scholarly journals Combustibility of fuel material for forest species

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
César Henrique Alves Borges ◽  
Patrícia Carneiro Souto ◽  
João Henrique do Nascimento Neto ◽  
Jacob Silva Souto ◽  
Emmanoella Costa Guaraná Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The One ◽  
Aspidosperma Pyrifolium ◽  
Combustible Materials

The work aimed to characterize the flammability of different forest species. The combustible materials were collected in two places with different phytophysiognomies, both in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. The plant materials used were: Poincianella bracteosa, Aspidosperma pyrifolium, Luetzelburgia auriculata, Croton sonderianus and Pinus sp. acicles and branches were used as a control. The burns were carried out in an open area located in the forest nursery, where approximately 0.5 kg of material was weighed on a precision scale. After the organization of the plots, the thickness of each pile was measured with the aid of a ruler graduated in centimeters. To determine the speed of fire propagation, the average time spent by the fire front (m s-1) to travel pre-established distances during the fires was measured. It is observed that among the studied materials, Pinus was the one that presented the lowest weight after burning the material and was the species that presented the highest temperature after burning, followed by C. sonderianus and A. pyrifolium. Before burning, all species showed behaviors, ranging from 30 to 33 °C. It is extremely important to replicate this type of study in forest areas, since the variations found can influence the results. The effect of burning combustible materials on soil temperature was greater in treatments with Pinus and C. sonderianus.

Immunostimulant activity of dry fruits and plant materials used in Indian traditional medical system for mothers after child birth and invalids

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Puri ◽  
R Sahai ◽  
Kiran L Singh ◽  
R.P Saxena ◽  
J.S Tandon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical System ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Child Birth ◽  
Materials Used

scholarly journals Drone Swarms in Fire Suppression Activities: A Conceptual Framework

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Elena Ausonio ◽  
Patrizia Bagnerini ◽  
Marco Ghio
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Cellular Automata Model ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Mediterranean Scrub ◽  
In Fire

The recent huge technological development of unmanned aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can provide breakthrough means of fighting wildland fires. We propose an innovative forest firefighting system based on the use of a swarm of hundreds of UAVs able to generate a continuous flow of extinguishing liquid on the fire front, simulating the effect of rain. Automatic battery replacement and extinguishing liquid refill ensure the continuity of the action. We illustrate the validity of the approach in Mediterranean scrub first computing the critical water flow rate according to the main factors involved in the evolution of a fire, then estimating the number of linear meters of active fire front that can be extinguished depending on the number of drones available and the amount of extinguishing fluid carried. A fire propagation cellular automata model is also employed to study the evolution of the fire. Simulation results suggest that the proposed system can provide the flow of water required to fight low-intensity and limited extent fires or to support current forest firefighting techniques.

scholarly journals Proliferasi Kalus dari Eksplan Hipokotil dan Kotiledon Tanaman Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) pada Pemberian 2,4-D

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulkarnain Zulkarnain ◽  
Lizawati Lizawati
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
In Vitro Propagation ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Cotyledon Explants ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Embryogenic Callus Formation

The aim of this study was to develop an efficient method for the induction of embryogenic callus formation for in vitro propagation ofjatropha. Plant materials used were 30-days old in vitro seedlings, cut into hypocotyl and cotyledon (lower, middle and upper) sections.Medium used was MS composition supplemented with vitamins, 3% sucrose, 0.7% agar at pH 5.8 ± 1, and 2,4-D (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 dan5 mg l-1). Cultures were kept at temperature of 25 ± 1 0C with 50 μmol m-2 s-1 light intensity and 16-h photoperiod. The results indicated thatthe rate of callus formation depended on the source of explant, the application of 2,4-D, and the interaction of both. The fastest callusproliferation (2.33 days following initiation) was obtained on cotyledon explants cultured on medium without 2,4-D. The explant sourcesand 2,4-D concentrations also showed significant effect on the percentage of explant forming callus. The most callus formation (88.33%)was obtained on middle cotyledon cultured on 3 mg l-1 2,4-D, whereas the fewest (6.84%) was found on upper cotyledon cultured on mediumwithout 2,4-D. The colour of callus was dominated by white, light yellow, cream and brown with mostly compact structure, particularly onhypocotyl cultured on medium without 2,4-D. The texture of callus formed on hypocotyl treated with up to 4 mg l -1 2,4-D was dominatedby coarse appearance. In contrast, majority of callus proliferated on hypocotyl treated with 5 mg l -1 2,4-D or cotyledon treated with orwithout 2,4-D produced callus with smooth texture %.

scholarly journals Protection as a Mean to Increase the Sustainability of Wood Structures

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Calin CORDUBAN ◽  
Giovanna BOCHICCHIO ◽  
Andrea POLASTRI ◽  
Ario CECCOTTI
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Wood Structures ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Timber Constructions ◽  
Materials Used

