On the expediency of using liquefied natural gas in refrigerated containers with mounted diesel generators

Objective: Analysis of the feasibility of using LNG as an alternative to diesel fuel in mobile power units used as a power source for refrigeration units of refrigerated containers. Methods: Natural gas has been compared to diesel fuel in terms of the economic characteristics; exergy analysis, systema111 tic approach, and synthesis have been used. Results: The economic feasibility of replacing diesel fuel with LNG for power units of refrigerated containers is determined; general issues of converting from diesel fuel to LNG were considered; possible ways of utilizing cold during regasification are proposed; emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of LNG and diesel fuel were compared. Practical importance: The study findings can be applied when converting mobile power units for various purposes from diesel fuel to LNG, as well as for in-depth analysis of individual problems of using LNG as a fue.

Analysis of the Efficiency of a Batch Boiler and Emissions of Harmful Substances during Combustion of Various Types of Wood

In the paper, the authors focused on the environmental problems of pollution emissions caused by households using batch boilers fired with solid fuels. The aim of this study is to analyse the course of changes in the actual efficiency and emission of a solid fuel updraft boiler, the most popular type of batch boilers used in Poland in recent years. The subject of analysis is the comparison of the values of atmospheric emissions of harmful substances depending on the type of wood burnt in the boiler. The investigation comprises the combustion characteristics of three types of woody biomass (in billets), i.e., pine, birch, and beech. Based on the carried out research of all billets, the beech has the lowest values of CO (3497 mg/m3) and particulate matter (116.9 mg/m3). Despite this, obtained results exceed the current permissible limits based on the standard PN:EN 303-5:2012. The highest efficiency (54.13%) was obtained for birch billets, the lowest for pine (45.13%). The research has shown that the real heating efficiency during the combustion of wood, irrespective of the type of wood being burnt, is low. To summarise, the outdated installations contribute to air pollution several times higher, which indicates the need to replace inefficient heat sources using solid fuels with modern equipment that meets the most stringent standards.

Smart Charging Needs, Wants and Demands, Charging Experiences and Opinions of EV Drivers

To reduce emissions of harmful substances (such as CO2, NOx and particulate matter) from transportation a fuel transition is essential. Electric transport is one of the most promising options for achieving this. In order to make this new electric transport market function efficiently, new interactions between new and existing parties are required. The growth of electric transport increases the peak demand for electricity. This creates a greater mismatch between moments of supply and moments of demand. In other words, EV drivers want to have their car charged before departure, and grid operators need to allocate resources to meet this demand. Flexibility from both players is required. Charging must be further optimised (become “smarter”) to facilitate this flexibility. Smart charging means: controlling and optimising the time and speed of charging. For example, when there is a large supply of solar and wind energy, there is little other demand for electricity and the price for electricity is low. With the contribution of many organisations, the Vereniging Elektrische Rijders (VER) and ElaadNL have jointly investigated the experiences and opinions of electric drivers about the smart charging of electric cars with a broad survey called the “National Charging Research”. In total, more than 1800 Dutch electric drivers took part in this study. Among other things, the research paid attention to the way in which EV drivers charge their electric cars, which bottlenecks they experience (at home and away) and what the experience is with smart charging. The main finding was that many EV drivers are familiar with smart charging. They are willing to apply smart charging, but they want to be in control of their sessions. To give them that control, both insight and transparency are essential. To meet the needs and wants of both EV drivers and grid operators, alignment with the momentum of European legislation is required to avoid a mismatch of energy between moments of supply and demand.

Hybrid drivetrain systems 48 V in rally cars

The International Automobile Federation (FIA) over the last few years consistently implements the strategy of introducing hybrid and electric drivetrains to all motorsport competitions. The article discusses the implementation of a hybrid drivetrain system powered by 48V for such FIA rally cars groups like Rally2, Rally3 and Rally4 based on current discussions held at the FIA Technical Working Groups. The implementation of hybrid drive systems in rally cars was analysed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. In the case of this application the important aspect is the assumption regarding an increase in performance, while keeping a high level of safety and reasonable costs. Additionally, the assumption is to reduce the emissions of harmful substances produced by rally cars. The article concludes selection of elements of the above-mentioned system for further reasearch were presented. An analysis and calculations of the energy recoverable from regenerative braking using the BISG on a given section of the rally were carried out. Conclusions were also drawn regarding further work that will be carried out to successfully implement the above-mentioned systems for rally cars.

