scholarly journals Principles of healing of virus-infected raspberry varieties by chemotherapy in vitro

2018 ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
T. Medvedeva ◽  
T. Natalchuk ◽  
K. Suprun ◽  
I. Ryaba ◽  
N. Triapitsyna
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Material Production ◽  
Prolonged Effect ◽  
Hybrid Forms

Most of promising raspberry varieties need to be heal from complex viral infections. Development of the most standardized and universal plant healing methods — one of the actual tasks of biotechnology works for raspberries plant material production. The decrease of virus concentration in explants of some promising hybrid forms and varieties of raspberry affected by complex viral infection were analyzed with semi quantitative LIA method after explants treatment with ribavirin. Rated the therapeutic, toxic and prolonged effect of ribavirin for elimination of four viruses were evaluated. It was revealed universal peculiarities for chemotherapy of raspberries shoots using this virocide.

scholarly journals Fucoidan and Lung Function: Value in Viral Infection

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
J. Helen Fitton ◽  
Ah Young Park ◽  
Samuel S. Karpiniec ◽  
Damien N. Stringer
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Acute Viral Infection ◽  
Pulmonary Damage

Compromised lung function is a feature of both infection driven and non-infective pathologies. Viral infections—including the current pandemic strain SARS-CoV-2—that affect lung function can cause both acute and long-term chronic damage. SARS-CoV-2 infection suppresses innate immunity and promotes an inflammatory response. Targeting these aspects of SARS-CoV-2 is important as the pandemic affects greater proportions of the population. In clinical and animal studies, fucoidans have been shown to increase innate immunity and decrease inflammation. In addition, dietary fucoidan has been shown to attenuate pulmonary damage in a model of acute viral infection. Direct inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro has been described, but is not universal. This short review summarizes the current research on fucoidan with regard to viral lung infections and lung damage.

scholarly journals Assessment of different ways of improving promising potato varieties and hybrids

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
V. I. Kulikova ◽  
V. P. Khodaeva ◽  
N. A. Lapshinov
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Regenerant Plants

The results of application of the apical meristem method for the selection of regenerant plants free of pathogens are presented. The study was carried out in laboratory and field conditions of Kemerovo region (2016–2019). The objects of research were a new variety of Pamyati Anoshkinoi and promising hybrids 6-14-11, 22103-10. The experiment on the health improvement of potatoes was carried out by the following methods: 1) the use of chemotherapy with the addition of virus inhibitors to the nutrient medium on the samples containing a viral infection in a latent form; 2) study of vegetative plants of different ages healthy from pathogens using apical and axillary buds as explants. Antiviral drugs and their concentrations were identified: virazole 0.01% + chitosan 0.05% + interferon 0.05% (a combination of drugs) and cycloferon 0.05%, completely suppressing viral infection SBK and MBK in the Pamyati Anoshkinoi variety and 22103-10 hybrid, and YBK in 6-14-11 hybrid. The use of these drugs makes it possible to obtain from 10 to 50% of viable meristems free from viral infections. Research into the improvement of vegetative plants of potato variety Pamyati Anoshkinoi and 22103-10 hybrid revealed phases of growth and development with less accumulation of viral and fungal infections – a period of plant regrowth of 15–20 cm and a phase of flowering. Isolation of the apical meristem from the apical and axillary buds of healthy vegetative plants in these phases of development has a positive effect on the survival of the meristems (3050%), and makes it possible to obtain from 30.0 to 43.3% of regenerant plants free from infections, which ensures a reliable yield in vitro material and reduces the period for obtaining healthy lines by 6.9 times.

scholarly journals Intracellular Lipid Droplet Accumulation Occurs Early Following Viral Infection and Is Required for an Efficient Interferon Response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
EA Monson ◽  
KM Crosse ◽  
M Duan ◽  
W Chen ◽  
RD O’Shea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Alternate Mechanism

SummaryLipid droplets (LDs) are increasingly recognized as critical organelles in signalling events, transient protein sequestration and inter-organelle interactions. However, the role LDs play in antiviral innate immune pathways remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that induction of LDs occurs as early as 2 hours post viral infection, is transient, and returns to basal levels by 72 hours. This phenomenon occurred following viral infections, both in vitro and in vivo. Virally driven LD induction was type-I interferon (IFN) independent, however, was dependent on EGFR engagement, offering an alternate mechanism of LD induction in comparison to our traditional understanding of their biogenesis. Additionally, LD induction corresponded with enhanced cellular type-I and -III IFN production in infected cells, with enhanced LD accumulation decreasing viral replication of both HSV-1 and Zika virus (ZIKV). Here, we demonstrate for the first time, that LDs play vital roles in facilitating the magnitude of the early antiviral immune response specifically through the enhanced modulation of IFN following viral infection, and control of viral replication. By identifying LDs as a critical signalling organelle, this data represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms which coordinate an effective antiviral response.

