scholarly journals Art Spiritual Dimensions of Ukrainian Diaspora

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dutchak
Keyword(s):  
Performing Arts ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Sound Recordings ◽  
National University ◽  
Collective Performance ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Analytical Section ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Systemic Functioning

In the monograph of teachers-researchers of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, an analytical section of the Ukrainian diaspora art systemic functioning of the period of the XX – beginning of the XXI century is being presented on a wide source material. The authors on the example of music, fine, performing arts and literature present the priority of national and spiritual themes in the works of Ukrainian diaspora representatives of different countries and time periods. Vocal-choral, instrumental, bandura and folklore directions represent musical art in compositional activity, solo and collective performance forms, sound recordings. The artistic direction is represented by church and iconographic artists' works, and the stage and theatrical direction – by literary compositions and theatrical productions. The Ukrainian diaspora representatives' multi-vector creativity is evidenced by the synergy of cultural and artistic activities. Important factors in determining the goals and objectives of the Ukrainian diaspora artists and activists have always been national and spiritual ideas, which remain recorded in their publications, archives and epistolary.

Etude complémentaire de manuscrits des transcriptions et des enregistrements sonores algériens de Béla Bartók

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 323-340
Author(s):  
Mehdi Trabelsi
Keyword(s):  
Folk Music ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Bela Bartok ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Sound Recordings ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Research ◽  
First Time

When travelling in and around Biskra, Algeria, in 1913, Béla Bartók recorded almost two hundred melodies on phonograph cylinders. Bartók’s unique research was the subject of my PhD dissertation at the Sorbonne in Paris in 2003. The dissertation was based on about half of Bartók’s Arab collection available at the time at the Budapest Bartók Archives. In the meantime in 2006, the CD-ROM Bartók and Arab Folk Music has made for the first time available all the surviving transcriptions and sound recordings, which represent Bartók’s collection almost in its entirety. The article summarizes new research into the source material which has recently become available and points out the special significance of his study of Arab folk music for ethnomusicological research into the Maghreb.

From collecting to sharing information: the Theatre Library in a changing world

1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
Lyubov Krotkova
Keyword(s):  
Performing Arts ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Library Services ◽  
Reading Room ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Changing World

The Theatre Library in Moscow, attached to the theatre school of the Maly Theatre, was founded in 1922. It contains books on theatre and the performing arts, magazines, newspaper clippings, theatre programmes, and graphic items. The scope of the collections embraces both Russian pre-Revolutionary and Soviet post-Revolutionary theatre and drama. Illustrative materials (not confined to theatrical subjects) include some 40,000 engravings, and many postcards. The Library compiles albums of visual source material for specific productions. Video recordings have been collected since 1988. Library services include the maintenance of several card indexes, the publication of specialised indexes, the provision of a small reading room, an enquiry service, assistance to users and the organisation of exhibitions.

scholarly journals Performance Management of Academic Staff: Case of Georgian National University SEU

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Tengiz Taktakishvili
Keyword(s):  
Performance Management ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
National University ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
The University ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The paper deals with the important issue in management of academic staff at universities that is performance management. Particular case of Georgian National University SEU is discussed. Importance and peculiarities of the performance management at higher education institution is showed, relevant literature is analyzed, mathematical model for measuring performance indicator is constructed and relevant variables are revealed. These variables are introduced based on the priorities of the program and the goals and objectives of the university in general. Model is being implemented at SEU and all the academic staff members and administration are involved in it in order to clarify aims of establishing performance indicator and create supportive organizational culture for performance management process to be successful.

scholarly journals Problems of variability of the musical genre reng in the mugham performing arts of youth

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Fidan Ildyrymly
Keyword(s):  
Folk Music ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Musical Language ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Sheet Music ◽  
Sound Recordings ◽  
Musical Genre ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Musical Heritage

