scholarly journals STAGES OF CREATING PARALLEL CORPUS OF ENGLISH-UZBEK SIMILES

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Linguistic Basis

In recent years, corpus linguistics has been mentioned in the scientific literature as the main tool for the elaboration of dictionaries and grammar manuals, the creation of corpus analysis, the practical use of corpus, as well as the statistical study of linguistic analysis using corpus. Articles, textbooks, manuals on the creation of general and special electronic corpus have been published, but as the Uzbek language is a relatively new field of corpus linguistics, there is a need for research on some issues. The development of corpus linguistics and the increasing focus on statistical methods of processing linguistic materials have led to the development of a number of techniques related to the usage of parallel or similar texts in different languages. This article is devoted to the stages of creating bilingual parallel corpus and explains the peculiarities of creating parallel corpus of texts. The creation of parallel corpus also has its own research stages. Statistical research in linguistics has a long history, especially since the advent of computers in the fifties of the twentieth century, research in this area has grown rapidly. The purpose of the study is to analyze the scientific views on the creation of the linguistic supply of the program of translation of similes on the basis of parallel texts (English-Uzbek, Uzbek-English), to study the linguistic basis and to study the lexical-semantic relationship of similes in bilingual vocabulary. This article deals with the creation of a parallel corpus of literary texts with English and Uzbek similes, analysis of lexical-semantic relations of similes, formation of a database of text segments based on translation alternatives of similes, scientific proof of linguistic models of English similes in translation and the effect of mentality is scientifically substantiated in the example of the translation of similes. A bilingual simile dictionary also plays an important role in creating a parallel corpus of similes. There is a great need for electronic dictionaries in the field of literary translation. The creation of bilingual and multilingual dictionaries, which embody the subtle nuances of the word, serves as a very important resource for translators, writers, poets, and language users.

scholarly journals Philology: Intertextuality Chairil Anwar and Shindunata

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohib Adrianto Sangia
Keyword(s):  
Literary Text ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Complete Work ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Graft Insertion

The term intertextual is generally understood as the inter-relationship of the text with other text. Each text is a mosaic of quotations and every text is absorption and transformation from other texts. Text made of quotation, absorption, and transformation of other texts. As the author writes, the author will take the components of another text as a basis for the creation of his work. All was prepared and given to the adjustment of color, and if necessary, may be added in order to become a complete work. Intertextual approach emphasizes the notion that a literary text is seen as writing or graft insertion in the framework of other literary texts, such as tradition, literary genres, parody, reference or citation.

Rhetorical Repetition in Literary Translation

Babel ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan K. Abdulla
Keyword(s):  
Translation Studies ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Embryonic Stage ◽  
Religion And Literature ◽  
Rhetorical Device ◽  
Comparative Rhetoric ◽  
Parallel Structures ◽  
The Creation

