scholarly journals A Política de Comércio Internacional Agrícola de Brasil e Estados Unidos no Contencioso do Algodão na OMC (2002-2005)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-65
Author(s):  
Marcelo Fernandes de Oliveira ◽  
Camilla Silva Geraldello
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Institutional Management ◽  
The Developed Countries

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender o modus operandi dos instrumentos e mecanismos institucionais no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos de formulação da política de comércio internacional agrícola centrada em três variáveis: a) mobilização de interesses, b) funcionamento de instituições e c) divulgação de informações. Como exemplo, utilizaremos o contencioso do algodão na Organização Mundial do Comércio contra os Estados Unidos, desencadeado por uma coalizão de países em desenvolvimento e Países de Menor Desenvolvimento Relativo sob liderança do Brasil entre 2002 e 2005. Palavras-chave: Brasil e Estados Unidos; Política de Comércio Internacional; OMC; Agricultura; Contencioso do algodão.     Abstract: This article´s objective is undertand of the modus operandi of the institutional mecanisms and instruments in Brazil and the United States in the formulation of international agricultural trade policy, focused on three variables: a) interest´s mobilization b) institutional management and c) information press. As an example, will be used the cotton dispute on the WTO against the United States, which took place by a strike of the developed countries and the least developed countries under Brazil´s lidership between 2002 and 2005. Key words: Brazil and United States; International Trade Policy; WTO; Agriculture; Cotton Dispute.     Recebido em: dezembro/2017 Aprovado em: maio/2018.

scholarly journals Interpretation of the multifunctional agriculture’s function in regional dimensions

2012 ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
Péter Horváth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multifunctional Agriculture ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Eu

Many branches of science have been examining the concept of multifunctional agriculture. Different interpretations have come into being on global and regional dimensions as well. This study deals with certain interpretations of the concept of multifunctional agriculture. It compares the concepts about multifunctional agriculture of the United States, the Cairns-group, the least developed countries (the LDC-s), as well as the developed countries which import food (the G10), the concept of the EU and Hungary too. It states that the different approaches to the concept have been started by the agricultural problems which are typical of certain areas. These problems have been formed in each and every area by the threefold functions (economic, social and ecological), which are characteristics of rural areas.

scholarly journals Determinants of the Korean agricultural trade with the LDCs and the OECD countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 110-122
Author(s):  
S.Y. Lee ◽  
S.S. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Tariff Rates ◽  
Stage Analysis ◽  
Import Trade ◽  
Domestic Products

The study aims to analyze Korea’s import trade in agricultural products with (i) the least developed countries (LDCs) and (ii) the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Extended versions of a gravity model are adopted and the balanced panel data for the unilateral trade over the period of 2003 to 2008 are constructed using the Harmonized System Codes. The Heckman two-stage analysis is incorporated to detect the potential selection bias arising from many zero trades. We find that only preferential tariffs on the LDCs have significantly contributed to the trade flows. However, in contrast, gross domestic products (GDPs), free trade agreements (FTAs), the applied tariff rates, and the exchange rates turn out to be statistically significant in the trade with the OECD countries, thus highlighting the possibility of the potential trade benefits associated with the trade policy reforms. The study is unique in that it empirically estimates the determinants of agricultural trade between the LDCs and developed countries and reveals the potential effectiveness of the preferential treatment and the implementation of the trade policy reforms.    

The Generalized System of Preferences of the United States: Does It Promote Industrialization and Economic Growth in Least Developed Countries?

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caf Dowlah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
Generalized System Of Preferences

The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)—a system of differential and favorable trade arrangements toward less developed countries, adopted by the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)—has been around since the early 1970s. A primary objective of these schemes has been to promote industrialization and economic growth in less developed countries through trade rather than aid. The outcome of such programs has, however, been mixed. This paper identifies some of the underlying political and economic dynamics which led to the dismal performance of the GSP schemes of the United States in respect to the industrialization and economic growth of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). The paper suggests that the effectiveness of GSP schemes could be significantly improved if they were brought under the binding WTO rules, if greater resources were directed to removing supply constraints in the LDCs, and if developed countries granted unwavering market access to LDC exports.

