Modernization for Emigration

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Portes ◽  
Adreain A. Ross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Skilled Personnel ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Brain

The problem of the brain drain—movement of highly skilled personnel across national borders—has been an object of increasing concern during the last two decades. International agencies, especially those linked with the United Nations, have seized the subject as one of the clearest manifestations of international imbalances in favor of the developed’ countries (United Nations, 1971; Kidd, 1967).It is clear, despite variations across countries, that loss of professionals represents a significant cost for many nations, especially less developed ones. Recent data from three widely different countries may be used to illustrate such costs: from 1955 to 1968 Colombia lost 20,506 professionals to the United States; at an estimated cost of U.S. $8,000 for the training of each individual, Colombia made a contribution to the “development” of the United States of $164,048,000 during the period.

At a Glance…

2006 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
List Type ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Investment Rates ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Global Growth ◽  
Very High ◽  
Better Than

•The global growth rate is expected to exceed 5 per cent this year with growth continuing at above 4½ per cent per annum into 2008.•Over the second half of this decade France, Germany and Japan are expected to perform better than the United States.•Adjustment in the United States housing market is unlikely to lead to a recession there.•Investment rates in China are very high. A sharp reduction in Chinese investment would have a clear impact on growth in the developed countries.•Inflation is expected to rise slightly in the Euro Area and Japan but to decline in the United States.

Recognition, Use of Force, and the Legal Effect of United Nations Resolutions under the Revised Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States

1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 495-522
Author(s):  
Malvina Halberstam
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Weight ◽  
Private Organization ◽  
Legal Effect ◽  
American Law ◽  
The Subject

The prestigious American Law Institute is in the process of promulgating a revised Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States. The present Restatement on the subject was adopted in 1962 and finally promulgated with revisions in 1965. Work on a revised restatement began in the late 1970s and the first tentative draft was submitted to the Institute in 1980. Thus far, five tentative drafts have been presented to the members of the Institute for their consideration and the Restatement as a whole is scheduled for consideration by the members of the Institute at its annual meeting in May 1985.The American Law Institute is a private organization of jurists, not a legislative body, and the Restatements are not official codifications. However, since the Institute membership includes some of the most noted scholars, judges and practitioners in the United States, the Restatements carry great weight and are often cited by United States courts in their decisions.

D2. U.S. AMB. to the un Susan Rice, Explanation of the U.S. Vote on the Unsc Resolution on Condemning Continuing Israeli Settlements, New York, 18 February 2011.

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-219
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Web Site ◽  
The United States ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Draft Resolution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The U.S

Ambassador Rice made the following statement to the UN Security Council in effort to explain how the United States could veto a draft resolution (see Doc. A4 above) reaffirming the illegality of Israeli settlements that had been carefully crafted to use wording from previous U.S. official statements on the subject under consideration. The text was taken from the United States Mission to the United Nations Web site at usun.state.gov. For background on the resolution and the U.S. veto, see Graham Usher's “Letter from the UN” in this issue

The Growth of the Engineering Profession: Statistics and Conjecture

1972 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Kastner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western World ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Manpower Needs

The Engineering Profession in the developed countries has greatly increased in numerical strength in recent years but the future pattern is not clear and forecasts of manpower needs in industry are unreliable. Nevertheless, statistics indicate that the United States has, relative to the industrial population as a whole, a clear advantage in technological manpower in the Western World though Russia may, perhaps, be even stronger. The difficulty of evaluating the evidence is stressed. In the world as a whole international co-operation tends to reduce the inequalities of distribution but an enormous task lies before the developing countries which need to produce and retain many more engineers.

Second survey Of secular trends in twinning rates

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. James
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Far East ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Restrictive Legislation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Communist Countries

SummaryA study has been made of twinning rates throughout the world over the last two decades. There has been a decline in age-specific dizygotic twinning rates in almost all of the developed countries during this period. Exceptions to this trend are provided by the United States, where the only decline in twinning rates in the last two decades was in births to older women in the 1960s, and by Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Bulgaria, where an initial decline in twinning during the 1960s was followed by stable twinning rates.It is suggested that the cause may be some form of environmental pollutant, perhaps a pesticide, which has been the subject of restrictive legislation first in the United States and later in the three Communist countries. Possibly the cause of this decline may be identified by a study of such legislation.This seems to be the first study of twinning rates in Central and South America. The low twinning rates in some of the countries there may indicate the genetic affiliations of their inhabitants with those (of Mongoloid origin) of countries in the Far East.

scholarly journals The Economic Implications of a Complete Free Trade and an Alternative Form of Free Trade in Sugar Through 1980

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-358
Author(s):  
M. Raquibuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries

In recent years, it has been emphasized by many economists that the less developed countries cannot achieve self-sustaining economic growth unless they are given fair opportunities to sell their exportables in the world market. It is argued that the less developed countries are losing potential investment resources as a result of trade restrictions imposed by the developed countries on primary commodities. Sugar provides an example of a commodity whose free entry into world trade has been restricted by the United States and most of the developed countries of Europe. Sugar is the principle earner of foreign exchange for many developing countries. A decrease in the quantity of exports or a fall in the price has an important impact on the overall development of their economies. In recent years, the world production of centrifugal sugar has ranged between 64 and 66 million metric tons of raw sugar. Of this total production, Europe's share ranged from 23 to 24 million tons, or approximately 36 per cent. The United States, including Hawaii, produced approximately 5 million tons. Thus, nearly 50 per cent of world sugar production comes from the developed countries.

