scholarly journals ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo: a new organizational Microbiology and Virology Laboratory structure to face the health emergency from the Sars-Cov-2 outbreak.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Napolitano Gavino ◽  
Fanizzi Silvia ◽  
Cesa Simonetta
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
World Health ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
John Xxiii ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Pope John Xxiii ◽  
The Right

On January 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Covid-19 an emergency of international interest. The first documented case in the "Pope John XXIII" Hospital in Bergamo was identified on Friday, February 21, 2020. The ASST Pope John XXIII of Bergamo was among the very first Hospital Companies to implement a series of organizational remodelling to quickly face the health emergency from the Sars-Cov-2 outbreak. In this context, we will describe the role and organizational changes adopted by the Complex Operating Unit (UOC) Microbiology and Virology. Laboratory diagnostics can effectively help counteract this and other (future) viral outbreaks. Molecular diagnostics is the only method currently recommended for the identification of infectious cases. The gold-standard method for identifying the virus is Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) according to both the protocol of the Charitè University Hospital in Berlin and the American CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Biological samples of the lower respiratory tract (sputum, endotracheal aspirate, or broncho-alveolar washing) or alternatively upper respiratory tract samples are preferred for the execution of a swab for each nostril and a swab for each side of the oropharyngeal cavity. The need to adopt a new organizational structure also concerned the UOC Microbiology and Virology, which was quickly called upon to cope with the health emergency by making its contribution through molecular research of the Sars-Cov-2 virus. We will illustrate the salient phases of the reorganization that led to the execution of over 1000 molecular swabs per day and the implementation of a service in H24. Properly managing human resources in the 24 hours was essential for the proper functioning of the laboratory itself and to deal with the ongoing health emergency. In this even evolving and uncertain context, it was difficult to adopt predefined strategies, but the right involvement, the self-denial of the staff and the strong team spirit have made it possible to achieve excellent performance and quality results.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Soumik Chatterjee ◽  
Sabyasachi Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Novel Coronavirus are very harmful virus. This viruses have positive single stranded RNA genome and enveloped which is called nucleocapsid. The family of this virus is Coronaviridae. This virus originated from species of avian and mammalian. This virus effect on upper respiratory tract in humans. Many species of these novel coronaviruses (HCoVs) are named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63. Predominant species of this virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world.  In both adults and childrens HCoV-HKU1 sp. is causes for chronic pulmonary disease and HCoV-NL63 species causes for upper and lower respiratory tract disease. Most recent species of this virus is MERS-CoV. This species caused for acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The new strain of novel Coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2. This strain causes for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease named by the World Health Organization. Now world fighting against COVID-19 and according to the recent statistics report of world about the COVID-19 cases approx 22.6M confirmed cases and 792K death cases appeared and recovered 14.5M. COVID-19 disease starts to spread from December 2019 from china. Covid-19 disease is emerged in Wuhan seafood market at Wuhan of South China and then rapidly spread throughout the world. The corona virus outbreak has been declared a public health emergency of International concern by World Health Organization (WHO). In this article we summarize the current clinical characteristics of coronavirus and diagnosis, treatments and prevention of COVID-19 disease. In this review article, we analyze data from various Research Reports like WHO guidelines and other articles. It is very important to the readers that new data of COVID-19 updating nearly every hour of day regarding clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment strategies, and outcomes COVID-19 disease. The degree of COVID-19 disease varying throughout the world. COVID-19 affected patient shows various symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, and malaise among others. The COVID-19 disease is being treated through general treatment like symptomatic treatment, by using antiviral drugs, oxygen therapy and by the immune system. There is no vaccine or therapeutic strategies for deal with this disease yet. In this critical situation preventive measures must be require.  A very important issue in preventing viral infection is hand hygiene. There are other entities that people can boosting the immune system and help in infection prevention.

scholarly journals Anxiety of Dental Professionals during Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinar Kiymet Karataban
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Acute Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Dental Professionals

