scholarly journals The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Bin Han ◽  
Mohammad Asif Habibi ◽  
Hans Dieter Schotten
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
The Road ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Quantitative Manner

<p>As of today, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system has been rolled out in many countries and the number of 5G subscribers already reaches a very large scale. It is time for academia and industry to shift their attention towards the next generation. At this crossroad, an overview of the current state of the art and a vision of future communications are definitely of interest. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey to draw a picture of the sixth generation (6G) system in terms of drivers, use cases, usage scenarios, requirements, key performance indicators (KPIs), and enabling technologies. First, we attempt to answer the question of “Is there any need for 6G?” by shedding light on the key driving factors of 6G, in which we predict the explosive growth of mobile traffic until 2030, and envision potential use cases and usage scenarios. Second, the technical requirements of 6G are discussed and compared with those of 5G with respect to a set of KPIs in a quantitative manner. Third, the state-of-the-art 6G research efforts and activities from representative institutions and countries are summarized, and a tentative roadmap of definition, specification, standardization, and regulation is projected. Then, we identify a dozen of potential technologies and introduce their principles, advantages, challenges, and open research issues. Finally, the conclusions are drawn to paint a picture of “What 6G may look like?”. This survey is intended to serve as an enlightening guideline to spur interests and further investigations for subsequent research and development of 6G communications systems.</p>

scholarly journals The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Bin Han ◽  
Mohammad Asif Habibi ◽  
Hans Dieter Schotten
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
The Road ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Quantitative Manner

<p>As of today, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system has been rolled out in many countries and the number of 5G subscribers already reaches a very large scale. It is time for academia and industry to shift their attention towards the next generation. At this crossroad, an overview of the current state of the art and a vision of future communications are definitely of interest. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey to draw a picture of the sixth generation (6G) system in terms of drivers, use cases, usage scenarios, requirements, key performance indicators (KPIs), and enabling technologies. First, we attempt to answer the question of “Is there any need for 6G?” by shedding light on the key driving factors of 6G, in which we predict the explosive growth of mobile traffic until 2030, and envision potential use cases and usage scenarios. Second, the technical requirements of 6G are discussed and compared with those of 5G with respect to a set of KPIs in a quantitative manner. Third, the state-of-the-art 6G research efforts and activities from representative institutions and countries are summarized, and a tentative roadmap of definition, specification, standardization, and regulation is projected. Then, we identify a dozen of potential technologies and introduce their principles, advantages, challenges, and open research issues. Finally, the conclusions are drawn to paint a picture of “What 6G may look like?”. This survey is intended to serve as an enlightening guideline to spur interests and further investigations for subsequent research and development of 6G communications systems.</p>

scholarly journals The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Bin Han ◽  
Mohammad Asif Habibi ◽  
Hans Dieter Schotten
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
The Road ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Quantitative Manner

<p>As of today, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system has been rolled out in many countries and the number of 5G subscribers already reaches a very large scale. It is time for academia and industry to shift their attention towards the next generation. At this crossroad, an overview of the current state of the art and a vision of future communications are definitely of interest. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey to draw a picture of the sixth generation (6G) system in terms of drivers, use cases, usage scenarios, requirements, key performance indicators (KPIs), and enabling technologies. First, we attempt to answer the question of “Is there any need for 6G?” by shedding light on the key driving factors of 6G, in which we predict the explosive growth of mobile traffic until 2030, and envision potential use cases and usage scenarios. Second, the technical requirements of 6G are discussed and compared with those of 5G with respect to a set of KPIs in a quantitative manner. Third, the state-of-the-art 6G research efforts and activities from representative institutions and countries are summarized, and a tentative roadmap of definition, specification, standardization, and regulation is projected. Then, we identify a dozen of potential technologies and introduce their principles, advantages, challenges, and open research issues. Finally, the conclusions are drawn to paint a picture of “What 6G may look like?”. This survey is intended to serve as an enlightening guideline to spur interests and further investigations for subsequent research and development of 6G communications systems.</p>

scholarly journals Deep-Learning-Based Road Crack Detection Frameworks for Dashcam-captured Images under Different Illumination Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da-Ren Chen ◽  
Wei-Min Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Gaussian Mixture Models ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
The Road ◽  
Art Object

