STUDY OF SOUND LEVELS IN NICU: DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-17
Author(s):  
Dilip Kumar ◽  
V Shankar Vengalapudi ◽  
Maneesha Panduranga Halkar ◽  
Ranjan Kumar Pejaver
Keyword(s):  
American Academy ◽  
Physical Factor ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level 2

Introduction: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) have introduced noise as a major physical factor causing pollution in NICUs. The American Academy of Paediatrics recommends that sound levels be lower than 45 dBA in the NICU. They thus suggested that the admittance of infants to these wards might be associated with deafness This project included conducting sound surveys of naturall Methodology: y occurring noise in the NICU environments. There was no direct neonate involvement. Each part has two sections A and B, the section A is from more sick babies requiring Level 3 NICU care, whereas the section B is for babies requiring Level 2 NICU care. The mean num Results: bers of staff present in NICU during Day and Night time is 9 and 6 respectively. For all the infants in section A and section B, monitors were used, infusion pumps were used for all babies in section A and as required in section B. Average ventilated babies/day was 1. Conclusion: The sound levels measured in NICU environment and inside incubator in section A and section B, the results show there is no signicant difference the level of sound exposure to the babies in each section.

Measurement and Prediction of Sound Exposure Levels by University Wind Bands

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Chesky
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Wind Bands ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this study was to determine sound exposure levels generated in two college wind bands. Dosimeter data from a large sample of ensemble-based instructional activities (n = 43) was collected over time and processed to assess associations with predictor variables that may be relevant to this context, including indicators of time spend at various intensity levels, maximum and peak sound levels, degree of variability of sound levels over time, and the percentage of time playing music. The mean dose per event for the entire sample was 109.5% and ranged from 53.8% to 166.9%. Results of linear regression analysis revealed that regressors accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in dose (F = 128.42, p < 0.000) and a statistically significant and very large (96% variance accounted for) contribution to the prediction of dose. Findings implicate the critical role of the instructor and teaching pedagogy.

Unification of the "Burst" and "Linear" Theories of Periodontal Disease Progression: A Multilevel Manifestation of the Same Phenomenon

2003 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Gilthorpe ◽  
A.T. Zamzuri ◽  
G.S. Griffiths ◽  
I.H. Maddick ◽  
K.A. Eaton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Regression To The Mean ◽  
Random Coefficient Models ◽  
Linear Change ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level 2

Previously, burst and linear theories for periodontal disease progression were proposed based on different but limited statistical methods of analysis. Multilevel modeling provides a new approach, yielding a more comprehensive model. Random coefficient models were used to analyze longitudinal periodontal data consisting of repeated measures (level 1), sites (level 2), teeth (level 3), and subjects (level 4). Large negative and highly significant correlations between random linear and quadratic time coefficients indicated that subjects and teeth with greater-than-average linear change experienced decelerated variation. Conversely, subjects and teeth with less-than-average linear change experienced accelerated variation. Change therefore exhibited a dynamic regression to the mean at the tooth and subject levels. Since no equilibrium was attained throughout the study, changes were cyclical. When considered as a multilevel system, the "linear" and "burst" theories of periodontal disease progression are a manifestation of the same phenomenon: Some sites improve while others progress, in a cyclical manner.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Level-3 MODIS daily aerosol optical depth in the context of surface solar radiation and numerical weather modeling

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Ruiz-Arias ◽  
J. Dudhia ◽  
C. A. Gueymard ◽  
D. Pozo-Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Numerical Weather ◽  
Modis Aod ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Weather Modeling ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level 2