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is an enveloped RNA virus with a size of ~350 kilobase-pair and COVID-19 is commonly transmitted via aerosols, saliva, nasal droplets, and surface contact which causes severe acute respiratory tract infection among infected humans, and recently many cases declared with severe blood clotting. The average incubation period ranges from 4 to 14 days. The infected person usually presents fever accompanying an upper respiratory tract infection (RTI) and complaints of dry cough, and dyspnea. It is highly recommended to keep any suspected individuals in quarantine (isolation). After its first emergence in Wuhan, China in 2019 and then intercontinental spread it was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The pandemic of COVID-19 deeply affected the whole world and healthcare workers as front liners are most at risk among professional groups. Dentistry is among the riskiest occupational groups that include all direct and indirect ways of COVID-19 spread. In this process, the dentists who experienced the effects of COVID-19 in the working conditions, economy, and social fields were psychologically negatively affected, and their anxiety, fear, and stress levels increased. In this review, we discuss the increased risk of the spread of coronavirus during dental operative procedures and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the anxiety level, depression, and mental health of dental professionals.

A Review on Prevention, Transmission and Symptoms of the Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Mohammadi ◽  
Yahya Ehteshaminia ◽  
Seif Ali Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
World Health ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Introduction: Coronavirus belongs to a family of viruses that can cause symptoms such as pneumonia, fever, shortness of breath and lung infection. On December 29, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) coined the term New Coronavirus 2019 to refer to a coronavirus that affects the lower respiratory tract of patients with pneumonia in Wuhan, China. The new coronavirus was first identified in Wuhan, among a number of patients with an unknown form of viral pneumonia who also had a history of Huanan seafood market. Materials and Methods: In this study, the websites of PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran were searched and related articles were reviewed. Results: Symptoms of COVID-19 occur after a period of 2 to 10 days and the period of symptoms resulting in death of patients varied between 6 to 41 days. Common symptoms at the onset of the disease are fever, cough, and fatigue. Each carrier is reported to infect an average of 3.77 others. Conclusion: Regarding the way of transmission of viral diseases of the upper respiratory tract, such as COVID-19, i.e., the transmission by respiratory droplets as well as close communication between individuals, solutions have been recommended by experts. Researchers are suggesting not touching the T-zone on the face, using a mask and following the principles of social distancing are the most effective ways to control the disease. Due to the lack of definitive treatment or effective vaccine for COVID-19 so far, following these principles has a significant role in combating this pandemic.

scholarly journals DETAILED VIEW ON REPURPOSED DRUGS, TRACKING OF VACCINES,AND BRIEF VIEW ON PROPHYLACTIC NANOMEDICINES AS AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH AND PATIENT CARE FOR COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
KRISHNANJANA S. NAIR ◽  
SHIVALI KAMATH ◽  
ARYA RAJAN ◽  
SACHIN THOMAS ◽  
ASWIN D. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
The World ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Health Organization

In December 2019, a rare case of pneumonia was reported in Wuhan, China. This was later analyzed and known to have similar characteristics as viral pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus. Later, on 11 February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially named the disease as COVID19. The Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) ought to taint both the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. This COVID-19 is spreading quickly with an immense rise in cases around the world. This infection's mechanism stays obscure, and the medications explicit for the infection were not grown at this point. Infection is highly contagious. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) is one of seven kinds of crown infection, including the one which causes severe maladies like Middle East respiratory disorder (MERS) and abrupt, intense respiratory syndrome(SARS). Since its revelation, the infection has spread and has caused anxiety and fear among people. Recent vaccines are tracked, and clinical trials can bring an immediate protocol on a medication approach. By including different therapeutic approaches, it is easier to combat the disease quickly. With very low mortality and high transmission rate, new approaches to vaccines and nanomedicines bring down the spread. Controlled patient care is also crucial. On 11 March, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the disease as 'global pandemic’. COVID-19, therefore, poses a significant threat to global public health. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic methods. The review also focuses on repurposed drugs, traced vaccines, and a quick view of prophylactic nanomedicines as an alternative for COVID 19. For this review, the complete database has been collected from various search engines such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Elsevier, etc., from the year 2001-2020 using the following keywords.

scholarly journals Adenosquamous carcinoma, a rare and unknown tumor

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gauthier Benat ◽  
Alice Cros ◽  
Jérôme Sarini ◽  
Thibault Galissier ◽  
Francis Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adenosquamous Carcinoma ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Floor Of The Mouth ◽  
Aggressive Tumor ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Introduction: Adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) of the head and neck is a rare malignant tumor, with one hundred cases diagnosed so far in the literature. Observation: A 66 years old female patient had a ASC of the right posterior floor of the mouth with a classification T1N0M0. Treatment consisted of surgical management and active surveillance. Discussion: Through this case report, we present this type of tumor and we discuss the main differential diagnosis from a clinical and histological point of view. Conclusion: This entity was described for the first time in 1968 by Gerughty. The CAS is defined by the World Health Organization as “a tumor of the upper respiratory tract, with two distinct squamous and glandular components.” The CAS is considered as an aggressive tumor with a redoubtable prognosis should not be ignored.

