scholarly journals UJI COBA FILTER KERAMIK DENGAN CAMPURAN SEKAM, BEKATUL, SERBUK GERGAJI dan KOLOID PERAK DALAM PENGOLHAN AIR

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Slamet Hariyadi ◽  
Margono . ◽  
Didik Sugeng Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Flow Filtration

Many people commonly are using surface water as the main source for clean and drinking water.Ironically, the quality of surface water decreases from time to time due to domestic and industrialpollution. Earthen pots with colloidal silver applied on their surface created simple coated filters where thesilver coating serves as a disinfectant that render the product water ready for consumption.This is a descriptive pre-experimental research, using one group pretest-posttest design, that isto evaluate water treatment to produce water ready for consumption by analyzing the water quality,before and after treatment with the unit, especially with regard to physical and microbioloqical parametersaccording to PERMENKES/N0.492/ MENKES/PER/IV/2010re: drinking water quality requirements.Measurements indicated that pottery filter with a mixture of clay-bran 40% is fastest flowfiltration flow filtration, which meant 5 liters of filtrate out in 21 minutes. Meanwhile a mixture clay-wood20% with an average flow of (Q) 0.254 It / jm was slowest.However clay-rice bran mixture 20% was themost is stable. Result of microbiological examination on pond water (raw condition) indicated a Coli MPNIndex of >2400, and E Coli index of 1600. After filtration with six pots coated with colloidal silversignificant reduction ini microbiological parameter was observed, indicated by MPN. Coliand E Coli indicesof O. Initial (physical) condition of the pond water have indicated no odour, no colour, no taste, and theturbidity level was 11.78 NTU, TDS level was 142mg/L, temperature was 27°C and pH 5.5. After passingthrough six filter pots coated with silver colloids, physicsl parameter i.e. TDS and turbidity decreased, andpH was normal.With respect to Permenkes No. 416/1990 and Permenkes No. 492/2010 on requirements forpotable water and drinking water respectively, suggestion for follow up research on filter pots coated withcolloidal silver pertaining to the chemistry parameters.Keywords: clay pot tilters, colloidal sitver. Coliform, TDS, turbidity, pH, cotor; temperature,odour and taste.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Quality in Urban Areas of Pakistan: A Case Study of Gujranwala City

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Sajjad Haydar ◽  
Obaidullah Nadeem ◽  
Ghulam Hussain ◽  
Haroon Rashid ◽  
Rashid Majeed
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Before And After

A study was conducted to evaluate the drinking water quality of Gujranwala city. Samples were collected from 16 locations including: 4 tube wells, 4 overhead reservoirs (OHR) and 8 house connections. Twelve physicochemical and two bacteriological parameters were tested, before and after monsoon and compared with National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). The results demonstrated that most of the physicochemical parameters, except lead, nickle and chromium were within NSDWQ before and after monsoon. Bacteriological and heavy metal contamination was found before and after the monsoon. Possible reasons of contamination are: no disinfection, old and leaking water pipes, poor drainage duringmonsoon and possible cross connections between water and sewerage lines. It is recommended to practice disinfection, laying of water and sewerage pipes on opposite sides of streets and periodic water quality monitoring.

scholarly journals The rationale for introducing the indices «Generalized coliform bacteria» and «Escherichia coli» into the scheme of sanitary and microbiological control of water quality as indices of fecal contamination

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 1353-1359
Author(s):  
Angelika V. Zagainova ◽  
Galina M. Trukhina ◽  
Yury A. Rakhmanin ◽  
Tamara Z. Artemova ◽  
Marina A. Sukhina
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Safety Of Drinking Water ◽  
Microbiological Indicators