Consideration of the variability of the musical genre of rang in mugam performing arts showed that ranks arose and developed in the art of mugam as a form of vocal-instrumental music. Their melodic structure is directly related to the sections of mugam. There are numerous varieties of this relationship. Based on the analysis of the musical notation of the ranks, it was determined that in practice of performing mugam the ranks are directly related to the vocal-instrumental mugam, and this is especially important for their compositional structure. In this regard, in almost every version of mugham destgahs there is a set of different ranks, including tesnifs. The analysis of various musical records of the ranks in the musical performing arts helps to identify the features of the manifestation of this form of folk music in mugam, as well as the further development of this musical genre and musical culture as a whole. We consider it appropriate to study, primarily, the vocal-instrumental interpretation of mugham when studying mugam destgyahs and the melodic interconnections of rangs and tesnifs with sections (shobe) of mugam. After analyzing various musical notations of mugam dastgahs, we were able to trace how rengi relate to mugam shobe. It can be noted that many rengi are used in the recordings of these works associated with various performances in relation to various shobe of mugams. This feature is inherent in various mugham dastgahs – "Shur", "Segah", "Chahargah", "Bayati-Shiraz", "Shushter", "Humayun", etc. All this can be traced in musical notations, as well as in live mugham singing and sound recordings, which helps to determine the numerous variants of rengs related to these mugams. Within the framework of each mugham, dozens of rengs were created and included in musical practice. Part of this rich musical heritage is captured and preserved in sound recordings and sheet music. We believe that it is advisable to study rengi, grouping them into mugham families in order to analyze their musical language and reveal their inherent variability.

scholarly journals Introduction of the species of the genera Cotoneaster Medik. and × Sorbocotoneaster pozdnjakovii Pojark. from the Siberian flora in the Botanical Garden acad. A. V. Fomin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev (message 1, Cotoneaster)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
A. T. Grevtsova ◽  
T. B. Vakulenko ◽  
N. S. Novischenko
Keyword(s):  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Source Material ◽  
North West ◽  
Botanical Gardens ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
The North ◽  
National University ◽  
Living Material

The range of most species of the genus Cotoneaster Medik. located in the mountainous regions of Asia.According to the latest report by Janette Fryer and Bertil Hylmo, the genus Cotoneaster is represented by 2 subgenuses,11 sections and 37 series. Cotoneasters of Siberian flora: C. commixtus, C. laxiflorus, C. lucidus, C. megalocarpus, C. multiflorus, C. popovii, C. tjulinae, C. uniflorus, C. yakuticus, located in 2 subgenuses, 4 sections, 4 series. Collection of speciesof the genus Cotoneaster in the Botanical Garden acad. A.V. Fomin was created according the method of genus complexesby F. N. Rusanov, starting from 1972. The source material was attracted both by the extraction of seeds from the catalogsof foreign and Russian botanical gardens, and by the collection of seeds and living material in places of natural growth.Two expeditions were carried out to the regions of Siberia. The first one – Yakutsk in 1982 (10.08 – 29.08) along the route Kiev – Novosibirsk – Irkutsk – Tomsk – Krasnoyarsk – Aldan – Irkutsk – Kiev. The second – Central Siberian in 1983(24.07 – 17.08) along the route: Kiev – Irkutsk – Davsha – Nizhne –Angarsk – Severo –Baikalsk – Ulan –Ude – Kyakhta –Irkutsk – Chita – Moscow – Kiev. Morphological descriptions of annual shoots leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds of three typesof Cotoneasters: C. laxiflorus, C. lucidus, C. neo-popovii, micrographs of endocarp of bones, columns are given. The material is illustrated with photographs of plants introduced in the north-west of Ukraine (Kiev).

scholarly journals A Pragmatic Study of Politeness in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre and Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-76
Author(s):  
Maha Majeed Anber ◽  
Prof. Abdul-Kareem Fadhil Jameel
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Abuse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jane Eyre ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Cultural Milieu ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Pragmatic Study ◽  
The Way

Politeness theory is one of the useful means in interpreting the literary discourse especially fictional discourse where the novelist uses language suitable to the characters moving in the socio-cultural milieu. Therefore, in order to discover a new meaning and eventually arriving at an authentic interpretation of the utterances of the characters, the principles of pragmatics in general and the politeness theory in particular is a novel way of doing so. The present research aims at studying two selected English novels and takes into consideration the politeness strategies as advocated by Brown and Levinson (1987). The researcher chooses to compare two novels written by two female writers to reduce the options and to make the focus only on strategies.  If the two novels were one by a male writer and the other by a female , the analysis would have become more complex and necessitated the provision of explanations and justifications that have no room in this study. The researcher chooses two different time periods to clarify whether the environment has changed the way women deal with these strategies or whether they have retained. It is known that politeness strategies have been established because they are the best way to address others without injuring feelings or verbal abuse. But are these strategies actually being used for the reasons cited by Brown and Levinson? Can it not be used to achieve goals and objectives other than what is known about?

scholarly journals «Forgotten name... Yakov A. Rosenstein»

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 90-105
Author(s):  
Victor Pluzhnikov
Keyword(s):  
Performing Arts ◽  
Symphony Orchestra ◽  
Sleeping Beauty ◽  
State Funding ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Russian State ◽  
National University ◽  
The University

