scholarly journals Kant e il carattere dei popoli

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Martinelli Riccardo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Feminine Principle

Kant deals with national characters in the second part of his Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view of 1798. Firmly rejecting the climatic theory, he advocates an anti-naturalistic stance. However, Kant is skeptical of Hume’s tenet that nations owe their characters to their different forms of government. In Kant’s view, the most civilized nations are England and France: their characters have to do with purely cultural factors. Complementing each other, the characters of those nations broadly correspond to a masculine and feminine principle, as analyzed by Kant in the previous chapter of his Anthropology. The remaining European and Extra-European nations have a less defined – and, in some cases, mixed – character, that owes something more to the natural dispositions. Yet Kant still manages to avoid naturalistic explanations. In many nations, natural dispositions do prevail over cultural ones, but this simply means that less (and sometimes, nothing) can be said about their characters.

LINGUOCULTURAL POTENTIAL OF EUPHEMISMS-AMULETS

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
SERGEY I. ROMANOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Target Selection ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cultural Community ◽  
Magical Power ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Russian Linguistic ◽  
Selection Of

The article deals with a special type of euphemisms-amulets, that is, linguocultural units endowed with the function of protection. There are two types of euphemisms-amulets from the point of view of relevance: obsolete and current units. Obsolete euphemisms- amulets have targets that are not recognized as dangerous by the modern linguistic and cultural community. Current euphemisms-amulets, although not always consciously, are used by representatives of the modern Russian linguistic and cultural community to protect against something bad. The paper establishes that the use of the euphemism-amulet is based on the transla- tion of the target's representation into another cultural code. The work reveals that the euphemisms-amulets are directed not to mitigate an unwanted nomination but how to replace it. An undesirable nomination is endowed with negative magical properties, which is why the linguocultural community imposes a ban on its use. A protective cultural function is superim- posed on the euphemism. The main pragmatic explanation for the use of the euphemism- amulet is the speaker's desire not to predict an encounter with an unwanted object, which is based on belief in the magical power of the word. The factors that determine the linguocultural specificity of euphemisms-amulets are revealed. The first factor is target selection. For the Russian linguocultural community, such targets include a totemic animal, evil forces representing another world, death. The second factor is the selection of nominations for the euphemistic function, which is determined by culturally marked background knowledge, ideas, and typical practices. The communicative- pragmatic platform for the use of euphemisms-amulets is the belief in the magical power of the word, in the fact that the use of the forbidden word can lead to negative consequences (in particular, to cause the appearance of something dangerous, undesirable). The work proves that the identified cultural factors are universal, based on universal archetypes: one's own / another's, permission / prohibition, life / death. At the same time, the fact of the appearance of the euphemism-amulet, the choice of its internal form is determined by national and cultural factors.

Astroculture and Geocentrism

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-190
Author(s):  
Bleddyn E. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Military Culture ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Cultural Element

Chapter 4 builds on the continental insights of the previous chapter and reintroduces the human and cultural element to spacepower in Proposition VI, and considers the dangers of ethnocentrism in spacepower analysis, as well as how cultural factors and the geocentrism of strategic cultures on Earth will influence spacepower. Like any other facet of human activity, cultural and bureaucratic elements will be a part of space strategy, and policy. Strategic culture and military culture are already developing with spacepower. However, whether in a semi-independent Space Force or not, every military organisation will develop astroculture within a geocentric context, much like how continental navies had to fight for recognition and resources within a land-dominated strategic culture.

The Ultimate Value of Technology

2006 ◽  
pp. 158-179
Author(s):  
Robert A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Group ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Human Attributes