Introduction. The increasing bacterial contamination of water bodies requires an increase in water quality control’s reliability to ensure epidemic safety against waterborne infections. Therefore, researchers in both Russia and Europe came to the conclusion that it is necessary to search for indicator microorganisms that can more accurately suggest the presence of pathogens. microorganisms in water than traditional indicators. The aim of the study was to justify the introduction of indicator indices of fecal contamination “generalized coliform bacteria” and Escherichia coli to assess the safety of drinking water Material and methods. The article provides an analysis of domestic and international regulatory documents and literary materials regulating the quality of drinking water in terms of sanitary and microbiological indicators and assessment criteria. The results of many years of experimental and field research carried out by research organizations and practical organizations of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare are presented. Results. On the territory of Russia, “general coliform bacteria,” is one of the indicator indices chosen according to the fermentation of lactose, determine the safety of drinking water. The water does not take into account pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella) and a number of lactose-negative opportunistic bacteria, causative agents of intestinal infections. The study of microorganisms isolated from the feces of patients confirms the frequency of occurrence of lactose-negative microorganisms to varying from 20 to 100% of strains. With an annual trend towards a decrease in the percentage of non-standard drinking water samples in terms of microbiological indices, general intestinal infections (GII) of unknown etiology increase, i.e. risk of GII. If the quality of drinking water does not correspond to thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB), 95% of samples contain E. coli. Therefore, the determination of E. coli more reliably indicates the intake of fresh fecal contamination and provides efficiency in taking measures to eliminate an unfavorable situation than TCB. Conclusion. Reasons are given for the introduction of more reliable microbiological indicators of water safety control, such as - “generalized coliform bacteria” with the preservation of the abbreviation GCB, combining both lactose-positive and lactose-negative bacteria, determined by the sign of glucose fermentation, negative oxidase test and negative stain according to Gram and E. coli as an indicator of recent faecal contamination, which will allow the assessment of water quality for a wide range of bacteria of the order Enterobacterials, corresponding to the modern taxonomy of Enterobacteriaceae NCBI, will ensure harmonization with international requirements and the safety of drinking water for the population.

scholarly journals Quality of Surface Water and Groundwater in Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-199
Author(s):  
Nadhir Al-Ansari ◽  
Sabbar Saleh ◽  
Twana Abdullahand ◽  
Salwan Ali Abed
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater

Insufficiency of water resources in the Middle East Region represents vital factors that influence the stability of the region and its progress. Expectations indicate that the condition will be dimmer and more complicated, especially in Iraqi territory. Iraq, which is situated in the Middle East, it covers an area of 433,970 square kilometers and populated by about 32 million inhabitants. Iraq greatly relies in its water resources on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as a surface water resources, and several productive groundwater aquifers in which from the hydrogeological point of view divided into several major aquifer units including Foothill, Al-Jazira, Aquifer System, Mandali-Badra-Teeb, Mesopotamian and Desert Aquifer system. Recently, Iraq is suffering from water shortage problems. This is due to external and internal factors affecting the water quality of water resources; they are controlled and uncontrolled factors. The uncontrolled factors are climate change and its consequences, such as reduction of precipitation and temperature increasing. The controlled factors have a significantly negative influence on water resources, but their effects involve more specific regions. The controlled factors are mainly represented by building dams and irrigation projects within the upper parts of the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, Al-Tharthar Scheme, waste water, solid wastes and wastes from wars, which has a significant effect on surface water in Iraq because about 80% of the water supply to Euphrates and Tigris Rivers come from Turkey. In addition, the pressures resulting from the high demand for water resources, and the continued decline in their quantity rates have led to major changes in the hydrological condition in Iraq during the past 30 years. The decrease in surface water levels and precipitation during these three decades reflects the drop in the levels of water reservoirs, lakes, and rivers to the unexpected levels. The level of main country’s water source, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers has fallen to less than a third of its natural levels. As storage capacity depreciates, the government estimates that its water reserves have been reduced precariously. According to the survey from the Ministry of Water Resources, millions of Iraqi people have faced a severe shortage of drinking water. Since of the importance of water for human life and the need to monitor temporal and spatial changes in quality and quantity, there is a need to develop a general Iraqi Water Quality Index (Iraq WQI) to monitor surface water and groundwater and classify it into five categories, very good, good, acceptable, bad and very bad, in terms of suitability for domestics, irrigation and agriculture depending on the Iraqi and WHO standards for drinking water. In addition, strict establishment for the regular quantitative monitoring surface water and groundwater setting and processes. Prospects are more negative for all riparian countries. This implies that solving these problems requires actual and serious international, regional, and national cooperation to set a prudent plan for water resources management of the two basins. Iraq being the most affected country should seriously set a prudent, scientific, and strategic plan for the management and conservation of its water resources. Keywords: Pollution, Water Quality, Waste, Surface water, Groundwater, Iraq.