Timber has been rediscovered as the building material of choice in recent years, especially in industrialised countries, with the shift of focus on attitudes towards sustainability that include use of natural resources and reduction of CO 2 emissions in manufacturing building materials. The environmental qualities of wood (energy-efficiency, healphy building material, ability to be recycled) are matched by few materials used in constructions nowadays, makeing it suitable for a wide range of applications. The combustibility of wood is limiting its use in construction, an important weakness in terms of sustainability, as health and cost issues constitute essential conditions in sustainability assessment methods. Arguably, fire safety constitutes the foremost precondition in choosing wood as the building material. In the case of fire, wood burns on the surface, releases energy and contributes to the fire propagation and spread of smoke. In order to insure greater safety for timber constructions, both passive and active measures of fire protection can be implemented, with the main objectives of improving the security of occupants, limitations of financial loss, protection of the environment in the case of fire. Despite the fear of using wood, the material has a better behavior in terms of fire than assumed, and even with structures more susceptible at fire risks, such as platform framing, measures can be taken in order to improve safety, as further explained in the article. The article analyses the concept of sustainability and the extent to which timber constructions observe these criteria, focusing on the means of increasing safety by fire protection methods with respect to the environment.

scholarly journals Heritage Building Stones from Évora, Portugal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Ancient Rock ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

<p>The city of Évora, a World Heritage Site recognized by UNESCO in 1986, also owes this recognition to the stones that built its monuments and preserve them until today.</p><p>This work brings together the contributions that we have gathered over the past three decades and allow us to have a very complete idea, not only about the materials used in the hundreds of monuments and historic buildings but also about their provenance. If some materials are so emblematic that they allow an immediate identification with the naked eye, others needed more sophisticated and precise techniques so that there was no doubt about their origin.</p><p>The igneous rocks and gneisses of granite composition are part of the “Massif of Évora” on which the city is built. Thus, and quite naturally they are by far the most represented group in monuments from all historical periods. Its function is essentially structural, but there are also functional, ornamental and decorative objects. For example, the oldest megalithic structures found in the vicinity of the city are made up of large granite blocks that often had to be transported to their locations.</p><p>On the other hand, many gargoyles and statues that decorate the churches are also made up of these granite rocks. On these, the natural erosion of centuries of exposure to the environment has led to a state of alteration, sometimes very accentuated, which would justify its replacement by replicas sculpted in similar rocks. Provenance studies have made it possible to identify old quarries in the vicinity of the city where, on the one hand, the ancient rock extraction techniques can be observed and on the other hand, they allow the obtaining of the raw material necessary for these restoration and conservation works. In any case, they are places that need to be inventoried and protected, with the municipality already aware of their existence.</p><p>As well as the monuments of the Roman Period, also the structures of the Medieval Period, such as the city walls, the Cathedral (started to be built in 1186 AD) and all the great churches, were also built with these granitoids.</p><p>In addition to these rocks, many others of multiple varieties and origins are present. The marbles, especially the Estremoz Marbles (Global Heritage Stone Resource), are ubiquitous in the city, but there are also emblematic marbles from other places, some easily identifiable (ie Viana do Alentejo, Escoural, Trigaches, Serpa and Vila Verde de Ficalho, for presenting mineralogy, textures, colors and patterns which, together with more recent analytical techniques, have confirmed its provenance.</p><p>Sedimentary rocks, with emphasis on Portuguese Mesozoic limestones, ie Lioz - GHSR and Brecha da Arrábida - GHSR candidate, among others more rare and with very specific use in ornamental details, are also present and contribute to enrich a heritage in stone that makes this city so special and very popular with tourists of all nationalities.</p><p>Acknowledgments: the authors thank to FCT for funding the ICT (UID/GEO/04683/2019), as well as COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007690.</p>

scholarly journals Stomach Content of Tillapia zilli and Oreochromis nilocticus from Wanzun River, Lavun Local Government, Niger State Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Y. M. Mohammed ◽  
M. D. Abubakar ◽  
A. M. Muhammad ◽  
A. S. Muhammad ◽  
B. L. Umar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Stomach Content ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Empty Stomach ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Individual Fish ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Fish Remains ◽  
The One

This study was conducted to investigate the stomach contents of two commercially important fish species (Tilapia zilli and Oreochromis nilocticus)  from Wanzun River, Northcentral Nigeria using frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods between January to April 2019. Fish samples were collected monthly with help of Fishermen using various fishing nets and traps. One hundred (100) individual fish of each species were collected and their stomach contents were examined. The results obtained expressed in mean percentage indicated that out of the one hundred (100) individual fish of each species examined,Twelve (12%) fish had an empty stomach contents in Tilapia zilli, and out of the 100 samples examined, Seventeen (17%) fish had an empty stomach content in Oreochromis nilocticus. The stomach contents of both Tilapia zilli and Oreochromis nilocticus consist of detritus, insects, fish remains. Algae/protozoans plant materials and molluscs. Both fish species are omnivorous feeders and occupy the same ecological niche.The study reveals the importance of algae, fish, insects and plant materials as food for fishes and they form important part in the diet of the species examined.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENYAMAKAN ZIRKONIUM TERHADAP UJI KEKUATAN TARIK, UJI KEKUATAN SOBEK, UJI KEMULURAN DAN UJI SUHU KERUT PADA BERBAGAI JENIS KULIT IKAN (The Effect of Zirconium Tanning Against Tensile Strength Test, Strength Test of Tear, Glide Test, and Wrinkle Temperature Test on Different Fish Types)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Rokhmah Hergiyani ◽  
Y. S. Darmanto ◽  
Lukita Purnamayati
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical Changes