A short review on important drugs under clinical trial against Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namita Misra
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Short Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Medicinal Treatment ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tract Infections

: Corona virus spreads from one to other person, either by touching the hands or by touching the surface contaminated with this virus, and then touching the nose or mouth. Covid-19 infected human symptoms are like any pneumonia symptoms, dry cough and high fever. Upper respiratory tract infections symptoms and sore throat are rare. First notified in china dated 12th December 2019 as a respiratory illness. In addition to travel restrictions and quarantine measures everyone should follow the World Health Organization advice guidelines on the management of humans infected with known or suspected infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus at the personal level. The development of vaccine or medicines for the same are under progress and this short review will summarize the most potential candidates such as Remdesivir, Lopinavir and Ritonavir, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine with Azithromycin, Favipiravir, Umifenovir, and Ribavirin for its medicinal treatment.

Novel Coronavirus 2019 Outbreak: A Global Epidemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1458-1464
Author(s):  
Sweta Kamboj ◽  
Rohit Kamboj ◽  
Shikha Kamboj ◽  
Kumar Guarve ◽  
Rohit Dutt
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Background: In the 1960s, the human coronavirus was designated, which is responsible for the upper respiratory tract disease in children. Back in 2003, mainly 5 new coronaviruses were recognized. This study directly pursues to govern knowledge, attitude and practice of viral and droplet infection isolation safeguard among the researchers during the outbreak of the COVID-19. Introduction: Coronavirus is a proteinaceous and infectious pathogen. It is an etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Coronavirus, appeared in China from the seafood and poultry market last year, which has spread in various countries, and has caused several deaths. Methods: The literature data has been taken from different search platforms like PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, Web of Science, who.int portal and complied. Results: Corona virology study will be more advanced and outstanding in recent years. COVID-19 epidemic is a threatening reminder not solely for one country but all over the universe. Conclusion: In this review article, we encapsulated the pathogenesis, geographical spread of coronavirus worldwide, also discussed the perspective of diagnosis, effective treatment, and primary recommendations by the World Health Organization, and guidelines of the government to slow down the impact of the virus are also optimistic, efficacious and obliging for the public health. However, it will take a prolonged time in the future to overcome this epidemic.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma pneumoniae may cause dyspnoea and hospitalisations in young healthy adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riku Metsälä ◽  
Solja Ala-Korpi ◽  
Juha Rannikko ◽  
Merja Helminen ◽  
Marjo Renko
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics

AbstractPolymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostics for Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) from the respiratory tract has become widely available, but the interpretation of the results remains unclear. M. pneumoniae has been suggested to cause mainly mild and self-limiting infections or asymptomatic carriage. However, systematic analyses of the association between PCR results and clinical findings are scarce. This study aimed to clarify the clinical features of PCR-positive M. pneumoniae infections in a hospital setting. We reviewed 103 PCR-positive patients cared for in a university hospital during a 3-year period. Data on age, sex, health condition, acute symptoms, other pathogens found, laboratory and X-ray results and treatments were collected. Over 85% of the patients had a triad of typical symptoms: fever, cough and shortness of breath. Symptoms in the upper respiratory tract were rare. In 91% of the cases, M. pneumoniae was the only pathogen found. The highest incidence was found in the age group of 30–40 years, and 68% of the patients did not have any underlying diseases. Most patients were initially empirically treated with beta-lactam antibiotics and needed 2–4 changes in their treatment. Only 6% were discharged without an antibiotic effective against M. pneumoniae. This study shows that M. pneumoniae often led to hospitalisation and that patients needed appropriate antimicrobial treatment to recover. Mixed infections were rare, and situations that could be interpreted as carriage did not occur.

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