In the previous chapter, we saw how difficult it was to determine the value of information technology, even with a clearly defined point of view from which to assess that value, namely, the interests of the organization utilizing the technology. Over and above the point of view of the organization or even the economy as an aggregate of organizations, there are other perspectives to consider. Is it correct to view technology as another enabling value like health and wealth, an all-purpose means that enables us to achieve any number of our ends?1 Or should technology rather be viewed as an entirely different way of structuring reality? These questions raise broader issues that need to be considered from much wider points of view: What is the value of information technology for humanity as a whole? And finally, what is the value of information technology for being as a whole? In considering these questions, we need also to consider whether the value of information technology is best assessed as a part of technology generally, or whether information technology has its own characteristics relevant for assessing its value. I will examine issues concerning technology as a whole in this chapter, and return to the IT-specific issues in the next chapter. Beyond considering technology and information technology from the point of view of humanity as a whole, it may be necessary to consider technology and information technology from the point of view of being as a whole. One could think of the point of view of being as a whole as God’s point of view, except that many religious conceptions of God assign many different human attributes to God. And so to determine what is valuable from God’s point of view would embroil us in major religious disputes about God’s nature. Trying to take the point of view of being avoids such disputes. Rather, we are asking, what is the value of technology from the point of view of the unfolding or revealing of whatever is, has been, or will come to be?2 Even the point of view of humanity is itself very difficult for many people to embrace. Instead, their highest point of view is that of some limited human group, most typically national or social groups, ethnic groups, or economic groups or organizations. Yet even with these difficulties, it is easier to discuss the value of technology and information technology from the point of view of humanity as a whole than it is to discuss these questions from the point of view of being. So we will start with the point of view of humanity.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSTMODERN PERSPECTIVE AND ARABESQUE CULTURE, IDENTITY AND LIMINAL SPACE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (49) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Liminal Space ◽  
Hybrid Culture ◽  
Cultural Structures

The globalization that emerged with the technology developed on the basis of the industrial revolution has inevitably caused a conflict of cultures. Hybridization from conflicting cultures has revealed cultural factors that do not conform to dual definitions and are understood negatively for this nation-state understanding. Because these cultural structures are outside the cultural norms drawn by the nation-state. In this study, the existential aspect of arabesque, a hybrid culture, was examined and its relationship with identity was discussed, and then it was found that arabesque culture was related to the liminal area. And this was the reason for arabesque exclusion. In this study, it was not understood that arabesque culture evolved with the change of society, and as a result of this evolution, music types with lighter words emerged by changing in intermediate music such as taverns. Another result of the study was examined from one point of view, contrary to the assumption that the arabesque culture relationship in liminal space would be completely eliminated by improving the condition of humans. It was concluded that this is an identity and existential phenomenon, and cannot be easily erased from the memory of society. Keywords: Arabesque Culture, Arabesque Music, Liminal Space, identity

A Phenomenological Analysis of Symptoms in Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis

1975 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman Akhtar ◽  
N. N. Wig ◽  
V. K. Varma ◽  
Dwarka Pcrshad ◽  
S. K. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Phenomenological Point

SummaryEighty-two obsessional neurotics were studied from a phenomenological point of view in order to delineate the various forms and contents of obsessions and compulsions. An attempt was made to ascertain the frequency with which the different forms and content occur and their effect on the final outcome of the disorder. Five types of obsessions were identified: doubts, obsessive thinking, fears, impulses, and images, in order of frequency of their occurrence. Compulsive acts could be classified in two types, depending on whether they yielded to or diverted the underlying obsession. One-fourth of the patients displayed no compulsions. The content of obsession could be classified in five broad categories as relating to: dirt and contamination, aggression, inanimate-impersonal themes, religion, and sexual matters, in order of the frequency of their occurrence. The paper, while offering an interpretation of these findings, emphasizes the part played by socio-cultural factors in the character of an obsession's thought content.The absence of compulsions was found to be associated with good prognosis. A downward gradient was noted in the final outcome of patients without compulsions, those with controlling compulsions alone, those with both varieties of compulsions, and those displaying yielding compulsions alone, in that order. Based on this observation the paper suggests a prognosis-related hierarchical continuum of the severity of obsessional disorder.

scholarly journals Constructivism over Determinism

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody Ritz
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Constructivist Perspective ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Principal Contributor

The literal voice is a principal contributor to identity construction. Consequently, it is a common source of gender dysphoria for transgender females undergoing voice feminisation. Much of the research in this field has primarily viewed this phenomenon from a determinist perspective, equating physiology with vocal identity. Although many approaches to voice feminisation rely on this predominately physiological point of view, objective measures defining voice femininity are not always correlated with transgender client satisfaction (Dacakis et al., 2017: 835–37). This evidence demonstrates the need to look at the voice more constructively—or as a conglomeration of many social, physical and cultural factors—in therapeutic voice interventions. Previously reported clinical outcomes and empirical research concerning the links between the voice and gender identity give credence to this constructivist perspective, which must be more heavily emphasised in transgender voice feminisation approaches moving forward.

