scholarly journals Multi Level Marketing (Mlm): A New Era of Social Selling and Self Employment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 8802-8805
Keyword(s):  
New Era ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Masses

Multi level marketing (MLM) is a new concept though it is deep rooted in the age old civilization. In India it is still in nascent stage, however has become popular among the masses. Since its entry in India in the mid 90s, it has attracted more than 5 million people. Through this study, the researcher tries to highlight the factors which persuade a person to join MLM business. With the growing trend of unemployment and lack of job avenues, the paper also focuses on the effect of MLM business on employment generation.

scholarly journals The Roles of Determinants of Self-employment: A Mediation of Entrepreneurial Motivation in Bauchi State, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
Muhammad Adamu ◽  
Mahani Bint Mohammad Abdu Shakur
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Economic Incentive ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Motivation ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Developed Nations

Today, the problem of unemployment has been a global issue, even among the developed nations, and especially the developing nations. For this reason, the need for employment generation becomes desirably indispensable. The aim of this research work is to examine the essential roles that entrepreneurial traits and economic incentive factors would play with the mediation of entrepreneurial motivation for an effective self-employment start-up accomplishment. Self-employment has long been recognized as an alternative for individuals to become self-reliant. Thus, this is expected brings about a reduction in poverty level,  improved living standard as well as to earn more income and have a better career as a means of sustenance for potential entrepreneurs.  For this purpose, it is essentially important to make an examination of certain vital factors, which may constitute the basics necessary to effect self-employment particularly from the context of entrepreneurial traits and economic incentive factors that would motivate the potential entrepreneurs to achieve success in self-employment start-up.

scholarly journals Role of Microfinance in Employment Generation: A Case Study of Microfinance Program of Paschimanchal Grameen Bikash Bank

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari Prasad Pathak ◽  
Mukunda Gyawali
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
Internal Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Employment Generation

This research study focuses on role of microfinance program in creation of enterprise and employment generation. In the Nepalese context various microfinance programs have been running with the aims of socio-economic empowerment, mobilization of internal resources, creation of awareness and generation of self-employment targeting the rural poor. Microfinance has been one of the few effective tools for poverty reduction over the past years. It has been revealed that the loans have been mostly invested on small scale business, livestock and other agro-based enterprises. The study shows that micro finance program has been helpful to create enterprises and generate employment.The Journal of Nepalese Business StudiesVol. Vii, No. 1, 2010-2011Page : 31-38Uploaded date: July 7, 2012

scholarly journals MSME Sector: A Multifaceted Model to Achieve Prosperity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Devendra Jarwal
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Economic Perspectives

The current enthusiasm for the entrepreneurship culture results in mushrooming of self-employment activities. Self-employment also supports the growth of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Of course, MSMEs have various economic benefits, and India is riding upon the performance of MSMEs to become self-reliant. But still, MSMEs should not be perceived in isolation for the economic benefits only. Rather, other socio-economic perspectives of MSMEs should also get equal consideration. Thus, this paper descriptive in nature attempts to record other socio-economic benefits. For this paper, various government reports and other related literature have been consulted. MSMEs have an impressive track record in contribution to GDP, employment generation, reducing social inequalities, women empowerment, and balanced geographical growth. The study concludes that the role of MSMEs in the development of India is crucial, yet there are many roadblocks that need state intervention through an appropriate policy framework. Some of the roadblocks in the progress of the MSME sector are difficulty in availing credit facility, lack of marketing avenues, inefficient productivity gave operation of scale, frequent obsolescence of technology, inadequate infrastructure, and institutional framework. The paper also highlights the role of professionals in facilitating the smooth functioning and growth of the MSME sector.

scholarly journals Islam Reformed in Indian History: The Dynamic Sufi Heart in Vital Transition to Printed Scripture

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-92
Author(s):  
Harlan O. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
New Era ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
Indian History ◽  
Islamic Reform ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Universal Order

Attempting to comprehend the controversial subject of Islamic reform, this study compares the development of Indian Islam to the Protestant Reformation. Seminal findings from social science aid in understanding religious reform as an evolving historical process. During the transition to colonial rule in India, Christian missionaries introduced a scripturally defined concept of religion that challenged the traditional worldview with Sufis at the heart of organic universal order. Shah Waliullah interpreted the social disorder as the historical operation of the transcendent and willful God, declaring Islamic scriptures as the only authoritative guide for believers. Reformers translated the Qur’ān, preached to the masses, and established independent Muslim schools. Scripturalism expressed as literalism became puritanical resulting in sectarian fragmentation and conflict with Islamic and Christian reform. But the most disruptive change agent was technological: the printing press transformed scripture from oral and manuscript traditions, and the pervasive printed Qur’ān in local languages shaped individual and communal Muslim identity. The profound historical impact of religious reform with printed scripture could portend a new era with digital scripture in cyberspace.

Role of Entrepreneurship in Boosting Economic Growth and Employment in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Kumar ◽  
Tilak Raj
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Balanced Growth ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The People ◽  
Employment Generation

Entrepreneurship is the engine of economic growth of a country. It increases the economic activities in every sphere of economic life of the people. The main objective of the present study is to examine the role of entrepreneurship in the economic growth of a country. An attempt has also been made to provide an overview of employment and unemployment in India. The present study concludes that entrepreneurship in India is a key contributor in the area of employment generation, innovations and product improvement. Not only does it create self-employment but it has also built a structure for large-scale employment opportunities. It contributes to the economic growth of a country by promoting capital formation, increasing per capita income, improving the standard of living and balanced growth by removing regional disparities.

