Early Detection of Exercise - Associated Muscle cramp

One of the deep and painful involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle is muscle cramp which takes place during various other conditions. The origin for the cramps that occur during or soon after exercise and the appropriate remedies continue to prove uncertain. Soon after an implant process and forceful workout, past voluntary dehydration cramps occur at many sections. The process of identifying the type of cramp is time consuming and treatment process to cramps is also quite tedious. If not treated at the right time, Muscle cramps may cause vigorous side effects and worsening in day to day physiological activities. The main motive of this vest is to locate and identify the cramp and alert so that further injury can be detected. It would also be helpful in preventing the person from further muscular cramps and other complications. EMG signals which are obtained from adhesive electrodes are amplified by using IC741 (op-amp) with instrumentation amplifier configuration.LM35 temperature sensor is used to monitor the temperature at specified locations. Wherever the cramp occurring possibilities are high. Flex sensor is used to identify the abnormal contraction and relaxation muscles in upper limbs. The three input bio potential signals are fed to the micro controller (Arduino UNO). The main objective of this system is to provide a comfortable vest which would monitor the cramps occurring in athletes whenever it occurs. Therefore with the help of this wearable device muscle cramps occurring at upper limbs can be detected and further injuries, complications such as fractures can be reduced.

A High-Speed Fully Differential Telescopic Op-Amp for Active Filter Designs in V2X Applications

In this paper, an ultra-wideband fully differential two-stage telescopic 65-nm CMOS op-amp is presented, which uses low-voltage design techniques such as level shifter circuits and low-voltage cascode current mirrors. The designed op-amp consists of two stages. While the telescopic first stage provides high speed and low swing, the second stage provides high gain and large swing. Common-mode feedback circuits (CMFB), which contain five transistors OTA and sensing resistors, are used to set the first-stage output to a known value. The designed two-stage telescopic operational amplifier has 41.04[Formula: see text]dB lower frequency gain, 1.81[Formula: see text]GHz gain-bandwidth product (GBW) and 51.9∘ phase margin under 5[Formula: see text]pF load capacitance. The design consumes a total current of 11.9[Formula: see text]mA from a 1.2-V supply voltage. Presented fully differential two-stage telescopic op-amp by using low-voltage design techniques is suitable for active filter in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications with 120[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text]m layout area.

System Design of Three Phases Six Legs DC/DC Converter for Solar Cell

this paper describes the design of full bridge DC to DC converter 3 phase six legs for solar PV. The prototype is built with 5 kHz transformers, 2 lead-acid batteries with each energy storage of 12V, 7.2Ah and 20WP solar PV. Three phase switching is provided by analog op-amp comparator circuit with variable frequency 1 kHz-20 kHz. The controller of the converter use adjustable DC power supply as voltage reference for analog op-amp comparator, works varies from 0-11VDC (0%-50% duty cycle) and controlled manually

Electronically Tunable Third Order Feed Forward CM Band Pass Filter for Q = 10

A new electronically tunable current-mode third order filter is proposed in this paper. OP-AMP is used as an active building block. With current input the filter can realize band pass responses in current mode. The filter circuit realizes calculated transfer function. The other attractive features of the filter are a) Employment of minimum active and passive elements b) Responses are electronically tunable c) Low active and passive sensitivities d) Suitable for high frequency operation e) Ideal for integrated circuit implementation.

Current mismatch reduction in charge pumps using regulated current stealing-injecting transistors for PLLs

A charge pump for phase locked loops (PLL) with a novel current mismatch compensation technique is proposed. The proposed circuit uses a simple yet effective current stealing-injecting (CSI) technique and feedback to reduce mismatch between the negative-channel-metal-oxide (NMOS) and positive-channel-metal-oxide (PMOS) transistors. The current stealing transistor steals the current from a replica branch and mirrors it to the output where it is added to the output branch by the injecting transistor. A feedback mechanism is used to set the drain voltages of both branches to be equal and mitigate channel length modulation and ensure high accuracy. The proposed circuit was designed on Silterra 130nm technology and simulated using Cadence Spectre. The simulation results show that the proposed circuit yields a maximum of 0.107% and minimum of 0.00465% current mismatch while operating at a low supply voltage of 800mV for a range of 100mV to 700mV. The proposed design uses only one rail-to-rail op amp for compensating the mismatch and an addition of 4 transistors and utilizing 75% of the supply voltage for high voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) tuning range.