Abstract. The daily Level-3 MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) product is a global daily spatial aggregation of the Level-2 MODIS AOD (10-km spatial resolution) into a regular grid with a resolution of 1° × 1°. It offers interesting characteristics for surface solar radiation and numerical weather modeling applications. However, most of the validation efforts so far have focused on Level-2 products and only rarely on Level 3. In this contribution, we compare the Level-3 Collection 5.1 MODIS AOD dataset from the Terra satellite available since 2000 against observed daily AOD values at 550 nm from more than 500 AERONET ground stations around the globe. Overall, the mean error of the dataset is 0.03 (17%, relative to the mean ground-observed AOD), with a root mean square error of 0.14 (73%, relative to the same), but these errors are also found highly dependent on geographical region. We propose new functions for the expected error of the Level-3 AOD, as well as for both its mean error and its standard deviation. Additionally, we investigate the role of pixel count vis-à-vis the reliability of the AOD estimates, and also explore to what extent the spatial aggregation from Level 2 to Level 3 influences the total uncertainty in the Level-3 AOD. Finally, we use a radiative transfer model to investigate how the Level-3 AOD uncertainty propagates into the calculated direct normal and global horizontal irradiances.

scholarly journals Quantification of Sound Exposure from Wind Turbines in France

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
David Ecotière ◽  
Patrick Demizieux ◽  
Gwenaël Guillaume ◽  
Lise Giorgis-Allemand ◽  
Anne-Sophie Evrard
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Environmental Noise ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Sound Levels

The WHO guidelines on environmental noise highlight that evidence on the health effects of wind turbine sound levels is either non-existent or of poor quality. In this context, a feasibility study was conducted in France in 2017. The objective was to suggest a methodology for calculating wind turbine sound levels in order to quantify the number of windfarms’ residents exposed to this sound. Based on a literature review, the Harmonoise model was selected for sound exposure calculation. It was validated by quantifying its uncertainties, and finally used to estimate the population exposed to wind turbine sound in metropolitan France. Compared to other environmental noise sources (e.g., transportation), sound exposure is very moderate, with more than 80% of the exposed people exposed to sound levels below 40 dBA. The total number of people exposed to more than 30 dBA is about 686,000 and 722,000 people for typical daytime and night-time meteorological conditions respectively, i.e., about 1% of the French population in 2017. These results represent the first ever assessment of sound exposure from wind turbines at the scale of the entire metropolitan France.

scholarly journals The Difficulty Analysis of Students Spatial Ability Based on Level Van Hiele in Problem Based Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Chairunnisa Chairunnisa ◽  
Edy Surya ◽  
Bornok Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Van Hiele ◽  
High Category ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Experienced Difficulty

This study aims to (1) determine the level of students' spatial ability at Van Hiele's level in problem-based learning. (2) to find out the location of the students' difficulties in solving spatial power problems with the Van Hiele level. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The subjects of this study were students of class XII SMK Bima Utomo Batang Kuis. The object of this research is the spatial ability based on Van Hiele's level in Problem Based Learning. The results of this study indicate that the level of spatial ability in the low category reaches 51.4%, while the medium category reaches 34.3%, and the high category reaches 14.3%. Subjects in the low category experienced skill difficultiesSubject S.01 (low spatial ability), at Level 1 experienced skill difficulties (question number 1) and concept difficulty (question number 4), at Level 2 experienced skill difficulties, at Level 3 and Level 4 experienced difficulty in principle. Subject S.02 (low spatial ability), has difficulty skills at Level 2 and has difficulty in principle at Level 3 and Level 4. Subject S.03 (moderate spatial ability), has difficulty in principle at Level 3 and Level 4. Subject S. 04 (moderate spatial ability), has difficulty skills at Level 3 and has difficulty in principle at Level 4. Subject S.05 (high spatial ability), has difficulty in principle at Level 4. Subject S.06 (high spatial ability), has difficulty principles at Level 4.Based on the results of this study, it is expected to be an inspiration for users.

scholarly journals A Two-Stage Mutation Stochastic Model of Carcinogenesis Driven by a Three Level Environmental Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1468-1487
Author(s):  
V. S. S. Yadavalli ◽  
S. Udayabaskaran ◽  
C. T. Dora Pravina ◽  
S. Sreelakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Random Environment ◽  
Normal Cell ◽  
Malignant Cell ◽  
Intermediate Cell ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Environmental Process ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intermediate Cells ◽  
Level 2

