scholarly journals The differential impact of societal cultural practices on part-time and full-time self-employment: A multi-level, multi-country study

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joern Block ◽  
Andreas Landgraf ◽  
Thorsten Semrau
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Performance Orientation ◽  
Societal Culture ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Theoretical Reasoning ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Multi Level

This article illustrates the differential impact of societal culture on the probability that individuals will choose to become self-employed on a full- or part-time basis. Specifically, we develop theoretical arguments to suggest that societal-level uncertainty avoidance, institutional collectivism, performance orientation, and future orientation differ in their effects on the propensity for individuals to engage in full- or part-time self-employment. Multi-level analyses based on data from 28,157 individuals in 27 countries support our theoretical reasoning. Our study contributes to extending knowledge both on the link between societal culture and self-employment activity and on the drivers of full-time versus part-time self-employment.

INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL PRACTICES ON SOCIAL SUPPORT OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS' STARTUPS

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 1850007 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIANJIAO QIU
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Performance Orientation ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism

Social support of female entrepreneurs' startups is critical for the sustainable development of female entrepreneurship in a country. This study empirically tests how nine cultural practices, including performance orientation, uncertainty avoidance, in-group collectivism, power distance, gender egalitarianism, humane orientation, institutional collectivism, future orientation and assertiveness, impact social support of female entrepreneurs' startups across different countries. For the period between 2009 and 2012, sixty-two countries were analyzed using longitudinal data with hierarchical linear modeling techniques. The empirical findings demonstrate three cultural practices (power distance, uncertainty avoidance and future orientation) play major roles in explaining the variation of social support of female entrepreneurs. In contrast, the effects of cultural practices of human orientation, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, assertiveness, gender egalitarianism and performance orientation are negligible. Further moderation tests show that a country's macroeconomic environment significantly moderates the relationship between the cultural practice of uncertainty avoidance and social support of female entrepreneurs' startups. The findings provide practical guidance to policymakers on how to develop robust ecosystems with strong cultural practices that enhance social support of female entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals Great Minds Think Alike, Fools Seldom Differ: An Empirical Analysis of Opportunity Assessment in Technology Entrepreneurs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Patrick Barry ◽  
Kathryn Cormican ◽  
Sean Browne
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Venture Creation ◽  
Nascent Entrepreneurs ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Using Data

This study extends the literature on self-employment and entrepreneurship by offering empirical insights into the factors that influence technology entrepreneurs at the early stages of the new venture creation process. Specifically, this research focuses on how technology entrepreneurs assess opportunities at the start of the process. Using data from technology entrepreneurs in Ireland, we analyze differences between part-time entrepreneurs and full-time entrepreneurs and discover that not all entrepreneurs attach importance to activities that were previously considered fundamental. While we confirm that opportunity cost, market assessment, and financial analysis are critical and ever-present, we argue that aspiring technology entrepreneurs must be cognizant that when employment-related costs are included as a dimension of opportunity costs, the level and importance of opportunity costs rise for both part-time and full-time entrepreneurs. We also find that whether nascent entrepreneurs work full-time or part-time on the new venture has an impact on which activities are completed and at what point of the process they are completed. For example, we show that part-time entrepreneurs identify markets earlier than full-time entrepreneurs whereas the opposite is true when it comes to financial data preparation. We argue that a greater understanding of these issues will help technology entrepreneurs to make informed decisions. As a result, our findings may influence an aspiring entrepreneur’s decision to start a new venture. They also have ramifications for investors and support services. Consequently, we discuss theoretical contributions, practical ramifications, and future research possibilities.

scholarly journals Employment Status of the Graduates and Postgraduates of Janapriya Multiple Campus

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-104
Author(s):  
Krishna Babu Baral
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Time Part

Employment status of graduates is an important indicator of the effectiveness of academic and training programs. This research study attempts to explore employment status of graduates and postgraduates in terms of types of employment (i.e. full time, part time and self employment), designation (i.e. senior, middle, operation and assistant level), and types of employers' institution (i.e. private, public, NGO/INGO and government) of Janapriya Multiple Campus. This study is a descriptive research based on frequency analysis of quantitative data. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect relevant quantitative data necessary for the research through convenient sampling technique. The sample size for this study is 90. Among the total sample, 87 i.e. 96.7 percent are graduates and remaining are post graduates. This study concludes that more than three quarters of the respondents i.e. 85.40 percent were employed in private institutions as full time employees i.e. 75.90 percent. Moreover, majority of respondent i.e. 60.9 percent were employed at assistant level and very few i.e. 13.0 percent were self employed.