scholarly journals Impact of decreasing water demand on bank filtration in Saxony, Germany

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Grischek ◽  
D. Schoenheinz ◽  
C. Syhre ◽  
K. Saupe
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Bank Filtration ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Flow And Transport ◽  
High Degree

Abstract. Bank filtration has been of main importance for the drinking water supply in Germany for many decades. The water quality of pumped raw water from bank filtration sites depends to a high degree on the water quality of the infiltrating surface water and the landside groundwater, the mixing portion of both as well as the flow and transport conditions in the aquifer. Since the improvement of river water quality and a drastic decrease in water demand during the last 15 years in Germany, the influence of landside groundwater quality has become more important for the raw water quality of waterworks relying on bank filtration. The hydrogeologic analysis of three bank filtration sites in Saxony and the management of abstraction rates and well operation in response to fluctuating water demand are discussed. In conclusion, a general overview on management options for bank filtration sites is provided.

Coagulation of Two Different Kinds of Surface Water before Inlet into Lakes to Improve the Self-Purification Process

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 803-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. van der Veen ◽  
A. Graveland ◽  
W. Kats
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Degree

Part of the drinking water demands of the city of Amsterdam and the surrounding district are met by abstraction from nearby Lake Loenderveen that is fed by two different kinds of surface water. The lake itself is subject to rainfall, evaporation and seepage. It acts partly as a stockpiling reservoir (about 2 weeks) and partly as a self-purifying medium (retention time about 100 days). The design and management of the lake are such that a high degree of mixing of the inflowing water is obtained and an almost constant water quality, which greatly facilitates subsequent treatment to obtain high quality drinking water. To combat eutrophication the nutrient-containing water that enters the lake is dephosphated. After a number of years working with an experimental and simplified method in the lake itself, a highly efficient new coagulation and settling plant was constructed. This has been in operation since 1984. The improvements in the quality of the lake water are discussed in this paper. In addition to a considerable reduction in the phosphate content (and that of other nutrients), improvements were registered in a number of other water quality parameters (DOC, heavy metals, colour c.a.). A similar coagulation and settling system is also used to treat one kind of surface water that is fed into the adjacent Loosdrecht Lakes during dry summer spells. These lakes are of great environmental importance; they are also unique features of the landscape. Pretreatment of the water that flows into the lakes has a substantial effect on the water quality. A monitoring system has been set up to check the resulting improvement.

scholarly journals Monitoring drinking water quality in nationally representative household surveys: cross-sectional analysis of 20 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys 2014-2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Edward Shenton Bain ◽  
Richard Johnston ◽  
Shane Khan ◽  
Attila Hancioglu ◽  
Tom Slaymaker
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiple Indicator