Abstract Repetition or reiteration is a phenomenon common in language, music, religion, and literature, and has been studied extensively by linguists and rhetoricians. Unfortunately, it has not been investigated in Translation Studies because repetition is essentially an aspect of comparative rhetoric, a burgeoning discipline that is still in an embryonic stage. Among other things, it deals with how a particular rhetorical device functions in a certain language, and whether that function is preserved, metamorphosed, or compromised in translation. A rhetorical device does not necessarily require verbatim translation, because one must take into consideration such factors as genre, discourse, and text. Rhetorical repetition is used for emphasis, exaggeration, or the creation of parallel structures. Sometimes, repetition is much more subtle, where it enhances the contents or the message of the literary work. Several translation examples are discussed within this context to show where and how translation fails because it has not taken into consideration the constraints behind reiteration. The paper attempts to show how different translators have rendered repetition in poetry and prose in literary texts from English and Arabic. Translators handle reiteration in one of three ways: translate repetition as repetition; opt for variation; or completely ignore it. Although there are as yet no established rules concerning the translation of repetition, it seems that in non-literary contexts, and unless reiteration is markedly motivated, it is safe to translate it as variation. In literary works, however, translation or repetition should be approached with greater caution because it is always foregrounded, and hence its translation as repetition is recommended. Variation or omission of repetition in translating literature could result in gross misjudgment and distortion of the author’s intention. Résumé La répétition ou réitération est un phénomène commun à la langue, la musique, la religion et la littérature; elle a été étudiée de façon approfondie par les linguistes et rhétoriciens. Malheureusement, elle n’a pas fait l’objet de recherches dans la Traductologie, car la répétition est essentiellement un aspect de la rhétorique comparative, discipline croissante encore au stade embryonnaire. Entre autres éléments, elle traite de la façon dont un outil rhétorique spécifique fonctionne dans un certain langage et si cette fonction est préservée, métamorphosée ou compromise dans la traduction. Un outil rhétorique ne suppose pas nécessairement de traduction mot-à-mot parce qu’il faut prendre en considération des facteurs comme le genre, le discours et le texte. La répétition rhétorique est utilisée pour créer de l’emphase, de l’exagération ou pour établir des structures parallèles. Parfois, la répétition est bien plus subtile lorsqu’elle met en évidence le contenu du message de l’oeuvre littéraire. Plusieurs exemples de traduction sont discutés pour démontrer où et comment la traduction présente des défauts parce qu’elle n’as pas pris en considération les contraintes derrière la réitération. L’article tente de montrer comment différents traducteurs ont rendu la répétition en poésie et en prose dans les textes littéraires, de la langue anglaise vers la langue arabe. Les traducteurs manient la réitération de l’une de ces trois façons: traduire la répétition telle qu’elle est; opter pour la variation; ou bien l’ignorer complètement. Bien qu’il n’existe pas encore de règles établies à propos de la traduction de la répétition, il semble que dans les textes non littéraires, et à moins que la réitération ne soit fortement motivée, il est prudent de la traduire comme une variation. Cependant dans les ouvrages littéraires, la traduction de la répétition devrait être abordée avec une plus grande prudence parce qu’elle est toujours au premier plan, et donc une traduction comme répétition est recommandée. La variation ou l’omission de la répétition lors de la traduction d’ouvrages littéraires pourrait avoir comme conséquence une appréciation gravement erronée et une distorsion de l’intention de l’auteur.

TRANSLATION AS MENTAL INTERPRETATION ACTIVITY IN LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
Svitlana Gruschko
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Cross Language

In the article the phenomenon of translation is regarded as mental interpretation activity not only in linguistics, but also in literary criticism. The literary work and its translation are most vivid guides to mental and cultural life of people, an example of intercultural communication. An adequate perception of non-native culture depends on communicators’ general fund of knowledge. The essential part of such fund of knowledge is native language, and translation, being a mediator, is a means of cross-language and cross-cultural communication. Mastering another language through literature, a person is mastering new world and its culture. The process of literary texts’ translation requires language creativity of the translator, who becomes so-called “co-author” of the work. Translation activity is a result of the interpreter’s creativity and a sort of language activity: language units are being selected according to language units of the original text. This kind of approach actualizes linguistic researching of real translation facts: balance between language and speech units of the translated work (i.e. translationinterpretation, author’s made-up words, or revised language peculiarities of the characters). The process of literary translation by itself should be considered within the dimension of a dialogue between cultures. Such a dialogue takes place in the frame of different national stereotypes of thinking and communicational behavior, which influences mutual understanding between the communicators with the help of literary work being a mediator. So, modern linguistics actualizes the research of language activities during the process of literary work’s creating. This problem has to be studied furthermore, it can be considered as one of the central ones to be under consideration while dealing with cultural dimension of the translation process, including the process of solving the problems of cross-cultural communication.