Satisfactions comparisons: women with families, full-time and part-time self-employed

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Ebbers ◽  
Alan Piper
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
Part Time ◽  
New Perspective

Purpose In spite of numerous political initiatives, the proportion of self-employed women in Germany has stagnated. This paper aims to offer a new perspective on this problem. The investigation and data gathered about job and life satisfaction of women with families can provide information on the reasons for starting a business, and the low participation of women in entrepreneurial activity. Design/methodology/approach After a literature review, representative German panel data is analysed to investigate the job and life satisfaction of full- and part-time self-employed women with a family. Findings Self-employed women with families who work full-time are more satisfied with their jobs than those who work part-time. There is no statistically significant difference between these two groups with respect to their life satisfaction. Research limitations/implications An implication of the results suggests new ideas and a new focus by policy makers and politicians when trying to increase the quantity of women with families engaging in self-employment. A limitation is that a lack of “within” variation in the data means that the panel nature of the survey cannot be usefully incorporated into the investigation. Originality/value Until now, there is limited research about the work and life satisfaction of women with a family comparing full- and part-time self-employment. This analysis is potentially valuable because the number of part-time self-employed women is substantially higher than the number of full-time self-employed women. We find evidence that such women may instead prefer full-time self-employment.

scholarly journals Studi Mengenai Pelanggan Yang Membeli Dari Perusahaan Multi-Level Marketing Di Jakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Indrajaya
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Demographic Characteristic ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Network Marketing ◽  
Direct Selling ◽  
Brand Reputation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Multi Level

Multi-level Marketing (MLM), also known as network marketing is a relatively grown industry with its size and reputation are growing rapidly. According to the Direct Selling Association (DSA), direct selling is a US$ 183 billion industry worldwide with an annual growth rate at 2 percent. Multi-level Marketing was brought to Indonesia from the US over a decade ago and has been growing for almost a decade here in indonesia. It unique operating format seems to contravene all traditional sales principles. In Indonesia , the number of sales which was generated by people who involved in direct selling almost hit the 1.2 billion mark. According to WFDSA (2016), total distributor who have join the Multi-level Marketing business in indonesia is around 14 million. These member are people who join Multi-level Marketing company as their full time job and some of them as their part-time job. This study surveys 200 customers in Indonesia area concerning their motivation of buying from MLM company, their demographic characteristic and teir attitudes as consumers towards MLM products. In addition we also compare the consumer satisfaction of MLM products to that of the similar products on traditional market. The result shown that the major factor of purchasing MLM Product is because pressure from friend or relatives and the product special function. I also found that skin care and supplements is the most initial buying and rebuying categories in the MLM Industries. Major faction that influence customer satisfaction on MLM Products is product quality, refundable, after sales services, corporation reputation, brand reputation, delivery speed, and payment variety.

scholarly journals Best of Both Worlds? Persistent Hybrid Entrepreneurship

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 339-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anmari Viljamaa ◽  
Elina Varamäki ◽  
Sanna Joensuu-Salo
Keyword(s):  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Near Future

Hybrid entrepreneurs (HEs) represent a considerable share of all entrepreneurial activity. Yet little is known about the phenomenon. In this study we examine the differences between transitory HEs, who expect to make the transition to full-time entrepreneurship, and persistent HEs, who view their part-time status as permanent. With data collected from 848 academic HEs we find that only a small minority considers full self-employment likely in the near future and that self-fulfillment is the most significant motive for entrepreneurial activities. The results suggest that persistent hybrid entrepreneurship should be viewed as a form of entrepreneurship in its own right, and that even partial entrepreneurship has the potential to lengthen careers and improve wellbeing at work. Hybrid entrepreneurship offers the entrepreneurially inclined employees the best of both worlds.

scholarly journals Supporting student innovation through an engagement, employability and employment ecosystem

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Walsh ◽  
Philip Powell
Keyword(s):  
Education Institution ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Extra Curricular Activities ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Uk Higher Education

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how students, full-time and part-time, may be supported in becoming ambidextrous – developing “intrapreneurial” skills and capabilities, as well as being introduced to more typical “entrepreneurial” activities. It is proposed that both perspectives will be necessary for future graduates. Design/methodology/approach The paper highlights the fast-changing nature of the economic and employment context and the future requirements for graduate skills. It analyses and evaluates a framework of curricular and extra-curricular activities which has been developed to address future skills needs. The paper uses a case study to illustrate the issue. Findings The paper concludes that with increasingly flexible career paths, there is a need for graduates to be prepared for portfolio careers in which they move between employment and self-employment. The development of an independent mindset which can identify and exploit innovation is therefore important. Practical implications The paper outlines an approach that has been implemented in a UK higher education institution to the development of innovation skills which is responsive to a wider range of students than the conventional cohort of young, full-time students. Originality/value The paper highlights the importance of designing educational experiences which directly address students’ situations and experiences. It also identifies the role of work-based research in the development of an innovative mindset.