A two-mutation model of carcinogenesis which evolves under the influence of three level random environment on the production process is formulated and analyzed. A random environment occupies one of the levels 1, 2 and 3 at any time t according to a Markov process. When the environment is in level 1, a normal cell either divides into two normal cells or dies; and an intermediate cell divides into two intermediate cells or dies. When the environment is in level 2, a normal cell either divides into one normal cell and one intermediate cell or dies and an intermediate cell either divides into one intermediate cell and one malignant cell or dies. When the environment is in level 3, a normal cell either divides into two intermediate cells or dies and an intermediate cell either divides into two malignant cells or dies. It is assumed that, once a malignant cell is produced, it generates a malignant tumor with probability 1. We obtain the mean numbers of normal, intermediate and malignant cells at any time t.

scholarly journals Evaluation of acceptability of the use of internal and external condoms in couples: a cross-over study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e846997942
Author(s):  
Tatiana Moreira Afonso ◽  
Taciana Silveira Passos ◽  
Marcos Antonio Almeida-Santos
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Wave Type ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Better Than

Objective: To evaluate the acceptability (comfort, ease of use, lubrication, and pleasure) of internal and external condom use in stable couples. Metodology: This randomized cross-over trial included 54 couples (108 adult individuals). Participants were asked to evaluate acceptability measures of both types of condoms using the Visual Analogue Scale.  We developed a three-level hierarchical model [level 1= three repeated measures (wave, type of condom); level 2= individual (gender, age); level 3= couple (sequence of presentation of female versus external condom)]. Results: The "ease of use" dimension represented the biggest difference between the types of condoms for men (Hedges 'g = 0.96; p <0.0001) and women (Hedges' g = 1.62; p <0.0001). Regardless of gender, external condoms performed better (1.61; 95% HPD = 1.41 – 1.81). Men gave lower scores in general (-0.62; 95% HPD = -1.16 − -0.10). Conclusion: The external condom scored better than the internal condom for women and their male partners. The scores tended to improve with the repetitive use of the condom. There is no evidence of the influence of the age of the individuals or the randomly selected sequence of use of condoms with regards to the mean score of the four dimensions.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Level-3 MODIS daily aerosol optical depth in the context of surface solar radiation and numerical weather modeling

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 23219-23260 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Ruiz-Arias ◽  
J. Dudhia ◽  
C. A. Gueymard ◽  
D. Pozo-Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Numerical Weather ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Weather Modeling ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level 2

Abstract. The Level-3 MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) product offers interesting features for surface solar radiation and numerical weather modeling applications. Remarkably, the Collection 5.1 dataset extends over more than a decade, and provides daily values of AOD over a global regular grid of 1°×1° spatial resolution. However, most of the validation efforts so far have focused on Level-2 products (10-km, at original resolution) and only rarely on Level-3 (at aggregated spatial resolution of 1°×1°). In this contribution, we compare the Level-3 Collection 5.1 MODIS AOD dataset available since 2000 against observed daily AOD values at 550 nm from more than 500 AERONET ground stations around the globe. One aim of this study is to check the advisability of this MODIS dataset for surface shortwave solar radiation calculations using numerical weather models. Overall, the mean error of the dataset is 0.03 (17%, relative to the mean ground-observed AOD), with a root mean square error of 0.14 (73%, relative to the same), albeit these values are found highly dependent on geographical region. For AOD values below about 0.3 the expected error is found very similar to that of the Level-2 product. However, for larger AOD values, higher errors are found. Consequently, we propose new functions for the expected error of the Level-3 AOD, as well as for both its mean error and its standard deviation. Additionally, we investigate the role of pixel count vis-à-vis the reliability of the AOD estimates. Our results show that a higher pixel count does not necessarily turn into a more reliable AOD estimate. Therefore, we recommend to verify this assumption in the dataset at hand if the pixel count is meant to be used. We also explore to what extent the spatial aggregation from Level-2 to Level-3 influences the total uncertainty in the Level-3 AOD. In particular, we found that, roughly, half of the error might be attributable to Level-3 AOD sub-pixel variability. Finally, we use a~radiative transfer model to investigate how the Level-3 AOD uncertainty propagates into the calculated direct normal (DNI) and global horizontal (GHI) irradiances. Overall, results indicate that, for Level-3 AODs smaller than 0.5, the induced uncertainty in DNI due to the AOD uncertainty alone is below 15% on average, and below 5% for GHI (for a solar zenith angle of 30°. However, the uncertainty in AOD is highly spatially variable, and so is that in irradiance.