Kajian Sosiologis Terhadap Tema Lakon ‘Domba-domba Revolusi’ Karya Bambang Soelarto

Panggung ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Sahid
Keyword(s):  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
The Political ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Sociology Of Art ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTRevolutionary struggle in order to compete for the independence of Indonesia has been a source of inspiration Indonesian artists, including Bambang Soelarto who wrote drama Domba-domba Re- volusi (DDR). DDR studied drama is quite interesting because it tries to criticize the freedom fight- ers. This study aims to: first to know the theme and the problem plays DDR; second to determine the relationship of the socio - historical struggle in 1948 with the sociological elements of drama DDR themes and issues. This study uses sociological theory of art. The basic principles of the sociology of art is the fact that the creation of works of art influenced by the historical social conditions where the work was created. Research using content analysis of Krippendorf, the methods used to examine the symbolic phenomena with the aim to explore and express the observed phenomenon which is the content, meaning, and an essential element of the literary work. Based results of this research is that Bambang Soelarto as the author tries to capture di?erence between fighters during the struggle for the political aspirations for 1948 are expressed in a work of drama. Historical events inspired the creation of drama DDR. Soelarto want to respond to the political aspirations of the di?erence between historical figures and wanted to provide an assessment and outlook through DDR.Keywords: themes, drama, sociology of art, social historical ABSTRAKRevolusi perjuangan dalam rangka memperebutkan kemerdekaan Indonesia telah men- jadi sumber inspirasi para seniman Indonesia, termasuk Bambang Soelarto yang menulis drama Domba-domba Revolusi (DDR). Drama DDR cukup menarik diteliti karena mencoba mengkritisi para pejuang kemerdekaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: pertama, mengeta- hui tema dan permasalah drama DDR; kedua, mengetahui hubungan kondisi sosio-histo- ris perjuangan pada tahun 1948 dengan unsur-unsur sosiologis terimplisir pada unsur tema dan masalah drama DDR. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori sosiologi seni. Prinsip dasar dari sosiologi seni adalah adanya fakta bahwa penciptaan karya seni dipengaruhi oleh kon- disi sosial historis tempat karya itu diciptakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode con- tent analysis dari Krippendorf, yakni metode yang dipergunakan untuk meneliti fenome- na-fenomena simbolik dengan tujuan untuk menggali dan mengungkapkan fenomena yang teramati yang merupakan isi, makna, dan unsur esensial karya sastra. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa Bambang Soelarto sebagai penulis mencoba un- tuk menangkap perbedaan antara pejuang aspirasi politik selama perjuangan tahun 1948 untuk diekspresikan dalam sebuah karya drama. Peristiwa sejarah mengilhami penciptaan drama DDR. Soelarto ingin menanggapi aspirasi politik perbedaan antara tokoh-tokoh se- jarah dan ingin memberikan penilaian dan pandangan pandangannnya melalui DDR.Kata kunci: tema, drama, sosiologi seni, sosial historis

Technology and Employment in Developing Countries

1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Garmany
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Optimum Combination ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Choice Of Technology

This article discusses some of the issues involved in the choice of technology in developing countries, especially those in Africa, and the relationship of this to employment and output. The problem is to find an optimum combination of productive resources that comes nearest to satisfying two objectives: the full and economically efficient utilisation of such resources, and the creation of as much surplus as possible over current consumption, thereby making possible new investment and long-term growth.

The Relationship of State and Society: Productive or Unproductive

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Long Run ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The policies followed by patrimonial states generally involve playing one group against another and are inimical to long-run growth. Social cohesion or closure among rural groups (tenants, part-owners, etc.) provides a mechanism by which the governing elite are likely to find increased opportunities to behave in a developmental way. More strongly, this rural cohesion or closure often compels them to behave in a developmental manner. Such closure is most likely to result from broad based rural development resulting in the creation of extensive social networks via the operation of intermediaries. The prewar experiences of Japan and Korea with land reform are used to illustrate the argument.

