CONCEPT OF THE AUTONOMOUS HYDROGEN FUELLING STATION BASED ON PHOTOVOLTAIC AND METAL-HYDRIDE TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUEL CELL ELECRIC VEHICLE. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FUELLING STATIONS TYPES AND VEHICLES USING HYDROGEN, HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND STORING METHODS

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Wu Po ◽  
Boris Tymoshevskyy ◽  
Yuriy Halynkin ◽  
Andriy Proskurin
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Emissions Of Harmful Substances

At present time internal combustion engines (ICE) are the most spread as main and auxiliary ICE for vehicles, vessels, power generation, etc. Their application is associated with low energy efficiency, negative impact on the environment due to high emissions of harmful substances and the use of oil fuels. The vehicles with electric motors are alternative upon to existing ones.

Determination of mechanical losses in internal combustion engines

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-38
Author(s):  
I.K. Aleksandrov ◽  
V.A. Rakov ◽  
N.E. Dyimov
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions ◽  
Emissions Of Harmful Substances

A method for determining of mechanical losses in an internal combustion engine is proposed, the principal difference of which is the rotation of the engine shaft with compressed air. This method provides high reliability results on reduction of fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances. Keywords ICE, mechanical losses, tests, compressed air [email protected]

Alternative to the internal combustion engine

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Electric Transport ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Emissions Of Harmful Substances

Caused by the need to replace internal combustion engines (ICEs) with emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air, the search for technological alternatives led to the need to use electricity generated and sold from various, including renewable energy sources. Keywords alternative; electricity; hybridization; electric transport

scholarly journals Sustainability Investigation of Vehicles’ CO2 Emission in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8237
Author(s):  
István Árpád ◽  
Judit T. Kiss ◽  
Gábor Bellér ◽  
Dénes Kocsis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Technology System ◽  
Low Co2

The regulation of vehicular CO2 emissions determines the permissible emissions of vehicles in units of g CO2/km. However, these values only partially provide adequate information because they characterize only the vehicle but not the emission of the associated energy supply technology system. The energy needed for the motion of vehicles is generated in several ways by the energy industry, depending on how the vehicles are driven. These methods of energy generation consist of different series of energy source conversions, where the last technological step is the vehicle itself, and the result is the motion. In addition, sustainability characterization of vehicles cannot be determined by the vehicle’s CO2 emissions alone because it is a more complex notion. The new approach investigates the entire energy technology system associated with the generation of motion, which of course includes the vehicle. The total CO2 emissions and the resulting energy efficiency have been determined. For this, it was necessary to systematize (collect) the energy supply technology lines of the vehicles. The emission results are not given in g CO2/km but in g CO2/J, which is defined in the paper. This new method is complementary to the European Union regulative one, but it allows more complex evaluations of sustainability. The calculations were performed based on Hungarian data. Finally, using the resulting energy efficiency values, the emission results were evaluated by constructing a sustainability matrix similar to the risk matrix. If only the vehicle is investigated, low CO2 emissions can be achieved with vehicles using internal combustion engines. However, taking into consideration present technologies, in terms of sustainability, the spread of electric-only vehicles using renewable energies can result in improvement in the future. This proposal was supported by the combined analysis of the energy-specific CO2 emissions and the energy efficiency of vehicles with different power-driven systems.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pure Oxygenated Biofuels on Efficiency and Emissions in a Gasoline Optimised DISI Engine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3908
Author(s):  
Tara Larsson ◽  
Senthil Krishnan Mahendar ◽  
Anders Christiansen-Erlandsson ◽  
Ulf Olofsson
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Oxygenated Fuels ◽  
Load Conditions

The negative impact of transport on climate has led to incentives to increase the amount of renewable fuels used in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Oxygenated, liquid biofuels are promising alternatives, as they exhibit similar combustion behaviour to gasoline. In this article, the effect of the different biofuels on engine efficiency, combustion propagation and emissions of a gasoline-optimised direct injected spark ignited (DISI) engine were evaluated through engine experiments. The experiments were performed without any engine hardware modifications. The investigated fuels are gasoline, four alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol) and one ether (MTBE). All fuels were tested at two speed sweeps at low and mid load conditions, and a spark timing sweep at low load conditions. The oxygenated biofuels exhibit increased efficiencies, even at non-knock-limited conditions. At lower loads, the oxygenated fuels decrease CO, HC and NOx emissions. However, at mid load conditions, decreased volatility of the alcohols leads to increased emissions due to fuel impingement effects. Methanol exhibited the highest efficiencies and significantly increased burn rates compared to the other fuels. Gasoline exhibited the lowest level of PN and PM emissions. N-butanol and iso-butanol show significantly increased levels of particle emissions compared to the other fuels.