Adherence to Guidelines for Screening Polysomnography in Children with Down Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. Knollman ◽  
Christine H. Heubi ◽  
Jareen Meinzen-Derr ◽  
David F. Smith ◽  
Sally R. Shott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Universal Screening ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Adherence To Guidelines ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

Objectives To compare the percentage and mean age of children with Down syndrome (DS) who underwent polysomnography (PSG) to evaluate for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) before and after the introduction of the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines recommending universal screening by age 4 years. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Single tertiary pediatric hospital. Methods This study is a review of patients with DS seen in a subspecialty clinic. Children born preguidelines (2000-2006) were compared with children born postguidelines (2007-2012) regarding percentage receiving PSG, age at first PSG, and rate of OSA. Results We included 766 children with DS; 306 (40%) were born preguidelines. Overall, 61% (n = 467) underwent PSG, with a mean ± SD age of 4.2 ± 2.9 years at first PSG; 341 (44.5%) underwent first PSG by age 4 years. The rate of OSA (obstructive index ≥1 event/hour) among children undergoing first PSG was 78.2%. No difference was seen in the percentage receiving PSG preguidelines (63.4%) versus postguidelines (59.4%, P = .26). The mean age at the time of first PSG was 5.3 ± 3.5 years preguidelines versus 3.4 ± 2.0 years postguidelines ( P < .0001). Children in the postguidelines cohort were more likely to undergo first PSG during the ages of 1 through 4 years (67.4% vs 52.1%, P < .0001). There was no difference in rates of OSA between the pre- and postguidelines cohorts (79.8% vs 75.9%, P = .32). Conclusions Nearly two-thirds of children with DS (61%) underwent PSG overall, with a significant shift toward completion of PSG at an earlier age after the introduction of the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for universal screening for OSA.

THE EYE AND LEARNING DISABILITIES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-455
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Learning Disability ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Ocular Abnormalities ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
School Learning ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Medicine Education

The problem of learning disability has become a matter of increasing public concern, which has led to exploitation by some practitioners of the normal concern of parents for the welfare of their children. A child's inability to read with understanding as a result of defects in processing visual symbols, a condition which has been called dyslexia, is a major obstacle to school learning and has far-reaching social and economic implications. The significance and magnitude of the problem have generated a proliferation of diagnostic and remedial procedures, many of which imply a relationship between visual function and learning.1 The eye and visual training in the treatment of dyslexia and associated learning disabilities have recently been reviewed with the following conclusions by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, and the American Association of Ophthalmology: 1. Learning disability and dyslexia, as well as other forms of school underachievement, require a multi-disciplinary approach from medicine, education, and psychology in diagnosis and treatment. Eye care should never be instituted in isolation when a patient has a reading problem. Children with learning disabilities have the same incidence of ocular abnormalities, e.g., refractive errors and muscle imbalance, as children who are normal achievers and reading at grade level.2-4 These abnormalities should be corrected. 2. Since clues in word recognition are transmitted through the eyes to the brain, it has become common practice to attribute reading difficulties to subtle ocular abnormalities presumed to cause faulty visual perception. Studies have shown that there is no peripheral eye defect which produces dyslexia and associated learning disabilities.5,6

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