Kulit ikan merupakan limbah perikanan yang dapat memberikan dampak negatif pada lingkungan. Salah satu cara untuk menanggulangi limbah tersebut adalah dengan proses penyamakan kulit. Penyamakan kulit adalah rangkaian proses yang sangat kompleks terjadi banyak perubahan fisik dan kimia di satu sisi, bagian yang tidak berguna dihilangkan dari kulit mentah untuk mendapatkan serat kolagen murni dan membuka struktur serat kolagen. Proses penyamakan yang tidak baik mengakibatkan kulit menjadi rusak, lemas, dan kebusukan, sehingga penanganannya dapat dengan cara menambah bahan penyamak untuk menguatkan dan menghindari kebusukan. Bahan penyamak yang digunakan yaitu zirconium. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyamakan zirkonium terhadap uji kekuatan tarik, uji kekuatan sobek, uji kemuluran dan uji suhu kerut pada berbagai jenis ikan. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah kulit ikan nila, kakap dan bandeng. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah experimental laboratories menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga kali ulangan dan  menggunakan analisa ragam ANOVA. Hasil uji menunjukan penggunaan zirkonium 7,5% terhadap kulit ikan nila, kakap, dan bandeng berpengaruh nyata (p<0,05) pada kekuatan tarik, kekuatan sobek, kemuluran dan suhu kerut pada karakteristik penyamakan. Penggunaan bahan penyamak zirkonium 7,5% terbaik dihasilkan oleh kulit ikan kakap pada uji kekuatan tarik 1675,84 N/cm2, kekuatan sobek 163,92 N/cm2 dan uji suhu kerut 103,45˚C sedangkan kemuluran untuk hasil terbaik pada kulit bandeng sebesar 28,74%, jadi setiap ikan mempunyai ciri kulit tersendiri pada setiap parameter uji. The skin of the fish waste is a fishery that can give a negative impact on the environment. One way of tackling the waste is by the process of tanning leather. Tanning is a very complex processes occur many chemical and physical changes on the one hand, the useless removed from rawhide to get pure collagen fibers and the open structure of the collagen fibers. The process of tanning is not a good result in the skin becomes broken, buckled, and corruption, so that responses can be with how to add ingredients to strengthen Tanner and avoid corruption. On the research of materials used i.e. Tanners used are zirconium.. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of zirconium tanning against test tensile strength, tear strength test, test and test temperature wrinkle elongation on various types of fish. The raw material used is leather fish tilapia, milkfish and snapper. Research methods used are experimental laboratories using Complete Random Design (RAL) with three-time repeats and a range of analysis using ANOVA. Test results showed the use of zirconium 7.5% against the skin of the fish, snapper, tilapia and milkfish influential real (p < 0.05) on the tensile strength, tear strength, elongation and wrinkle on temperature characteristics of tanning. The use of zirconium Tanner 7.5% best produced by skin test on a snapper 1675.84 tensile strength N/cm2, the strength of RIP 163.92 N/cm2 and test the temperature of the wrinkle 103,45 ˚ C while elongation for the best results on the skin of the banding of 28.74%, so each fish has its own skin characteristics on each test parameter.

scholarly journals Mesoporous Activated Carbon Supported Ru Catalysts to Efficiently Convert Cellulose into Sorbitol by Hydrolytic Hydrogenation

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4394
Author(s):  
Fatima-Zahra Azar ◽  
M. Ángeles Lillo-Ródenas ◽  
M. Carmen Román-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Cellulose Conversion ◽  
Hydrolytic Hydrogenation ◽  
Ru Nanoparticles ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The One ◽  
By Products

Catalysts consisting of Ru nanoparticles (1 wt%), supported on mesoporous activated carbons (ACs), were prepared and used in the one-pot hydrolytic hydrogenation of cellulose to obtain sorbitol. The carbon materials used as supports are a pristine commercial mesoporous AC (named SA), and two samples derived from it by sulfonation or oxidation treatments (named SASu and SAS, respectively). The catalysts have been thoroughly characterized regarding both surface chemistry and porosity, as well as Ru electronic state and particle size. The amount and type of surface functional groups in the carbon materials becomes modified as a result of the Ru incorporation process, while a high mesopore volume is preserved upon functionalization and Ru incorporation. The prepared catalysts have shown to be very active, with cellulose conversion close to 50% and selectivity to sorbitol above 75%. The support functionalization does not lead to an improvement of the catalysts’ behavior and, in fact, the Ru/SA catalyst is the most effective one, with about 50% yield to sorbitol, and a very low generation of by-products.

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