Background. The Sustainable Development Goals set an ambitious new benchmark for safely managed drinking water services (SMDW), but many countries lack data on the availability and quality of drinking water. Objectives. To quantify the availability and microbiological quality of drinking water, monitor SMDW and examine risk factors for E. coli contamination in 20 low-and middle-income countries. Methods. A new water quality module for household surveys was implemented in Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Teams used portable equipment to measure E. coli at the point of collection (PoC, n=48323) and at the point of use (PoU, n=51345) and asked respondents about the availability and location of drinking water services. E. coli levels were classified into risk categories and SMDW was calculated at the household- and domain-levels. Multilevel modified Poisson regression was used to explore pre-selected risk factors for contamination. Results. E. coli contamination was commonly detected at PoC (range: 16- 90%) and was even more likely at PoU (range 20-97%). Coverage of SMDW was 56 % points lower than improved drinking water and water quality was the limiting factor for SMDW in 14 out of 20 countries. Detection of E. coli at PoC was associated with use of improved water sources (RR = 0.63 [0.54-0.75]) and accessibility on premises (RR = 0.81 [0.70-0.95]) but not with availability (RR = 0.94 [0.84-1.06]). Households in the richest quintile (RR = 0.67 [0.50-0.90]) and in communities with high (>75%) improved sanitation coverage (RR = 0.95 [0.92-0.99]) were less likely to use contaminated water at PoU whereas animal ownership (RR = 1.08 [1.03-1.14]) and rural residence (RR = 1.11 [1.04-1.18]) increased risk of contamination. Discussion. Water quality data can be reliably collected in household surveys and can be used to assess inequalities in service levels, to track the SDG indicator of safely managed drinking water services, and to examine risk factors for contamination. There is an urgent need to implement scalable and sustainable interventions to reduce exposure to faecal contamination through drinking water.

scholarly journals A study of drinking water quality before and after its purification in Saint-Petersburg

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
Tatiana Ivanovna Zhilochkina ◽  
Andrei Igorevich Seliverstov
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The City ◽  
Comprehensive Study

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of drinking water before and after its purification. Water samples taken at 5 water supply and 5 water distribution stations of the city were used in the study. The author comes to the conclusion that the use of the monitoring system allows you to respond quickly to any changes in the quality of the drinking water, and quickly make decisions that affect its purification.

scholarly journals On the issue of the Uzbekistan surface water quality assessment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Difficult Situation

The article is devoted to the analysis of the quality of surface water in Uzbekistan. Analyzed their impact on the living conditions and health of the population of the republic. The most difficult situation with drinking water supply and with the growth of diseases caused by the use of poor-quality drinking water falls on the Navoi, Khorezm, Surkhandarya regions and Karakalpakstan. The stated data makes it relevant to conduct research to determine the quality of surface waters and improve the methods of its assessment. The analysis of existing methods for assessing the quality of surface waters. The technique of assessment of the index of pollution of water applied now in Uzbekistan counted in compliance with “Methodical recommendations about the formalized complex evaluation test of the surface and ocean waters about hydro/chemical indexes” was developed in Soviet period and doesn’t meet the modern requirements. The need to improve the methods for assessing the quality of surface waters as compared with that currently used in Uzhydromet is indicated. One of the most promising at present is the “Method of integrated assessment of the degree of contamination of surface waters by hydro/chemical indicators” developed and used in operational practice in Russia. The most informative comprehensive estimat water pollution and the class of water quality. The author proposed methods for assessing the quality of surface waters, the calculation of which is based on the use of a larger amount of initial information and are more reliable than those used. In particular, the proposed methodology for assessing the quality of surface waters, taking into account the hazard class of ingredients.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Javid Ali ◽  
Said Hassan ◽  
Dr Ziaurahman ◽  
Inayat Ur Rahman ◽  
Sadhair Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Micro Organisms

The present study was aimed to isolate and identify micro-organisms load of drinking water of Mardan city, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 27 samples of drinking water were collected from different locations of the study area. Total Plate Count was determined by pour plate method, while total coliforms, total fecal coliforms and E. coli were determined by multiple tube fermentation method. Of the total collected samples, 17 (62.96%) samples were contaminated with either one or more than one type of microorganisms. The results of most probable number test showed that 13 (48.15%) samples were unsatisfactory. It was concluded that the water should be treated before consumption for drinking purpose. Regular assessment of the water quality is recommended as regular monitoring of the water quality for improvement not only prevents disease and hazards but also checks the water resources from becoming further polluted. ECOPRINT 21: 1-6, 2014DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v21i0.11897

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