scholarly journals Discriminant analysis in the assessment of crop yields on agribusiness soils

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. РУЧКИНА ◽  
Р.Н. Ушаков ◽  
А.О. Елизаров ◽  
Т.Ю. Амелина
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Grey Forest Soil

Цель исследований – методом дискриминантного анализа оценить вклад абиотических (почвенные условия, осадки) и биотических (сорняки) факторов в формировании урожайности зерновых культур. Урожайность является производной множества условий, проявляющихся в двух результирующих факторах – климатических и почвенных с подчинением классическим законам земледелия. Реализация продукционного процесса сельскохозяйственных растений, его гомеостатические возможности зависят не только от наличия ресурсов жизнеобеспечения, но и от их доступности для растения. Материальными носителями, обуславливающими доступность ресурсов в почве, являются различные компоненты, которые генерируют разнообразные связи внутри почвы и в формате почва - растение. Чтобы хоть как-то разобраться со всей сложностью явления формирования урожайности, необходимо применять методы многомерного статистического анализа, в частности, дискриминантный анализ. Минимальное значение продуктивности севооборотов, с экономической точки зрения, не должно составлять ниже 25-30 ц з.ед/га. Массив данных по урожайности зерновых культур был разбит на группу 1 (урожайность ниже 25-30 ц з. ед/га) и группу 2 (больше 25-30 ц з. ед/га). Всего было определено 180 комбинаций. Это стало возможным благодаря многолетнему опыту, заложенному Л.В. Ильиной по комплексному окультуриванию агросерой почвы с внедрением систем удобрений, обработки, севооборотов. Дискриминация между группами была значима. В процедуре дискриминации наиболее желательным является присутствие переменной «Сорняки» (соответствует наибольшее значение Уилкса Лямбда). На данный факт указывает также значение частной лямбды (характеризует единичный вклад), именно переменная «Сорняки» дает наибольший вклад, вторая переменная по значению вклада – «Калий». Скорее всего, ощутимый вклад сорняков обусловлен конкуренцией с их стороны за использование одних и тех же экологических ресурсов, которые необходимы и культурным растениям. За счет более эффективной организации экологической ниши сорная растительность снижает потенциал реализации климатических и погодных условий. The aim of the studies is to assess the contribution of abiotic (soil conditions, precipitation) and biotic (weed) factors in the formation of crop yields by discriminatory analysis. Yield is a derivative of the many conditions evident in the resulting two factors - climatic and soil with submission to the classical laws of farming. The realization of the production process of agricultural plants, its homeostatic capabilities depend not only on the availability of life support resources, but also on their availability for the plant. The material carriers that make resources available in the soil are various components that generate a variety of connections within the soil and in soil-plant format. The methods of multidimensional statistical analysis, in particular discriminant analysis, allow to understand at least all the complexity of the phenomenon of yield formation. From an economic point of view, the minimum productivity of crop rotation should not be lower than 30 c z. piece/hectare. The crop yield data array was divided into group 0 (yield below 25-30 c z. Unit/ha) and group 1 (more than 25-30 c z. piece/hectare). A total of 180 combinations were determined. This was made possible by the long-term experience laid down by L. V. Ilina on the complex culturing of grey forest soil with the introduction of fertilizer systems, treatment, crop rotation. Discrimination between groups was significant. The presence of the Weeds variable in the discrimination procedure is most desirable (corresponding to Wilkes lambda 's greatest value). This is also indicated by the value of the private lambda (characterizes the unit contribution), i.e. the variable "Weeds" gives the contribution more than all, the variable. "Potassium" is the second most important contribution. The significant contribution of weeds seems to be due to competition on their part for the use of the same environmental resources as cultural plants. Due to more efficient organization of ecological niche, weed vegetation reduces the potential for realization of climatic and weather conditions.

scholarly journals A Technical, Economic, and Environmental Performance of Grid-Connected Hybrid (Photovoltaic-Wind) Power System in Algeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djohra Saheb-Koussa ◽  
Mustapha Koussa ◽  
Nourredine Said
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Study ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Wind Power Systems ◽  
Greenhouse Effects ◽  
Two Parameters

