maggiolo ◽

Johan De Keyser

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variations ◽

Solar Zenith Angle ◽

The Sun ◽

Polar Ionosphere ◽

Polar Cap ◽

Polar Wind ◽

Simple Set ◽

The Earth ◽

Rotation Of The Earth ◽

Set Up

Abstract. The cold ions (energy less than several tens of electronvolts) flowing out from the polar ionosphere, called the polar wind, are an important source of plasma for the magnetosphere. The main source of energy driving the polar wind is solar illumination, which therefore has a large influence on the outflow. Observations have shown that solar illumination creates roughly two distinct regimes where the outflow from a sunlit ionosphere is higher than that from a dark one. The transition between both regimes is at a solar zenith angle larger than 90°. The rotation of the Earth and its orbit around the Sun causes the magnetic polar cap to move into and out of the sunlight. In this paper we use a simple set-up to study qualitatively the effects of these variations in solar illumination of the polar cap on the ion flux from the whole polar cap. We find that this flux exhibits diurnal and seasonal variations even when combining the flux from both hemispheres. In addition there are asymmetries between the outflows from the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

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Observation of underground water level in the area of forest estate "Sremska Mitrovica " during 2000 and 2001

Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta ◽

10.2298/gsf0286103d ◽

2002 ◽

pp. 103-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Miroljub Djorovic ◽

Ljubomir Letic

Keyword(s):

Water Level ◽

Groundwater Level ◽

Underground Water ◽

Pedunculate Oak ◽

Turkey Oak ◽

Regeneration Capability ◽

City Water ◽

Set Up ◽

Near Future ◽

Underground Water Level

Observation of underground water level in the area of "Jasensko-Belilo", which belongs to the Forest Estate "Sremska Mitrovica", started in 1999. The measurements were performed by means of 2 piezometers set up approximately perpendicularly to the river Sava, forming profile number 1 (Fig.1). The results of these measurements (Fig. 2, 3) show a significant lowering of groundwater level in 2000. The reason is most likely the unfavorable rainfall amount and distribution during that year (Table 2). A much better situation was during 2001 when the minimal groundwater level was up to 2 meters and it was considered to be the result of a favorable amount of rainfall and its distribution during the year (Tables 2, 3). It was noticed that Carpinus betulus appears instead of flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus), which is a good sign that generally the level of underground water is lowering. Also, the phenomenon that pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) gradually loses its natural regeneration capability also confirms the trend of lowering underground water level. If this trend continues, oak will be in a very near future naturally substituted by less valuable species, probably Turkey oak (Quercus cerris). If groundwater wells along the river Sava reach the vicinity of this area, which is a plan for the Belgrade city water supply, the trend of groundwater table lowering will be even more expressed and it will certainly endanger the existence of all valuable forest species in this area.

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Design and Development of an Automatic Prototype Smart Irrigation Model

Australian Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology ◽

10.34104/ajeit.021.01190127 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 119-127

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Level ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Human Resources Management ◽

Ultrasonic Sensor ◽

Moisture Level ◽

Moisture Sensor ◽

Soil Moisture Level ◽

Input Signals ◽

Crop Field

In the current condition, it is difficult to increase plant development and reduce expenses in agricultural sectors; nevertheless, an advanced thought leads to the use of an automated model that introduces automation in the irrigation system, which can aid in improved water and human resources management. An automated model has been developed using sensors and microcontroller technology, to make the most efficient use of water supply for irrigation. A soil moisture content detector is inserted into the soil of the crops, and an ultrasonic sensor is placed above the soil of the crops to measure the water level after irrigation has begun. A C++ program with threshold values for the moisture sensor was used to start the system in the crop field depending on the soil moisture level, and an ultrasonic sensor was used to control the water in the crop field. The Arduino UNO board is a microcontroller inbuilt of Atmel in the mega AVR family (ATMega328) and the sensors were used to lead the model in turning ON/OFF. A microcontroller was included in this model to run the program by receiving sensor input signals and converting them to soil water content and water level values in the crop field. The microcontroller began by receiving input values, which resulted in an output instructing the relay to turn on the groundwater pump. An LCD screen has also been interfaced with the microcontroller to show the percentage of moisture in the soil, field water level, and pump condition. When the soil moisture level reaches 99 percent and the water level reaches 6 cm after 2.5 and 4 minutes, respectively, the pump is turned off. This model, according to the study, might save water, time, and reduce human effort.

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Design a Monitoring and Control in Irrigation Systems using Arduino Wemos with the Internet of Things

Journal of Integrated and Advanced Engineering (JIAE) ◽

10.51662/jiae.v1i1.13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 53-64

Author(s):

Lukman Medriavin Silalahi ◽

Setiyo Budiyanto ◽

Freddy Artadima Silaban ◽

Arif Rahman Hakim

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Level ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Ground Level ◽

Prototype System ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

Moisture Sensor ◽

Turn On ◽

Soil Moisture Sensors ◽

Level Sensor

Irrigation door is a big issue for farmers. The factor that became a hot issue at the irrigation gate was the irresponsible attitude of the irrigation staff regarding the schedule of opening/closing the irrigation door so that it caused the rice fields to becoming dry or submerged. In this research, an automatic prototype system for irrigation system will be designed based on integrating several sensors, including water level sensors, soil moisture sensors, acidity sensors. This sensor output will be displayed on Android-based applications. The integration of communication between devices (Arduino Nano, Arduino Wemos and sensors supporting the irrigation system) is the working principle of this prototype. This device will control via an Android-based application to turn on / off the water pump, to open/close the irrigation door, check soil moisture, soil acidity in real time. The pump will automatically turn on based on the water level. This condition will be active if the water level is below 3cm above ground level. The output value will be displayed on the Android-based application screen and LCD screen. Based on the results of testing and analysis of the prototype that has been done in this research, the irrigation door will open automatically when the soil is dry. This condition occurs if the water level is less than 3 cm. The calibrated Output value, including acidity sensor, soil moisture sensor and water level sensor, will be sent to the server every 5 seconds and forwarded to an Android-based application as an output display.

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Irrigating Wastewater using RWIS for Treating in Soil-Plant System

Linnaeus Eco-Tech ◽

10.15626/eco-tech.1999.001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 31-33

Author(s):

Dahn Rosenqvist

Keyword(s):

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Specific Area ◽

Waste Products ◽

Plant System ◽

Set Up ◽

Controlled Flooding ◽

Computer Operation ◽

Natural Purification ◽

Pilot Tests

In Sweden, large areas of willow plantations designated for energy purposes have been established. Pilot tests, using various waste products from society for fertilisation and/or irrigating purposes, have been carried out at Kagerods wastewater plant since 1992. These tests have clearly shown that recycling of municipal wastewater in Salix plantations, can replace a large part of the conventional wastewater treatment, due to natural purification processes in the soil/plant system. During the last few years, several full-scale treatment plants based on the soil/plant system have been set up. Rosenqvist Mek.Verkstad has developed the irrigation system "RWIS" for distribution of wastewater into the plantation. The system uses a controlled flooding technique, combined with computer operation controlled electric valves placed in the fields. By measuring the flow and having knowledge about the contents of the wastewater, it is possible to have total control over the wastewater that is distributed in a specific area. The irrigation system has to be able to withstand trying conditions, without major maintenance in between harvests.

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