scholarly journals The IFNL4 Gene Is a Noncanonical Interferon Gene with a Unique but Evolutionarily Conserved Regulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Zhou ◽  
Michelle Møhlenberg ◽  
Ewa Terczyńska-Dyla ◽  
Kasper Grønbjerg Winther ◽  
Nanna Hougaard Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Interferon Lambda ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Its Gene ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Interferon Gene

ABSTRACT Interferon lambda 4 (IFN-λ4) is a recently identified enigmatic member of the interferon (IFN) lambda family. Genetic data suggest that the IFNL4 gene acts in a proviral and anti-inflammatory manner in patients. However, the protein is indistinguishable in vitro from the other members of the interferon lambda family. We have investigated the gene regulation of IFNL4 in detail and found that it differs radically from that of canonical antiviral interferons. Being induced by viral infection is a defining characteristic of interferons, but viral infection or overexpression of members of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors only leads to a minute induction of IFNL4. This behavior is evolutionarily conserved and can be reversed by inserting a functional IRF3 binding site into the IFNL4 promoter. Thus, the regulation of the IFNL4 gene is radically different and might explain some of the atypical phenotypes associated with the IFNL4 gene in humans. IMPORTANCE Recent genetic evidence has highlighted how the IFNL4 gene acts in a counterintuitive manner, as patients with a nonfunctional IFNL4 gene exhibit increased clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) but also increased liver inflammation. This suggests that the IFNL4 gene acts in a proviral and anti-inflammatory manner. These surprising but quite clear genetic data have prompted an extensive examination of the basic characteristics of the IFNL4 gene and its gene product, interferon lambda 4 (IFN-λ4). We have investigated the expression of the IFNL4 gene and found it to be poorly induced by viral infections. A thorough investigation of the IFNL4 promoter revealed a highly conserved and functional promoter, but also one that lacks the defining characteristic of interferons (IFNs), i.e., the ability to be effectively induced by viral infections. We suggest that the unique function of the IFNL4 gene is related to its noncanonical transcriptional regulation.

scholarly journals The morphogenetic capability and the viability of regenerants in micropropagated orchid hybrids infected with viral pathogens

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Cybularz-Urban ◽  
Ewa Hanus-Fajerska
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Shoot Cultures ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Morphogenesis In Vitro ◽  
Different Origin

Abstract The micropropagation efficiency of four interspecific Cattleya hybrids (clones: 69, 75, 149 and 150) infected with Cymbidium mosaic (CyMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot (ORSV) viruses was assessed. The aim of experiments was to evaluate with that model to what extent viral infection affects the morphogenesis in vitro in orchid hybrids of different origin. The effectiveness of plant material exposure to therapeutic levels of plant growth regulators supplied with media in order to suppress infection was also verified. The vitality of proliferating infected shoot cultures was limited, and the symptoms of senility were frequently observed. Regardless genotype of the studied clone, during acclimation to ex vitro conditions considerable losses become visible what indicates the necessity of testing the donor material for possible latent viral infections. Infection with CyMV and ORSV mostly persisted in every tested clone.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Viral Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maytawan Thanunchai ◽  
Suradej Hongeng ◽  
Arunee Thitithanyanont
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Allogeneic Transplantation ◽  
Viral Reactivation

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are a subset of nonhematopoietic adult stem cells, readily isolated from various tissues and easily culture-expandedex vivo. Intensive studies of the immune modulation and tissue regeneration over the past few years have demonstrated the great potential of MSCs for the prevention and treatment of steroid-resistant acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), immune-related disorders, and viral diseases. In immunocompromised individuals, the immunomodulatory activities of MSCs have raised safety concerns regarding the greater risk of primary viral infection and viral reactivation, which is a major cause of mortality after allogeneic transplantation. Moreover, high susceptibilities of MSCs to viral infectionsin vitrocould reflect the destructive outcomes that might impair the clinical efficacy of MSCs infusion. However, the interplay between MSCs and virus is like a double-edge sword, and it also provides beneficial effects such as allowing the proliferation and function of antiviral specific effector cells instead of suppressing them, serving as an ideal tool for study of viral pathogenesis, and protecting hosts against viral challenge by using the antimicrobial activity. Here, we therefore review favorable and unfavorable consequences of MSCs and virus interaction with the highlight of safety and efficacy for applying MSCs as cell therapy.

scholarly journals Transcriptome and Coronavirus: New Hope and Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 9541-9552
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Transformation Mechanism