This paper studies the technical, economic, and environmental analysis of wind and photovoltaic power systems connected to a conventional grid. The main interest in such systems is on-site consumption of the produced energy, system hybridization, pooling of resources, and contribution to the environment protection. To ensure a better management of system energy, models have been used for determining the power that the constituting subsystems can deliver under specific weather conditions. Simulation is performed using MATLAB-SIMULINK. While, the economic and environmental study is performed using HOMER software. From an economic point of view, this allows to compare the financial constraints on each part of the system for the case of Adrar site which is located to the northern part of the south of Algeria. It also permits to optimally size and select the system presenting the best features on the basis of two parameters, that is, cost and effectiveness. From an environmental point of view, this study allows highlighting the role of renewable energy in reducing gas emissions related to greenhouse effects. In addition, through a set of sensitivity analysis, it is found that the wind speed has more effects on the environmental and economic performances of grid-connected hybrid (photovoltaic-wind) power systems.

scholarly journals Effects of hydrothermal conditions on agrophysical properties of typical chernozem and crop rotation productivity in the system of organic farming

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
S. I. Kudria
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Agricultural Sustainability ◽  
Natural Fertility ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Typical Chernozem

Relevance of research. Having the variability of hydrothermal conditions, the rate of plant life, the intensity of photosynthesis and evaporation and the activity of plant nutrient consumption change. As a rule, the optimization of the water-air regime of the soil by conducting various types of amelioration makes it possible to significantly reduce the negative effects of adverse weather conditions and ensure high sustainability of agroecosystems. However, with regard to the requirements for organic agriculture in the regions with a shortage of water supply without sufficient water resources and without the use of fertilizers to effectively conduct agricultural production is problematic. Thus, the establishment of the patterns of the dynamics of agrophysical soil properties, taking into account their impact on the bioproductivity of agrophytocenoses under variable weather conditions is the theoretical basis for solving the problem of increasing agricultural sustainability, in particular using only natural fertility and obtaining organic crop products. Purpose and objectives of research: To establish the mechanisms of changes in the nutrient regime of typical chernozem, its agrophysical properties and crop yields in different crop rotations in relation to the dynamics of agrometeorological factors under the conditions of insufficient water supply in the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine; to evaluate the productivity potential of cereals and grain crops in the system of organic farming without the use of mineral fertilizers. Research methods and techniques. Evaluation of the changes in agrometeorological resources of the territory was carried out using the method of mathematical and statistical analysis of the indicators of heat and moisture supply conditions: climatic water balance and precipitation. The data obtained from the stationary experiment were processed by the methods of system generalization, correlation, economic, calculation and comparative analyzes. Research results and main conclusions. Based on the information obtained in the course the stationary agrotechnical experiment it was established that the soil density changes over the years and depends on the hydrothermal conditions with the approximation certainity of (R2) 0.75. The inverse relationship between the specific weight of the soil and its water conductivity in terms of crop rotations with R2=0.8-0.9, by years with R2=0.6 was revealed. The variation coefficient of legumes yield was 30-33%, winter wheat – 33-37%, spring barley – 36-37%, which are the indicators of its low stability over the years. Crop yields, depending on the weather conditions of the year, also fluctuated significantly: peas between 0.8-3.2, lathyrus – 0.8-2.6, winter wheat – 0.6-6.8, buckwheat – 0.6-1.9, spring barley – 0.6-3.5 t/ha. Crop rotation with peas in terms of productivity of 2.4 t/ha of grain on average outperformed the others (2.2 and 2.0 t/ha) while maintaining the patterns of fluctuations of this indicator in relation to hydrothermal conditions. Having the average statistical selling price, the yield per 1 ha of crop rotation area of all studied crop rotations was almost the same with the fluctuations in the unfavorable years of 27-35 c. u./ha, in favorable ones – 97-104 c. u./ha, with the average value of 66-73 c. u./ha. If we assume that the selling price of organic products will be 25% higher than usual, the average annual yield will triple. Prospects for further research should correspond to the global trend of scientific research aimed at developing conceptual bases for the effects of hydrothermal conditions on agrophysical soil properties, taking into account their impact on bioproductivity of agrophytocenoses as a theoretical basis for solving the problem of increasing agricultural sustainability, in particular, using only the natural fertility of the organic-oriented model of developing the agricultural sector of the economy.

scholarly journals Production costs and fruit yield profitability in the initial harvest of custard apple trees

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-939
Author(s):  
Frederico Silva Thé Pontes ◽  
Júlio César do Vale Silva ◽  
Paulo Sérgio Lima e Silva ◽  
Ana Katarina Oliveira Aragão
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Custard Apple ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Random Block Design