At a Glance…

2006 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
List Type ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Investment Rates ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Global Growth ◽  
Very High ◽  
Better Than

•The global growth rate is expected to exceed 5 per cent this year with growth continuing at above 4½ per cent per annum into 2008.•Over the second half of this decade France, Germany and Japan are expected to perform better than the United States.•Adjustment in the United States housing market is unlikely to lead to a recession there.•Investment rates in China are very high. A sharp reduction in Chinese investment would have a clear impact on growth in the developed countries.•Inflation is expected to rise slightly in the Euro Area and Japan but to decline in the United States.

Competitively-Linked and Non-Competitively-Linked Negotiations: Bilateral Trade Policy Negotiations in Australia, Singapore and the United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Crump
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Trade Policy

AbstractIt is unusual to find a negotiation not linked to at least one other negotiation. In some domains, such as international trade policy, we can identify negotiation networks with parties simultaneously involved in negotiations in global, multilateral, regional, and bilateral trade policy settings. A single party (i.e., a national government) will manage similar issues in all four settings and also manage these same issues with multiple parties in a single setting. International trade policy is one of many "linkage-rich" environments.This study examines the relationship between two discrete but linked treaty negotiations: the Singapore-Australia Free Trade Agreement of 2003 (SAFTA) and the United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement of 2003 (USSFTA). Case analysis identifies five structural factors that enhance the potential and fundamentally shape the nature of negotiation linkage dynamics. If linkage occurs then role theory can be employed to define two functional role types, a link-pin party (Singapore in this study) and linked parties (Australia and the United States). Such theory and case analysis support the development of propositions and help establish guidance for managing negotiation behavior. Key structural characteristics that appear to create linkage dynamics in this study are used to build a four-part structural framework that maps the universe of negotiation-linkage phenomena and determines the fundamental nature of four discrete linkage conditions. This framework also provides descriptive and prescriptive guidance for managing strategy and power in linked negotiations.

The Environment and International Trade

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the increasingly important and often contentious relationship between international trade and environmental regulation in the United States. It begins by explaining why these two policy areas have recently become more interdependent and then explores some of the specific controversies surrounding the contemporary linkages between trade policy and environmental regulation. The article concludes by analyzing the long-term political and economic impact of the relationship between trade and environmental policy.

Economic Interdependence and Foreign Policy in the Seventies

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
News Reports ◽  
The Past

A Casual reading of contemporary news reports suggests that during the past decade economic issues have taken on growing importance in the relations of non-Communist developed countries. The disputes between the United States and Japan over textiles, between the United States and the European Economic Community over agricultural trade, and between France and Germany over currency alignments come readily to mind. It is perhaps symbolic of the enormous success of early postwar foreign policy that issues no graver than these play such a prominent part in relations among countries that, earlier in the century, were sporadically at each other's throats.

The Growth of the Engineering Profession: Statistics and Conjecture

1972 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Kastner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western World ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Manpower Needs

The Engineering Profession in the developed countries has greatly increased in numerical strength in recent years but the future pattern is not clear and forecasts of manpower needs in industry are unreliable. Nevertheless, statistics indicate that the United States has, relative to the industrial population as a whole, a clear advantage in technological manpower in the Western World though Russia may, perhaps, be even stronger. The difficulty of evaluating the evidence is stressed. In the world as a whole international co-operation tends to reduce the inequalities of distribution but an enormous task lies before the developing countries which need to produce and retain many more engineers.

Modernization for Emigration

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Portes ◽  
Adreain A. Ross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Skilled Personnel ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Brain

The problem of the brain drain—movement of highly skilled personnel across national borders—has been an object of increasing concern during the last two decades. International agencies, especially those linked with the United Nations, have seized the subject as one of the clearest manifestations of international imbalances in favor of the developed’ countries (United Nations, 1971; Kidd, 1967).It is clear, despite variations across countries, that loss of professionals represents a significant cost for many nations, especially less developed ones. Recent data from three widely different countries may be used to illustrate such costs: from 1955 to 1968 Colombia lost 20,506 professionals to the United States; at an estimated cost of U.S. $8,000 for the training of each individual, Colombia made a contribution to the “development” of the United States of $164,048,000 during the period.

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