scholarly journals THE ACTIVITY OF F.F. ERISMAN IN MOSCOW LOW TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATIONS (ON THE 175TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS BIRTH)

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-377
Author(s):  
Irina V. Egorysheva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dental Hygienist ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Large Scale Study ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Work And Life

The article is devoted to the participation of the outstanding dental hygienist F. F. Erisman in the development of the Moscow low territorial sanitary organization. Under his leadership, there was carried out a large-scale study of the impact of conditions of the work and life on the health of plant workers, served as a model for similar types of sanitary-statistical research in a number of rural provinces. F. F. Erisman actively participated in the work of the sanitary organization of the Moscow gubernia Zemstvo, the creation of the first district sanitary Bureau.

scholarly journals HETERO-TEXTUALITY AND CO-SPATIALITY: FROM THE SEMIOTICS OF THE CITY TO THE TRANS-SEMIOTICS OF THE POST-CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Dmitry N. Zamyatin ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
General Context ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Single Text ◽  
Urban Narratives ◽  
Key Features ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The City

Literary texts can be considered as the most attractive research material for analyzing the key features of both the semiotics of the city as a whole and the semiotics of individual cities, to which many works of art are devoted. The urban space of Modernity as a result of the processes of powerful semiotization can be considered as both textual and intertextual. The intertextuality of Modern urban spaces presupposes sets of “floating” topological signifiers corresponding to similar sets of “floating” topological signs. In the traditional semiotics of the city, the existence of two realities is assumed — the “real” reality and the “semiotic” reality, between which clear logical correspondences and/or relations can be observed and analyzed. The appearance of non-classical/post-classical urban narratives focused on the problems of dis-communication at the beginning of the 20th century became one of the important signs of the primary formation of the post-city and post-urbanism phenomena. The post-city is not a text and can not be regarded as a text; at the same time, it can generate separate texts that are not related to each other in any way. Post-urban texts, which are the communicative results of specific co-spatialities, remain local “flashes” that do not form a single text or meta-text (super-text). Hetero-textuality is a phenomenon of post-urban reality, which is characterized by the coexistence, as a rule, of texts that do not correlate with each other, relating to certain stable urban loci. Trans-semiotics in general context is understood as the study of any texts that involve the creation of sign-symbolic breaks or “gaps” with any other potentially possible correlating texts in the process of signification. Trans-semiotics of post-cities are studies of (literary) texts that involve the creation of sign-symbolic breaks or “gaps” with any other potentially possible correlating texts related to a particular urban locus in the process of signifying any urban loci. The post-city heterostructuality can be considered as the co-spatiality of mutually exclusive texts corresponding to “non-seeing” post-city loci. Post-urban trans-semiotics in the course of their development form a kind of “dark zones” that reject or neutralize any attempt at any semiotic interpretation.

scholarly journals Technology as a resource: Increasing engagement in learning and developing 21st century skills

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Lukey
Keyword(s):  
Student Engagement ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Teacher Candidates ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Creation ◽  
21St Century Learners ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Future Practice

The purpose of this research study was to help inform the researcher’s future practice as a teacher on the influence of technology on young learners. The question of inquiry pertained to define how technology has initiated and increased student engagement within their learning, and through this, how technology has specifically influenced the creation of the 21st century learner. By beginning the inquiry through a literature review on the theme of technology and student engagement, the researcher was able to gain an understanding that technology is the motivator for children in developed, and even in undeveloped countries. In order to assess the relationship of technology and student engagement in learning, along with how digital devices influence the creation of 21st century learners, the researcher surveyed a variety of teacher candidates and university students to draw conclusions. From the research findings of the study, the researcher concluded that students were attracted to technology as it is a tool that is convenient in organizing information, and is efficient in making data easier to allocate. Therefore, the skills that technology imparted upon 21st century learners from the findings were allowing students to become self-directed learners, access and, evaluate information through critical thinking and solving data to become more engaged thinkers, and influencing leadership and collaboration skills.

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