Problem statement. Conductor is considered to be one of the most prestigious occupation in musical field, so there has always been a certain interest to its history. But, despite a large amount of literature, there are no musicologist’s scientific works, with the systematized and generalized materials on training conducting staff in Ukraine in the 1920s – 1940s. This is partly due to a shortage of primary documents at a difficult historical period: most of them were destroyed by the employees of state institutions before being evacuated behind the lines during the Second World War; the other part was burned down during the hostilities; the third one was lost in the territories temporarily occupied by the fascists. The most important information was restored in the postwar years on the basis of personal documents of the musicians and memoirs of the contemporaries. The names of many other talented performers, who were not high ranked in the hierarchy of Ukraine musical culture, were forgotten. Research and publications analysis. Dealing with this article, the author relied on the research of three scientists. For example, the episode devoted to the history of the Kuban State Conservatory is based on the materials of the book by V. A. Frolkin, PhD in musicology, Professor of Piano Department of Krasnodar University of Culture and Arts. (Frolkin, 2006 : 70–89). The Kharkov period of Ya. Rosenstein’s activity is based on the article by E. M. Shchelkanovtseva, PhD in musicology, Department of Orchestral String Instrument of I. P. Kotlyarevsky Kharkov National University of Arts (Shchelkanovtseva, 1992 : 178–179), as well as the memoirs of conductor S. S. Feldman (Feldman, 2006). Ya. Rosenstein activities in T. G. Shevchenko Kiev Academic Opera and Ballet Theater of the Ukrainian SSR was described in research of Yu. A. Stanishevsky – Doctor in musicology, Professor. (Stanishevsky, 1981 : 533–534). The objective of this article is to create Ya. Rosenstein’s complete and non-biased biography, to analyze various aspects of his activity, and, as a result, to revive the name of a talented musician who was at the forefront of Ukraine musical pedagogy. This is the urgency and novelty of this study. Core material. Yakov A. Rosenstein (1887–1946) – a cello player, conductor, professor. In1907–1912 he studied at St. Petersburg Conservatory specializing in cello. Until February 1917, he had served as a cello player in the Royal orchestra of the Imperial Mariinskyi Theater. During the Civil War, he moved to Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar), where in 1918–1919 he was a director of Russian Musical Society Conservatory. October 1, 1920 witnessed the opening of Kuban State Conservatory. The university was funded from the budget of the People’s Commissariat for Education, so the training of all students was free. Ya. Rosenstein taught the cello class. But at the end of 1921, the Kuban Conservatory was deprived of state funding, and in summer of 1922 the university was reorganized into the Kuban Higher Technical School. (Frolkin, 2006 : 74–89). In autumn of 1923, Ya. Rosenstein moved to Kharkov, where he was a cello player in Russian State Opera orchestra. Later Ya. Rosenstein became a theater conductor. Also, he was engaged in pedagogical activity: in 1925 he became a dean of the instrumental faculty of Kharkov State Higher Music and Drama Courses, and in 1926 he became the head of the courses. According to E. M. Shchelkanovtseva, since 1927, Ya. Rosenstein had been teaching at the Music and Drama Institute (currently – I. P. Kotlyarevsky Kharkov National University of Arts) – Professor of cello class, chamber ensemble, orchestra class, conducting; in 1929 he became an Academic Director. (Shchelkanovtseva, 1992 : 179). Opera-symphonic conducting class at Kharkov Music and Drama Institute, which was opened in autumn of 1927, is a merit of Ya. Rosenstein. During 8 years, he had been training such conductors as: P. Ya. Balenko, M. P. Budyansky, I. I. Vymer, F. M. Dolgova, K. L. Doroshenko, D. L. Klebanov, B. T. Kozhevnikov, V. N. Nakhabin, V. S. Tolba and others. In 1926–1927, the Orchestra of Unemployed Musicians in Kharkov was transformed into the First State Symphony Orchestra of All-Ukrainian Radio Committee, which in autumn of 1929 was integrated with the Ukrainian Philharmonic. In 1929–1932 Ya. Rosenstein acted as a chief conductor. Then he was replaced by German Adler, a graduate of German Academy of Music and Performing Arts in Prague, and a world-famous conductor. In 1937, this musical group was the base for creation the State Symphony Orchestra of the Ukrainian SSR in Kiev (nowadays the National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine). (Pluzhnikov, 2016 : 358). In 1935–1941 and 1944–1946 Ya. Rosenstein was a conductor of T. G. Shevchenko Kiev Academic Opera and Ballet Theater of the Ukrainian SSR. According to S. S. Feldman, there he brilliantly showed himself in the ballet performances “Swan Lake” and “Sleeping Beauty” by P. Tchaikovsky, “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai” and “The Prisoner of the Caucasus” by B. Asafiev, “Lilaea” by K. Dankevich and “Raymonda” by A. Glazunov (Feldman, 2009 : 102). In summer of 1941 the War began, and the theater troupe was evacuated to Ufa. In 1942–1944 the United Ukrainian State Opera and Ballet Theater was created on the basis of the Kharkov and Kiev theaters in Irkutsk. More than 650,000 people visited 785 performances conducted by N. D. Pokrovsky, Ya. A. Rosenstein and V. S. Tolba in Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk and other cities! In June 1944, the theater troupe returned to Kyiv, and in 1946 Ya. Rosenstein died. He was buried at Baykove cemetery in Kyiv. Conclusion. The creative personality of Ya. A. Rosenstein, a cello player, conductor, teacher, one of the organizers of the First State Symphony Orchestra in Ukraine and the creators of the Kharkov school of orchestra conducting, deserves more attention on behalf of the scientists, musicians and all non-indifferent people. There is hope that Ya. A. Rosenstein’s memory will not be forgotten, and the name of this talented and noble person will take its rightful place in the annals of Ukraine and Russian musical culture.