The aim of this study was to estimate the production cost and economic indicators associated with the production and sales of fruits from 20 custard apple progenies during the initial five harvests, in order to identify the harvest season from which custard apple exploitation becomes profitable, as well as the most promising progenies from an economic point of view. The fruit yield data upon which the present work was based were obtained during the period from 2001 to 2005, in an experiment that evaluated 20 custard apple half-sibling progenies, under sprinkler irrigation. The progenies were evaluated in a random block design with five replicates and plots consisting of four plants each. The exploitation of custard apple progenies only showed to be a profitable agribusiness after the fourth year. Before that, only A3 and A4 progenies in the second year, and P3 and P11 in the third year provided profitable incomes. Considering the methodological assumptions imposed concerning the time period analysis and the prices as of July 2007, the most important profitability indicators (operating profit, return index and equilibrium price) evidenced that the A4 progeny is the most recommended, although other progenies are also highlighted, such as FJ1 and FJ2. As already discussed, the progenies showing the highest average yields of five harvests are not always the most economically recommendable ones.

scholarly journals The effect of soil and weather conditions on yields of winter wheat in multi-environmental trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzena Iwańska ◽  
Michał Stępień
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Winter Wheat Yield ◽  
Crop Growth Stage ◽  
The Impact

SummaryDrought reduces crop yields not only in areas of arid climate. The impact of droughts depends on the crop growth stage and soil properties. The frequency of droughts will increase due to climate change. It is important to determine the environmental variables that have the strongest effect on wheat yields in dry years. The effect of soil and weather on wheat yield was evaluated in 2018, which was considered a very dry year in Europe. The winter wheat yield data from 19 trial locations of the Research Center of Cultivar Testing (COBORU), Poland, were used. Soil data from the trial locations, mean air temperature (T) and precipitation (P) were considered as environmental factors, as well as the climatic water balance (CWB). The hydrothermal coefficient (HTC), which is based on P and T, was also used. The effect of these factors on winter wheat yield was related to the weather conditions at particular growth stages. The soil had a greater effect than the weather conditions. CWB, P, T and HTC showed a clear relationship with winter wheat yield. Soil data and HTC are the factors most recommended for models predicting crop yields. In the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes, the plants should be subjected to stress especially during the heading and grain filling growth stages.

scholarly journals Potential Application of Biochar Depends Mainly on Its Profits for Farmers: Case Study in Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
Vladimír Šimanský ◽  
Elena Aydın ◽  
Dušan Igaz ◽  
Ján Horák
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
High Input ◽  
Economic Point

Abstract Current biochar application in the global agronomic practice focuses firstly on economic profits. In this paper, we would like to draw attention to our results and experience from the economic assessment of the agronomic effect of applied biochar through the generated crop yields. The results come from a field experiment (locality Dolná Malanta, Slovakia, silt loam Haplic Luvisol – the most intensively used soil in the Slovak Republic for agricultural purposes), where a biochar experiment was established in 2014. Based on our data, it is evident that both the application of biochar and its application in combination with N-fertilisation in field conditions at current realization prices of commodities in individual years and high input costs are still unprofitable. However, we emphasize that from an economic point of view of the stand ard agronomic practice.

scholarly journals Soil water regime and crop yields in relation to various technologies of cultivation in the Kulunda Steppe (Altai Krai)

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Beliaev ◽  
T. Meinel ◽  
L. Grunwald ◽  
G. Schmidt ◽  
A. A. Bondarovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
Water Conductivity ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Modern System

This article presents the results of crop yield in areas with different technologies of cultivation based on the network of automatic stations that provide data on climatic and soil-hydrological monitoring in the dry steppe during the vegetation period of May–September 2013–2016 . These data  on regional ecological and climatic parameters are of great interest to the ecologists, plant physiologists, and farmers working in the Kulunda Plain (Altai Territory). We compared the following options for cropping technologies: the modern system, which is the "no-till", technology without autumn tillage;the intensive technology of deep autumn tillage by plough PG-3-5 at a depth of 22–24 cm. Cultivation of crops was carried out using the following scheme of crop rotation: the modern system: 1–2–3–4 (wheat – peas – wheat – rape); the intensive system: 5/6 – 7/8 – 9/10 (fallow – wheat – wheat). We believe that the use of modern technology in these conditions is better due to exchange between the different layers of soil. When  the ordinary Soviet system , the so-called "plow sole" , was used , at a depth of 24 cm , we observed that this creates a water conductivity barrier that seems to preclude the possibility of lifting water from the lower horizons. Results of the study of infiltration of soil moisture at the depth of 30 and 60 cm  have shown in some years the advantages of the modern technology over the ordinary Soviet system: in the version with the use of modern technology we can trace better exchange between the various horizons and , probably,  moisture replenishment from the lower horizons. Differences in individual observation periods are comparatively large due to the redistribution of soil moisture, depending on the weather conditions, the crops used in the crop rotations, and cultivation techniques. Moreover, the average moisture reserves within the one meter layer did not show any significant differences during the growing seasons of 2013–2016 . In terms of soil moisture usage and productive grain yield according to the four year experiment, the application of the modern technology with crop rotation "wheat – rape – wheat – peas" was more effective than the ordinary Soviet system with crop rotation "wheat – fallow – wheat – wheat". The four-year observation period is clearly insufficient to identify the advantages of the modern system, as during this time it is impossible to significantly improve soil quality indicators, which will continue to determine its water-retaining properties and moisture accumulation.