Dominant Castes, from Bullock Capitalists to OBCs?

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-169
Author(s):  
Christophe Jaffrelot ◽  
Kalaiyarasan Arumugam
Keyword(s):  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Upper Echelons ◽  
New Era ◽  
Employment Generation

Jaffrelot and Kalaiyarasan examines surprising changes in agrarian mobilization in the last decade. After decades of opposing affirmative action, dominant castes are mobilizing to demand affirmative action for themselves. Jaffrelot and Kalaiyaasan show that limited employment generation outside of agriculture, along with agricultural stagnation, has led to economic differentiation among the dominant castes. At the same time, reservations for Other Backward Classes and Dalits have enabled the upper echelons of these groups to earn livelihoods that are more desirable than those of many of the less affluent dominant castes. Members of the dominant castes have responded by demanding to be reclassified as OBCs so that they become eligible for reservations. Jaffrelot and Kalaiyarasan observe that as economic differentiation continues, it will be interesting to see whether mobilization along caste lines persists or whether rural political mobilization enters a new era.

scholarly journals The differential impact of societal cultural practices on part-time and full-time self-employment: A multi-level, multi-country study

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joern Block ◽  
Andreas Landgraf ◽  
Thorsten Semrau
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Performance Orientation ◽  
Societal Culture ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Theoretical Reasoning ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Multi Level

This article illustrates the differential impact of societal culture on the probability that individuals will choose to become self-employed on a full- or part-time basis. Specifically, we develop theoretical arguments to suggest that societal-level uncertainty avoidance, institutional collectivism, performance orientation, and future orientation differ in their effects on the propensity for individuals to engage in full- or part-time self-employment. Multi-level analyses based on data from 28,157 individuals in 27 countries support our theoretical reasoning. Our study contributes to extending knowledge both on the link between societal culture and self-employment activity and on the drivers of full-time versus part-time self-employment.

scholarly journals Alleviating Poverty

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Phatak
Keyword(s):  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Impact

This essay is focused on an important subject discussed all over the country and the world, especially in political circles and among policymakers. There is a need established that to be able to pull individuals and communities out of poverty, we need that, meaningful employment is generated for a very large number of people. World over, certain approaches have been used by the policy makers which seem to increase the divide between the haves and have-nots. The policy of industrialization is leading nations into widening the gap between rich and the poor. It is also creating undesirable side effects by way of ‘pollution’ and depletion of resources at an ever increasing pace. This situation leads to the author’s belief that something is not right. Such policies will not lead to sustainable livelihoods for masses. Hence this attempt to explore alternative policies, which could provide a viable approach to alleviating poverty. Poverty alleviation is indeed a noble goal. All of us must also be seriously concerned about the difference in the standard of living between the rich and the poor. Moreover, our objective must be to see how the masses can live well and peacefully. Around the world and within our country, being unemployed is not the best state to be in. Employment in this context is gainful occupation. The impact of such unemployment has been disastrous. This has led to militancy on one hand and ongoing unrest in many a city on the other. The way forward, as proposed since many decades and being followed incessantly, is “consumerism” to help us get out of this mess. Industrial mode of employment generation has been linked to production and productivity. But all aspects of Industrial production are linked to use of natural resources to produce intermediate goods. This means any additional employment generated would dip further into the natural resource reserves. Can one think of a very different model of generating employment? Employment which does not dip into the reserves? Employment that can restore biological resources? There seems to be an opportunity for more thinking at the policy level to understand the root causes of unemployment and how we can tackle these for creating employment that can sustain, resulting in sustainable elimination of poverty.

scholarly journals The Bolshevik myth of October 1917

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Stanisław Ciesielski
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Socialist Revolution ◽  
New Era ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Main Protagonist ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Revolution

Bolshevik mythology presented the events of October 1917 as an effect of the operating laws of history, i.e. a necessary phenomenon through which the sense of history manifested, and, at the same time, as an effect of the activity of the masses led by the Bolshevik Party, an act in the power struggle. The Bolshevik myth of October 1917 was a founding myth; it created an impression that there had come a “new era in the history of humankind”, ending “all forms of exploitation”. It legitimised the government established at the time as one rooted in the revolution opening this new era and representing the most profound interests of a class that was to abolish the most tragic division in the history of humankind — class division. The myth of October had to have its collective and individual heroes. From this point of view its content was described in the most succinct manner by the following formula: the Great October Socialist Revolution was carried out by the working class allied with the poor peasantry led by the Bolshevik Party headed by Lenin. The cult of Lenin was primarily a cult of a victorious revolution and party leader that had led the masses to a triumph. Almost identical formulas were used by Stalin, Khrushchev and Gorbachev. However, the real heroes of the revolution were the Bolshevik themselves, their party and their leaders. In Stalinist times the main protagonist of the October myth was the “Bolshevik Party of Lenin-Stalin”. The leading role in the party became a crucial element of Bolshevik mythology, independent of political transformations and turns in the USSR.

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