Book Reviews

1996 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-338
Author(s):  
R. Anderson Sutton ◽  
Wim Zanten ◽  
T.E. Behrend ◽  
Willem Remmelink ◽  
Erik Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Asian Studies ◽  
Research School ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
National University ◽  
Trading Economy

- R. Anderson Sutton, Wim van Zanten, Ethnomusicology in the Netherlands: present situation and traces of the past. Leiden: Centre of Non-Western Studies, Leiden University, 1995, ix + 330 pp. [Oideion; The performing arts worldwide 2. Special Issue]., Marjolijn van Roon (eds.) - T.E. Behrend, Willem Remmelink, The Chinese War and the collapse of the Javanese state, 1725-1743. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1994, 297 pp. [Verhandelingen 162]. - Erik Brandt, Eric Venbrux, A death in the Tiwi Islands; Conflict, ritual and social life in an Australian Aboriginal Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, xvii + 269 pp. - Madelon Djajadiningrat-Nieuwenhuis, Tineke Hellwig, In the shadow of change; Images of women in Indonesian literature. Berkeley: University of California, Centers for South and Southeast Asia Studies, 1994, xiii + 259 pp. [Monograph 35]. - M. Estellie Smith, Peter J.M. Nas, Issues in urban development; Case studies from Indonesia. Leiden: Research School CNWS, 1995, 293 pp. [CNWS Publications 33]. - Uta Gärtner, Jan Becka, Historical dictionary of Myanmar. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, xxii + 328 pp. [Asian Historical Dictionaries 15]. - Beatriz van der Goes, H. Slaats, Wilhelm Middendorp over de Karo Batak, 1914-1919. Deel 1. Nijmegen: Katholieke Universiteit, Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid, 1994, xvii + 313 pp. [Reeks Recht en Samenleving 11]., K. Portier (eds.) - Stephen C. Headley, Janet Carsten, About the house, Lévi-Strauss and beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, xiv + 300 pp., Stephen Hugh-Jones (eds.) - Stephen C. Headley, James J. Fox, Inside Austronesian houses; Perspectives on domestic designs for living. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, 1993, x + 237 pp. - M. Hekker, Helmut Buchholt, Continuity, change and aspirations; Social and cultural life in Minahasa, Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1994, vii + 231 pp., Ulricht Mai (eds.) - Tineke Hellwig, Brigitte Müller, Op de wipstoel; De niet-gewettigde inheemse vrouw van de blanke Europeaan in Nederlands-Indië (1890-1940); Een literatuuronderzoek naar beeldvorming en werkelijkheid. Amsterdam: Vakgroep Culturele Antropologie/Sociologie der Niets-Westerse Samenlevingen, 1995, xii + 131 pp. - Jan van der Putten, Liaw Yock Fang, Standard Malay made simple. Singapore: Times Books International, 1988. - Jan van der Putten, Liaw Yock Fang, Standard Indonesian made simple, written with the assistance of Nini Tiley-Notodisuryo, Singapore: Times Books International, 1990. - Jan van der Putten, Liaw Yock Fang, Speak standard Malay; A beginner’s guide. Singapore: Times Books International, 1993, xxii + 280 pp. - Jan van der Putten, Liaw Yock Fang, Speak Indonesian; A beginner’s guide, written in collaboration with Munadi Padmadiwiria and Abdullah Hassan. Singapore: Times Books International, 1990. - Alle G. Hoekema, Chr.G.F. de Jong, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Zending op Zuid-Sulawesi 1852-1966; Een bronnenpublicatie. Oegstgeest: Raad voor de Zending der Nederlands Hervormde Kerk, 1995, xi + 524 pp. - George Hotze, Ronald G. Gill, De Indische stad op Java en Madura; Een morfologische studie van haar ontwikkeling. Delft: Publikatieburo Bouwkunde, Technische Universiteit Delft, 1995, 350 pp. - H.A.J. Klooster, Holk H. Dengel, Neuere Darstellung der Geschichte Indonesiens in Bahasa Inonesia; Entwicklung und Tendenzen der indonesischen Historiographie. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1994, vii + 269 pp. - Harry A. Poeze, Hans Antlöv, Imperial policy and Southeast Asian nationalism 1930-1957. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1995, xiii + 323 pp., Stein Tonnesson (eds.) - P.W. Preston, Michael Hill, The politics of nation building and citizenship in Singapore. London: Routledge, 1995, x + 285 pp., Lian Kwen Fee (eds.) - J.W. (Pim) Schoorl, Michael Southon, The navel of the perahu; Meaning and values in the maritime trading economy of a Butonese village. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, 1995, xiv + 150 pp. - Henk Schulte Nordholt, Geoffrey Robinson, The dark side of paradise; Political violence in Bali. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press, 1995, xxii + 341 pp. - Herman A.O. de Tollenaere, Th. Stevens, Vrijmetselarij en samenleving in Nederlands-Indië en Indonesië 1764-1962. Hilversum: Verloren, 1994, 400 pp. - Donald E. Weatherbee, Mpu Prapañca, Desawarnana (Nagarakrtagama) by Mpu Prapañca, translated and edited by Stuart Robson. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1995, viii + 158 pp. [Verhandelingen 169]. - E.P. Wieringa, Jennifer Lindsay, Kraton Yogyakarta. Diterjemahkan oleh R.M. Soetanto dan T.E. Behrend. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 1994, xvi + 330 pp. [Seri katalog Induk Naskah-Naskah Nusantara 2]., R.M. Soetanto, Alan Feinstein (eds.) - E.P. Wieringa, Wouter Smit, De islam binnen de horizon; Een missiologische studie over de benadering van de islam door vier Nederlandse zendingscorporaties (1797-1951). Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 1995, xix + 312 pp. [MISSION 11].