scholarly journals Combining jobs and motherhood: is it worse when growing children alone?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Roxo ◽  
G Porto ◽  
J Perelman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Working Mothers ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Lone Mothers ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Employment Characteristics

Abstract Background Women combining paid job and motherhood may experience a poorer health status than those childless. This risk is expectedly higher among lone mothers due to their greater emotional, social, and economic vulnerability. This study aims to assess the impact of employment characteristics on the health of working mothers and to understand differences between lone and coupled mothers. Methods We used data from the 5th Portuguese National Health Survey from employed women (N = 1,649) aged 25-55 living with a child (<16). We modelled depression (assessed by the Personal Health Questionnaire-8) and less-than-good self-reported health as a function of employment variables (part-time job; self-employment; instable job situation; skill level and sector of activity) using logistic regressions, adjusting for age, family variables, socioeconomic status, and social support. Interaction terms assessed differences between lone and coupled mothers. Results Women in part-time (OR = 3.04, 95%CI=2.97-3.11), high-skilled jobs (OR = 3.57, 95%CI=1.30-1.38), and self-employed (OR = 1.34, 95%CI=1.30-1.38) had higher odds for depression, compared to those working in low-skilled, full time and not self-employed jobs. Less-than-good health was also more likely among those working part-time (OR = 1.34, 95%CI=1.31-1.36) and self-employed (OR = 1.34, 95%CI=1.31-1.37). Mothers' mental health disadvantage was amplified when alone regarding self-employment and part-time jobs. Conclusions Employed mothers' physical and mental health may be harmed by part-time jobs, self-employment, and working in more differentiated jobs. Employed lone mothers may experience greater risks than coupled mothers. Key messages Part-time, high-differentiated jobs or self-employment may harm the physical and mental health of working mothers. Lone mothers are disproportionately impacted by these employment characteristics.

Impact of Societal Culture on Covid-19 Morbidity and Mortality across Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 002202212110251
Author(s):  
Rajiv Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Performance Orientation ◽  
Societal Culture ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
The Impact

Researchers have begun exploring the impact of societal culture on Covid-19 outcomes (morbidity and mortality). However, emerging findings need integration with prior literature on societal culture and infectious diseases. Moreover, accumulation of knowledge warrants an update while overcoming certain limitations of samples as well as construct validity concerns. Accordingly, hypotheses are derived based on extant evidence proposing the impact of certain cultural practices on Covid-19 outcomes across countries. These hypotheses are tested using the cultural practice scores from GLOBE studies after controlling for certain covariates identified in literature. Multiple regression results reveal that societal culture significantly explains Covid-19 outcomes beyond the explanation due to control variables. Specifically, power distance and institutional collectivism show negative association with both Covid-19 morbidity and mortality. Additionally, performance orientation shows negative association with Covid-19 morbidity. It appears that power distance may ensure conformity to prescribed behaviors and features of performance orientation may facilitate swift and effective containment of Covid-19 cases. The significance of institutional collectivism—but not in-group collectivism—emerging as the form of collectivism showing negative association with Covid-19 outcomes is also discussed.

scholarly journals “Otherwise it would be nothing but cruises”: exploring the subjective benefits of working beyond 65

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Reynolds ◽  
Alexandra Farrow ◽  
Alison Blank
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Private Pensions ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Lifestyle Choices ◽  
Part Time

The age at which statutory and private pensions are being paid is increasing in many countries and hence more people will need to work into their late 60s and beyond. At present, relatively little is known about the meanings of work for people who actively choose to work into their later life. This qualitative study examined the subjective benefits of continuing in a paid job or self-employment beyond the age of 65 in the United Kingdom. Thirty-one participants were interviewed, aged 65-91 years (median age 71), with 11 females and 20 males. Fourteen were working full-time and seventeen part-time. Interview transcripts were subject to thematic analysis. Although financial reward was acknowledged (more so by the female participants and the males who had young second families), there was more elaboration of the role of work in maintaining health and enabling continuing personal development. Work was framed as increasing personal control over later life, lifestyle choices and active participation in wider society, an antithesis to ’’cruising’’.

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