Redistribution and Income-Tax Reform

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-112
Author(s):  
Cathal O'Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Methodological Issue ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Transfers ◽  
Net To Gross ◽  
Microsimulation Models ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
Income Tax Reform

One of the most significant determinants of the level of redistribution or the capacity to change inequality within a tax-benefit system is the structure of the taxation system. In this chapter, we add income taxation and social-insurance contributions to the analysis of social transfers in the previous chapter. The chapter describes the theoretical structure of personal income taxes and introduces the concept of joint taxation. The chapter also addresses a methodological issue common to many microsimulation models and the creation of their base datasets, namely the inversion of data from net to gross. From a validation point of view, concepts associated with using external validation sources are introduced. From a measurement point of view, measures that aim to quantify the degree of progressivity and redistribution in tax systems are described. A redistributive analysis of a theoretical tax system, and the implications of a joint taxation system, is then undertaken.

scholarly journals Moscow as a National Symbol: Dynamics of Cultural Meanings in Paremiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
State University ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
Symbolic Image ◽  
Regions Of Russia

This article studies the possibilities of reconstructing the symbolic image of Moscow, referring to traditional Russian proverbs and their modern transformations. Proverbs are examined from the point of view of the linguo-cultural aspect, taking into account their cultural and historical symbolic semantics and modern socio-cultural background. The research aims to identify the symbolic meanings of the image of Moscow and represent the techniques of dictionary interpretation of this image. The innovative character of the article lies in the fact that it reveals the dynamics of the symbolic image of Moscow both at the level of one proverb and in the system of proverbs as a whole. The need to understand the socio-cultural factors determining these dynamics makes the study relevant. Also, the concept of the lexicographical representation of proverbs in their current condition provided by the author is innovative and relevant to paremiology. The research methodology is based on the principles of integration and interdisciplinarity. Additionally, the author employs diachronic and synchronic methods, as well as contextual and component analysis. The main source of the material is the paremiological database of the Phraseological Seminar of St Petersburg State University, which combines materials of about 300 paremiological collections and other lexicographic works released between the eighteenth and the twenty-first centuries, recordings of live speech made by members of the seminar in different regions of Russia, and materials from websites, forums, and chats from 2018–2020. The author reveals the mechanisms of the structural and semantic transformations of traditional proverbs and demonstrates the socio-political and socio-cultural background of desymbolisation and resymbolisation of the image of Moscow in proverbs. She presents this in the format of a paremiological dictionary, Proverbs in Modern Speech, using the example of a dictionary entry and axiological index. She draws conclusions about the relevance of certain symbolic meanings of the image of Moscow for modern Russian speakers.

scholarly journals Economic and technogical considerations on the 3D printing components with SLA printing process

2020 ◽  
Vol XXIII (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Vasilescu Mircea Dorin
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Laser Printer ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Component Design ◽  
Functional Point

The purpose scope of this paper is to analyse the economic aspects of making 3D printing components for the development of machine for experimental devices or stands used in laboratory or industrial activity. The author of this paper intends to make a clarification related to the approach of the productive economic aspects through the production of components through the additive technology of SLA type. The work is structured in 5 chapters. For the generation of the constructive elements, a laser printer will be used, where the components will be generated on the bottom-up principle. The analysis will be carried out both from a constructive and functional point of view, taking into account possibilities of component design and their realization. The next chapter is allocated to analysing how to perform the printer's command program and to check the part structure. Part of this chapter is devoted to the way and role of the elements of orientation and support of the component that is being made. The fourth chapter presents the economic calculation program made with practical applications related to the parts generated in the previous chapter. The last chapter is allocated to the conclusions and comparisons from the technological-economic point of view compared with other specific technologies for generating the analysed parts.

Diversity in “Cause”

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-145
Author(s):  
Mark Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
Billiard Ball ◽  
Context Sensitive

This chapter applies the diagnostic lessons of the previous chapter to familiar philosophical controversies with respect to causation, in which the word “cause” appears to highlight different forms of physical circumstance depending upon the context in which it is employed. By examining the modeling of billiard ball behavior from a multiscalar point of view, it becomes easy to appreciate why “cause” must naturally adapt its referential attachments in a variable manner, for essentially the same “division in linguistic labor” reasons that lead the word “force” to distinct forms of applicational attachment. Often we fail to notice the tacit structural safeguards that render such context-sensitive patterns of usage effective within our everyday employments. This chapter then argues that conceptual analyses of this “division of labor” character supply better answers to many of the standard “small metaphysics” issues that arise whenever a natural language gradually increases it applicational scope. From this perspective, the standards of “ersatz rigor” associated with theory T conceptions of philosophical analysis rest upon a faulty diagnosis of how the conceptual tensions of everyday life should be remedied, in a manner analogous to Hertz’s mistaken embrace of single-leveled axiomatics.

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