Study of the Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Emissions from Motorcycles Powered by Electric and Internal Combustion Engines

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Daemme ◽  
Renato Penteado ◽  
Paulo Smith Schneider ◽  
Bárbara Pacheco da Rocha ◽  
Bernardo dos Santos Piccoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Greenhouse Emissions

scholarly journals Fuel Cells: The Next Evolution

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Lashway
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThe articles in this issue of MRS Bulletin highlight the enormous potential of fuel cells for generating electricity using multiple fuels and crossing a wide range of applications. Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy, and as a powergeneration module, they can be viewed as a continuously operating battery.They take in air (or pure oxygen, for aerospace or undersea applications) and hydrocarbon or hydrogen fuel to produce direct current at various outputs. The electrical output can be converted and then connected to motors to generate much cleaner and more fuelefficient power than is possible from internal combustion engines, even when combined with electrical generators in today's hybrid engines. The commercialization of these fuel cell technologies is contingent upon additional advances in materials science that will suit the aggressive electrochemical environment of fuel cells (i.e., both reducing an oxidizing) and provide ionic and electrical conductance for thousands of hours of operation.

Second Paper: The M.I.R.A. Cross-Wind Generator

1973 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 348-353
Author(s):  
M. J. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Rise Time ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Transient Forces ◽  
Natural Wind

The response of vehicles to the transient forces associated with gusting of the natural wind is assuming greater prominence. Total reliance upon natural gusts is unsatisfactory since these are unpredictable and unrepeatable. Major Continental manufacturers have for several years utilized gusts produced by multiple-fan installations, the power source being either electric motors or internal-combustion engines. The M.I.R.A. equipment is centred on a single Rolls-Royce Avon gas-turbine engine, the exhaust gases from which are directed across a roadway. Measurements have indicated that the gust profiles are similar to those encountered on motorways in respect of rise-time.

Towards the Development of a Fuel Cell System for Residential Applications: Propane Reforming via Catalytic Partial Oxidation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Waller ◽  
Mark R. Walluk ◽  
Thomas A. Trabold
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Partial Oxidation ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Catalytic Partial Oxidation ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Fuel Cell System

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated that 5% of air pollutants originate from small internal combustion engines (ICE) used in non-automotive applications. While there have been significant advances towards developing more sustainable systems to replace large ICEs, few designs have been implemented with the capability to replace small ICEs such as those used in the residential sector for lawn and garden equipment. Replacing these small residential internal combustion engines presents a unique opportunity for early market penetration of fuel cell technologies. This paper describes the initial efforts to build an innovative residential-scale fuel cell system using propane as its fuel source, and the deployment of this technology in a commonly used device found throughout the U.S. There are three main components to this program, including the development of the propane reforming system, fuel cell operation, and the overall system integration. This paper presents the reforming results of propane catalytic partial oxidation (cPOx). The primary parameters used to evaluate the reformer in this experiment were reformate composition, carbon concentration in the effluent, and reforming efficiency as a function of catalyst temperature and O2/C ratio. When including the lower heating value (LHV) for product hydrogen and carbon monoxide, maximum efficiencies of 84% were achieved at an O2/C ratio of 0.53 and a temperature of 940°C. Significant solid carbon formation was observed at catalyst temperatures below 750°C.

scholarly journals Future mobility without internal combustion engines and fuels?

2013 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Hans LENZ
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
The Future ◽  
To Come

For many decades to come, and in the foreseeable future, internal combustion engines – in many cases with electric motors – will be with us, just like the liquid fuels they require. The importance of crude oil will decline, as these fuels will be increasingly produced on a synthetic basis without CO2 emissions. The answers to the question ”Future Mobility without Internal Combustion Engines and Fuels?“ are “no” in both cases. Purely battery-electric mobility will be applied in the future only in specific areas. Fuel-cell vehicles will hardly be used because of the extreme infrastructure investment costs. In contrast, liquid fuels will ensure the future of mobility. In this scenario, energy such as solar or wind energy will be generated without CO2 emissions.

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