scholarly journals A Política de Comércio Internacional Agrícola de Brasil e Estados Unidos no Contencioso do Algodão na OMC (2002-2005)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-65
Author(s):  
Marcelo Fernandes de Oliveira ◽  
Camilla Silva Geraldello
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Institutional Management ◽  
The Developed Countries

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender o modus operandi dos instrumentos e mecanismos institucionais no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos de formulação da política de comércio internacional agrícola centrada em três variáveis: a) mobilização de interesses, b) funcionamento de instituições e c) divulgação de informações. Como exemplo, utilizaremos o contencioso do algodão na Organização Mundial do Comércio contra os Estados Unidos, desencadeado por uma coalizão de países em desenvolvimento e Países de Menor Desenvolvimento Relativo sob liderança do Brasil entre 2002 e 2005. Palavras-chave: Brasil e Estados Unidos; Política de Comércio Internacional; OMC; Agricultura; Contencioso do algodão.     Abstract: This article´s objective is undertand of the modus operandi of the institutional mecanisms and instruments in Brazil and the United States in the formulation of international agricultural trade policy, focused on three variables: a) interest´s mobilization b) institutional management and c) information press. As an example, will be used the cotton dispute on the WTO against the United States, which took place by a strike of the developed countries and the least developed countries under Brazil´s lidership between 2002 and 2005. Key words: Brazil and United States; International Trade Policy; WTO; Agriculture; Cotton Dispute.     Recebido em: dezembro/2017 Aprovado em: maio/2018.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Escalation of Intercountry Trade Wars and the Computer Capabilities of Situation Centers to Assess their Consequences

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Dmitry Evdokimov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Trade War ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Situation Centers ◽  
Trade Wars

The study is devoted to the analysis of intercountry trade wars, assessment of the consequences of open confrontation between China and the United States, consideration of digital programmatic and managerial mechanisms for predicting and preventing such negative phenomena. The international economic system has undergone serious shocks associated with the intercountry trade war between the United States and China, with an active phase in 2017-2019, as well as complications caused by the epidemiological situation, starting in 2020. The United States, in turn, realizing that the leadership in world trade is smoothly transferring to China, took decisive measures, unleashing an intercountry trade war that affected most of the developed countries, including the longtime trade partners of the United States. The confrontation of these leading shit not only has a detrimental effect on the economies of their trading partners, but also directly affects global socio-economic processes and becomes especially noticeable if it is between superpowers, which account for 40% of all trade revenues. Noting this situation, it should be said that there are no universal and generally accepted software solutions for assessing, analyzing and preventing such negative economic phenomena in an explicit form. One of the Russian tools that could take over the functions of calculating the consequences of intercountry trade wars is the Situation Center. Such a role would be a logical continuation of the main vector of Russia's development in the field of public administration, since a complex system of distributed situational centers has already been launched, which can effectively carry out the functions of collecting and analyzing volumetric clusters of information at the world and national levels. On the basis of such data, it will be possible to build promising software and analytical models of various levels and directions, incl. to assess and prevent escalation of trade wars.

The Adoption of the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomaž Gerden
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
The United Nations

The measures at the level of the United Nations have been implemented in light of the scientific research on the increasing emissions of gases, predominantly created during fossil fuels combustion, which cause the warming of the atmosphere and result in harmful climate change effects. The adoption of this measures has also been demanded by non-governmental environmental organisations. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted by the leaders of the intergovernmental organisation members at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. After the ratification process, it came into force in March 1994. It also provided for the drawing-up of an appendix: a Protocol on the obligatory reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The Parties to the Framework Convention started the negotiations at their first annual conference COP1 in Berlin in March and April 1995. Due to their modest greenhouse gas emissions per capita and their right to development, the developing states demanded that the obligatory reductions of these emissions only be implemented by the industrially-developed countries. In the latter camp, the European Union favoured a tougher implementation; the United States of America argued for a less demanding agreement due to the pressure of the oil and coal lobbies; while the OPEC member countries were against all measures. After lengthy negotiations, the Protocol was adopted at the end of the COP3 Conference in Kyoto on 11 December 1997. It only involved a group of industrially developed countries, which undertook to reduce their emissions by 5.2 %, on average, until the year 2012 in comparison with the base-year of 1990. In the EU as well as in Slovenia, an 8 % reduction was implemented. As the United States of America withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, its ratification was delayed. It came into force on 16 February 2005, after it had been ratified by more than 55 UN member states, together responsible for more than 55 % of the total global greenhouse gas emissions.

Environment and Development: The Case of the Developing Countries

1972 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao Augusto de Araujo Castro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Environment And Development ◽  
The Developed Countries

Interest in the field of ecology, which is centered in the developed countries, has recently increased due to the sudden discovery of a possible imbalance between man and earth. Resulting from the population explosion and the misuse of existing and newly developed technologies, this potential imbalance could bring about an environmental crisis menacing the future of mankind. In several countries the emergence of an interest in ecological problems has not been confined to the realm of the scientific community. It has aroused public concern which has expressed itself, although sometimes vaguely, in such initiatives as Earth Week, celebrated in the United States in April 1970, and the mushrooming of a specialized literature.

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