Transcriptome refers to all RNA particles occur inside one cell or inside numerous cells in one organ. Coronaviruses are a family of correlated viruses that induce viral infection. In humans, coronaviruses induce respiratory viral infections that may be mild or dangerous. The coronavirus shape is large circular elements that have round tip outbreaks - the virus diameter particles=120 nm. The RNA viral genome occurs in coronavirus. The coronavirus genome size = 27-34 kilobases, and this size is the largest RNA genome size. The Life cycle of coronavirus includes viral entry, replication, and release. Coronavirus transmission was done through the connection of its protein with host cell receptors in a specific process. There are 4 types of coronavirus genus: (1) Alphacoronavirus, (2) Betacoronavirus, (3) Gammacoronavirus, and (4) Deltacoronavirus. Viral replication, immune evasion, and virion biogenesis correlated with host cell transformation mechanism. Viral molecular mechanism hijacks the host cell protein production mechanism. There is an important host factor (CPSF6) that connects with nuclear protein (NP1). The CPSF6 increases the nuclear production of NP1 in the same time, CPSF6 possesses an important role in the progress of capsid mRNAs inside the nucleus. In a viral infection, there is an increase in mRNA, myeloid differentiation 2-related lipid recognition protein (ML), and Niemann Pick-type C1 (NPC1) genes. Coronavirus is capable of replicating in in vitro study and causes lower transcriptomic variations before 12 h after viral infection. As infection progress, coronavirus causes a significant dysregulation of the host transcriptome greater than the SARS virus. In conclusion, future transcriptome studies are the basis for detecting coronavirus in the human host and for developing a specific preventive and therapeutic method for the virus.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis and Immune Response Caused by Vector-Borne and Other Viral Infections in a Tupaia Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 686
Author(s):  
Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh ◽  
Md Abul Hashem ◽  
Bouchra Kitab ◽  
Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Host Immune System

The Tupaia or tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), a small mammal of the Tupaiidae family, is an increasingly used and promising infection model for virological and immunological research. Recently, sequencing of the Tupaia whole genome revealed that it is more homologous to the genome of humans than of rodents. Viral infections are a global threat to human health, and a complex series of events are involved in the interactions between a virus and the host immune system, which play important roles in the activation of an immune response and the outcome of an infection. Majority of immune response data in viral infections are obtained from studies using animal models that enhance the understanding of host-virus interactions; a proper understanding of these interactions is very important for the development of effective antivirals and prophylactics. Therefore, animal models that are permissive to infection and that recapitulate human disease pathogenesis and immune responses to viral infections are essential. Several studies have shown the permissiveness of Tupaia to a number of important human viral infections in vitro and in vivo without prior adaptation of the viruses; the immune responses and clinical manifestations were comparable to those observed in human infections. Thus, the Tupaia is being utilized and developed as a promising immunocompetent small animal model for viral infection studies. In this review, we focused on the immune responses, mostly innate, during viral infection and pathogenesis in the Tupaia model; we evaluated the interaction between the virus and the components of host resistance, the usefulness of this model for immunopathogenesis studies, and the vaccines and antivirals available.

scholarly journals Intracellular lipid droplet accumulation occurs early following viral infection and is required for an efficient interferon response

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Monson ◽  
K. M. Crosse ◽  
M. Duan ◽  
W. Chen ◽  
R. D. O’Shea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response

AbstractLipid droplets (LDs) are increasingly recognized as critical organelles in signalling events, transient protein sequestration and inter-organelle interactions. However, the role LDs play in antiviral innate immune pathways remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that induction of LDs occurs as early as 2 h post-viral infection, is transient and returns to basal levels by 72 h. This phenomenon occurs following viral infections, both in vitro and in vivo. Virally driven in vitro LD induction is type-I interferon (IFN) independent, and dependent on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) engagement, offering an alternate mechanism of LD induction in comparison to our traditional understanding of their biogenesis. Additionally, LD induction corresponds with enhanced cellular type-I and -III IFN production in infected cells, with enhanced LD accumulation decreasing viral replication of both Herpes Simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Here, we demonstrate, that LDs play vital roles in facilitating the magnitude of the early antiviral immune response specifically through the enhanced modulation of IFN following viral infection, and control of viral replication. By identifying LDs as a critical signalling organelle, this data represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms which coordinate an effective antiviral response.

The diagnosis of hepatitis C viral infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (26) ◽  
pp. 1019-1023
Author(s):  
Judit Gervain
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Transient Elastography ◽  
Viral Nucleic Acid ◽  
Length Of Treatment ◽  
Subtype B

The successful therapy of hepatitis C viral infection requires that the illness is diagnosed before the development of structural changes of the liver. Testing is stepwise consisting of screening, diagnosis, and anti-viral therapy follow-up. For these steps there are different biochemical, serological, histological and molecular biological methods available. For screening, alanine aminotransferase and anti-HCV tests are used. The diagnosis of infection is confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction of the viral nucleic acid. Before initiation of the therapy liver biopsy is recommended to determine the level of structural changes in the liver. Alternatively, transient elastography or blood biomarkers may be also used for this purpose. Differential diagnosis should exclude the co-existence of other viral infections and chronic hepatitis due to other origin, with special attention to the presence of autoantibodies. The outcome of the antiviral therapy and the length of treatment are mainly determined by the viral genotype. In Hungary, most patients are infected with genotype 1, subtype b. The polymorphism type that occurs in the single nucleotide located next to the interleukin 28B region in chromosome 19 and the viral polymorphism type Q80K for infection with HCV 1a serve as predictive therapeutic markers. The follow-up of therapy is based on the quantitative determination of viral nucleic acid according to national and international protocols and should use the same method and laboratory throughout the treatment of an individual patient. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1019–1023.

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