Abstract Machine learning techniques have been used to increase detection accuracy of cracks in road surfaces. Most studies failed to consider variable illumination conditions on the target of interest (ToI), and only focus on detecting the presence or absence of road cracks. This paper proposes a new road crack detection method, IlumiCrack, which integrates Gaussian mixture models (GMM) and object detection CNN models. This work provides the following contributions: 1) For the first time, a large-scale road crack image dataset with a range of illumination conditions (e.g., day and night) is prepared using a dashcam. 2) Based on GMM, experimental evaluations on 2 to 4 levels of brightness are conducted for optimal classification. 3) the IlumiCrack framework is used to integrate state-of-the-art object detecting methods with CNN to classify the road crack images into eight types with high accuracy. Experimental results show that IlumiCrack outperforms the state-of-the-art R-CNN object detection frameworks.

scholarly journals The KICK-OFF of 6G Research Worldwide: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Hans Dieter Schotten
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Mobile System ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Milestone

The fifth-generation (5G) mobile system is now being deployed across the world and the scale of 5G subscribers is growing quickly in many countries. The attention of academia and industry is increasingly shifting towards the sixth generation (6G) and many pioneering works are being kicked off, indicating an important milestone in the history of 6G. At this juncture, an overview of the current state of the art of 6G research and a vision of future communications are of great interest. This paper thus investigates up-to-date 6G research programs, ambitions, and main viewpoints of representative countries, institutions and companies worldwide. Then, the key technologies are outlined and a vision on ``What 6G may look like?" is provided. This paper aims to serve as an enlightening guideline for interested researchers to quickly get an overview when kicking off their 6G research.

scholarly journals Formation of the Tien Shan North Road, the Silk Road: A Preliminary Report on the First and Second Survey Seasons of the Chuy Valley Archaeological Project (CVAP), Northern Kyrgyz

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Yamafuji ◽  
Bakit Amanbaeva ◽  
Danyar Bazilov
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
The Road ◽  
Site Distribution ◽  
The North ◽  
Ca 50 ◽  
Archaeological Project ◽  
The Silk Road

Since 2018, the Chuy Valley Archaeological Project (CVAP) has conducted the comprehensive field survey along a part of the ancient Tien Shan North Road in Kara Balta to answer the following questions: 1) the precise period the road began to use, based on the archaeological evidence; 2) the reason why the road had been used frequently during the early Middle Age, ca. fifth to seventh centuries AD; and 3) the whole spectrum of the habitational history including smaller and nomadic remains not documented in the previous researches. The research area measuring ca. 50 km N–S by ca. 35 km E–W consists of flat alluvial plain in the north and gentle slope of the mountain foot in the south. The two seasons confirmed dozens of archaeological remains containing large scale cities/towns (e.g. Shish Tobe, Ak-Tobe Sretenskoe) and remarkable kurgans already known. Consequently, clear patterns of site distribution could provide critical implications for resolving the research issues. This paper reports the preliminary results of the infield surveys in Autumn 2018 and 2019.

scholarly journals The KICK-OFF of 6G Research Worldwide: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Hans Dieter Schotten
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Mobile System ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Milestone

The fifth-generation (5G) mobile system is now being deployed across the world and the scale of 5G subscribers is growing quickly in many countries. The attention of academia and industry is increasingly shifting towards the sixth generation (6G) and many pioneering works are being kicked off, indicating an important milestone in the history of 6G. At this juncture, an overview of the current state of the art of 6G research and a vision of future communications are of great interest. This paper thus investigates up-to-date 6G research programs, ambitions, and main viewpoints of representative countries, institutions and companies worldwide. Then, the key technologies are outlined and a vision on ``What 6G may look like?" is provided. This paper aims to serve as an enlightening guideline for interested researchers to quickly get an overview when kicking off their 6G research.