Order and control of emissions of the fulfilled gases of diesels at the new level

The standard of the organization directed on increase of efficiency and quality of monitoring procedure of emissions of harmful substances of the fulfilled gases of diesels of the capital repaired tractors and self-propelled farm vehicles which are in operation, intended for work and working in the conditions of unlimited and limited air exchange is developed and establishes norms of emissions of harmful substances with the fulfilled gases, means of their definition, at control and bench tests of tractors and the agricultural cars. Technical characteristics of the fuel and engine oil intended for test of the diesel are defined. Modern control devices are optimized and techniques of tool control of the maintenance of CO, CH and NOx in the fulfilled gases of diesels of page are the agricultural cars.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF GASEOUS FUEL EMISSION

The work presents estimated comparative assessment of emissions release in combustion products during work of high–power steam boilers with the use of traditional fuel – natural gas and alternative fuels – blast–furnace and coke–oven gases generated in the process of technological cycle at iron and steel and coke–chemical enterprises. Calculation algorithm is shown and formulas for assessment of carbon content in exhaust gases are defined, conclusions on ecological efficiency of gaseous fuels are given. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the emissions of harmful substances generated during the combustion of natural, blast furnace and coke oven gases, justification of the calculation of carbon content of a given chemical composition and determine the optimal environmental impact of analogues of natural gas. The comparative estimation of pollutant emissions into atmospheric air during combustion of natural, coke oven and blast furnace gases revealed: – high sulfur dioxide emissions from combustion of blast furnace and coke oven gases due to the presence of sulfur compounds in the composition of these gases; – relatively high emissions of nitrogen compounds for natural and coke oven gases and relatively low emissions for blast furnace gas; – сarbon emissions are high for all types of fuels which have been considered, most carbon dioxide gets into the air when burning natural gas, least – when burning blast furnace gas; – significantly higher methane emissions are observed during the combustion of natural and coke oven gases, respectively, smaller – for blast–furnace gas combustion; – coke oven and natural gases are characterized by low mercury emissions. Comparative assessment of the calculated values of hazardous substances emissions in the combustion products in the process of combustion of natural, coke–oven and blast–furnace gases shows that even at lower working heat of combustion values the coke–oven and blast–furnace gases can compete with natural gas. For the first time, a comparative characterization of the emissions of harmful substances in the combustion of natural, coke oven and blast furnace gases is presented, and it is shown that the gases used in coke and metallurgical industries, which are used as analogues of natural, are logical to use, but require the installation of treatment systems. The paper defines a formula for calculating the carbon content in natural gas from the Urengoy–Uzhhorod gas pipeline. The provided calculations and the introduction of simplified formulas serve as an example for the calculation of emission factors and emissions in assessing the level of safety of existing equipment and can be used in the development of permit documents of enterprises that carry out emissions of harmful substances to the environment.

EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ADDITIVE TO GASOLINE ON EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS WITH THE EXHAUST GAS OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

The constant increasing the number of motor vehicles leads to increase the fuel consumption. Because of oil reserves are exhaustive, the problem of replacing the petroleum fuel with alternative ones is actual. One of which is alcohol fuel. At present, the shortage of motor fuels for internal combustion engines requires their improvment in order to reduce fuel consumption and use the alcohol and various its blends with conventional petroleum-based fuels. The pollutant emissions from motor vehicles are more than a third part of the total emissions to atmosphere and more than 90% of all mobile sources. In addition, motor vehicles are the main source of environmental pollution precisely in places with high concentration of people. It enhances significantly the negative impact of motor transport. In the article it is considered the impact of alcohol additive in standard gasoline on the mass emissions of harmful substances by modern petrol engine equipped with fuel injection system with feedback. The study of using the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends with different content of the alcohol in range from 0 to 36% has been fulfilled. Dependence of load influence on the mass emissions of pollutants is found. Oxygen concentration in fuel are increased when using the alcohols. It contributes to more complete combustion of the fuel and reduction the mass emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The disadvantages of the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends include less net calorific value than for conventional gasoline and increased emissions of nitrogen oxides due to free oxygen presence. The mass emissions of harmful substances equivalent to carbon monoxide G∑CO have been slightly increased when using the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends. It is explained by increasing the nitrogen oxides emissions. Objective: To determine the effect of alcohol content in blended fuel for mass emissions of pollutants. Object: environmental performance of spark ignition engine powered by the alcohol and gasoline fuel blends. Subject: determination of expedient alcohol content in the fuel to improve environmental performance of spark ignition engine. The conclusions have been made and the obtained results have been analyzed for further experimental and theoretical studies. KEYWORDS: GASOLINE, ALCOHOL, BLENDED FUEL, EXHAUST GAS, POLLUTANTS, MASS EMISSIONS.