scholarly journals Characterizing UNAM’s Open Education System Using the OOFAT Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Cervantes-Perez ◽  
Guadalupe Vadillo ◽  
Jackeline Bucio ◽  
Alma Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Distance Education ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Open System ◽  
Education System ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Open Education ◽  
National University ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Distance Education System

Mexico’s national university (UNAM) is a public mega university with a 46-year history in open education. This article presents an analysis based on the open, online, flexible provision of technology-enhanced higher education (OOFAT) model, developed by Orr and his colleagues (2018). The aim of this analysis was to characterize UNAM’s open and distance education system in terms of openness, flexibility, and its business model, in three distinct time periods. According to this analysis, the system has evolved in all areas, and at present has a content-focused approach in terms of flexibility and openness, which differs from the OOFAT at the center approach that is desired. The study also characterized the UNAM system’s business model as a prospector-like approach, which highlights the possibilities for instilling innovation through the schools that comprise this system. The analysis allowed for mapping the current situation and thus sheds light on defining the steps necessary for creating an integrally open system.

Advertising allocation and impact of advertising on event ticket sales: Which product, where, and when

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-498
Author(s):  
Moon Young Kang
Keyword(s):  
Performing Arts ◽  
Budget Allocation ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Ticket Sales ◽  
Advertising Budget ◽  
Media Types ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Simultaneous Model

When planning for advertising, an accurate assessment of the impact of advertising is important so that managers can allocate their budgets to maximize the return on each advertising dollar. In particular, the managers need to understand the impact of advertising on different products, media types, and time periods. This study develops a simultaneous model to measure the impact of advertising on product sales using weekly ticket sales data and to capture managers’ decision using the data on advertising budget allocation at a performing arts center. This article provides managerial recommendations for advertising decision in terms of the product, media, and time dimensions.

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