Ontology visualization methods and tools: a survey of the state of the art

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Dudáš ◽  
Steffen Lohmann ◽  
Vojtěch Svátek ◽  
Dmitry Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Ontology Language ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Ontology Visualization ◽  
Class Hierarchies ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Visualization Tools

AbstractVarious ontology visualization tools using different visualization methods exist and new ones are being developed every year. The goal of this paper is to follow up on previous surveys with an updated classification of ontology visualization methods and a comprehensive survey of available tools. The tools are analyzed for the used visualization methods, interaction techniques and supported ontology constructs. It shows that most of the tools apply two-dimensional node-link visualizations with a focus on class hierarchies. Color and shape are used with little variation, support for constructs introduced with version 2 of the OWL Web Ontology Language is limited, and it often remains vague what tasks and use cases are supported by the visualizations. Major challenges are the limited maturity and usability of many of the tools as well as providing an overview of large ontologies while also showing details on demand. We see a high demand for a universal ontology visualization framework implementing a core set of visual and interactive features that can be extended and customized to respective use cases.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive View of the Initiatives on the Research of Sixth-Generation Mobile Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Hans Dieter Schotten
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
History Of ◽  
5G Mobile Communications ◽  
Communications System ◽  
Generation Technology

The Fifth-Generation (5G) mobile communications system is now on its way to being deployed worldwide and the scale of 5G subscribers in some region has reached a very large scale. However, the attention of academia and industry is increasingly shifting towards the next generation technology called Sixth Generation (6G) and many pioneering works are being kicked off by the major players in this filed, placing an important milestone in the history of mobile communications. At this juncture, a view of the current state of the art of 6G research and a vision of future communications are of great interest. This paper thus aims to investigate up-to-date 6G research programs, activities, and main viewpoints of representative countries, institutions and companies worldwide. Then, the key technologies are outlined and a vision on ``What 6G may look like?" is provided. This paper aims to serve as an enlightening guideline for interested researchers to quickly get an overview when kicking off their 6G research.

Machine Learning into Metaheuristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
El-Ghazali Talbi
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
High Level

During the past few years, research in applying machine learning (ML) to design efficient, effective, and robust metaheuristics has become increasingly popular. Many of those machine learning-supported metaheuristics have generated high-quality results and represent state-of-the-art optimization algorithms. Although various appproaches have been proposed, there is a lack of a comprehensive survey and taxonomy on this research topic. In this article, we will investigate different opportunities for using ML into metaheuristics. We define uniformly the various ways synergies that might be achieved. A detailed taxonomy is proposed according to the concerned search component: target optimization problem and low-level and high-level components of metaheuristics. Our goal is also to motivate researchers in optimization to include ideas from ML into metaheuristics. We identify some open research issues in this topic that need further in-depth investigations.

Soil/Tire Interaction Analysis Using FEM and FVM

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Oida ◽  
E. Seta ◽  
H. Heguri ◽  
K. Kato
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Elastoplastic Material ◽  
The Road ◽  
Soil Flow

Abstract Vehicles, such as an agricultural tractor, construction vehicle, mobile machinery, and 4-wheel drive vehicle, are often operated on unpaved ground. In many cases, the ground is deformable; therefore, the deformation should be taken into consideration in order to assess the off-the-road performance of a tire. Recent progress in computational mechanics enabled us to simulate the large scale coupling problem, in which the deformation of tire structure and of surrounding medium can be interactively considered. Using this technology, hydroplaning phenomena and tire traction on snow have been predicted. In this paper, the simulation methodology of tire/soil coupling problems is developed for pneumatic tires of arbitrary tread patterns. The Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Finite Volume Method (FVM) are used for structural and for soil-flow analysis, respectively. The soil is modeled as an elastoplastic material with a specified yield criterion and a nonlinear elasticity. The material constants are referred to measurement data, so that the cone penetration resistance and the shear resistance are represented. Finally, the traction force of the tire in a cultivated field is predicted, and a good correlation with experiments is obtained.

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