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL BENEFITS FROM GROWING LEGUME CROPS IN THE CONTEXT OF PROTECTING PRODUCTION FACTORS

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (2) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Joanna Florek ◽  
Dorota Czerwińska-Kayzer
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Economic Rationale ◽  
Legume Crops ◽  
After Effect ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

The purpose of this paper was to show the economic rationale behind growing legume plants in crop rotation. To pursue that objective, this paper presents a modified profitability accounting method for agricultural production which takes biological benefits into consideration. The following sequence of crop rotation was used in this study: forage pea – winter rape – winter wheat. An assumption was made that, from an economic point of view, the after-effect of legume crops on soil and yields of subsequent crops is an important factor which, however, is disregarded in calculations. Research suggests that legume crop growing brings measurable benefits in following years. As regards forage pea, rape and wheat, biological benefits represented 2%, 19% and 12% of total income, respectively, in the study period. Feedback from respondents suggests that 25% of the interviewees do not reduce nitrogen fertilization input in the years after growing legume crops. In turn, as much as 83% of farmers surveyed do not reduce their phosphorus and potassium fertilization rates for subsequent crops. However, agricultural producers usually fail to take account of additional biological benefits brought about by legumes when assessing their economic competitiveness against cereals and rape.

Sensitivities of crop models to extreme weather conditions during flowering period demonstrated for maize and winter wheat in Austria

2012 ◽  
Vol 151 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. EITZINGER ◽  
S. THALER ◽  
E. SCHMID ◽  
F. STRAUSS ◽  
R. FERRISE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Short Period

SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to compare the performance of seven different, widely applied crop models in predicting heat and drought stress effects. The study was part of a recent suite of model inter-comparisons initiated at European level and constitutes a component that has been lacking in the analysis of sources of uncertainties in crop models used to study the impacts of climate change. There was a specific focus on the sensitivity of models for winter wheat and maize to extreme weather conditions (heat and drought) during the short but critical period of 2 weeks after the start of flowering. Two locations in Austria, representing different agro-climatic zones and soil conditions, were included in the simulations over 2 years, 2003 and 2004, exhibiting contrasting weather conditions. In addition, soil management was modified at both sites by following either ploughing or minimum tillage. Since no comprehensive field experimental data sets were available, a relative comparison of simulated grain yields and soil moisture contents under defined weather scenarios with modified temperatures and precipitation was performed for a 2-week period after flowering. The results may help to reduce the uncertainty of simulated crop yields to extreme weather conditions through better understanding of the models’ behaviour. Although the crop models considered (DSSAT, EPIC, WOFOST, AQUACROP, FASSET, HERMES and CROPSYST) mostly showed similar trends in simulated grain yields for the different weather scenarios, it was obvious that heat and drought stress caused by changes in temperature and/or precipitation for a short period of 2 weeks resulted in different grain yields simulated by different models. The present study also revealed that the models responded differently to changes in soil tillage practices, which affected soil water storage capacity.

Sophie Laws, with Caroline Harper and Rachel Marcus. Research for Development: A Practical Guide. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. 2003. xiii+475 pages. Paperback. Indian Rupees 450.00.

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-172
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Policy Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Is Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Development Workers

To implement any successful policy, research about the subject-matter is essential. Lack of knowledge would result in failure and, from an economic point of view, it would lead to a waste of scarce resources. The book under review is essentially a manual which highlights the use of research for development. The book is divided into two parts. Part One informs the reader about concepts and some theory, and Part Two deals with the issue of undertaking research for development. Both parts have 11 chapters each. Chapter 1 asks the basic question: Is research important in development work? The answer is that it is. Research has many dimensions: from the basic asking of questions to the more sophisticated broad-based analysis of policy issues. The chapter, in short, stresses the usefulness of research which development workers ignore at their own peril.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document