scholarly journals How Can I Tell if My Algorithm Was Reasonable?

2021 ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Karni Chagal-Feferkorn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Autonomous Machines ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Self Learning

Self-learning algorithms are gradually dominating more and more aspects of our lives. They do so by performing tasks and reaching decisions that were once reserved exclusively for human beings. And not only that—in certain contexts, their decision-making performance is shown to be superior to that of humans. However, as superior as they may be, self-learning algorithms (also referred to as artificial intelligence (AI) systems, “smart robots,” or “autonomous machines”) can still cause damage. When determining the liability of a human tortfeasor causing damage, the applicable legal framework is generally that of negligence. To be found negligent, the tortfeasor must have acted in a manner not compliant with the standard of “the reasonable person.” Given the growing similarity of self-learning algorithms to humans in the nature of decisions they make and the type of damages they may cause (for example, a human driver and a driverless vehicle causing similar car accidents), several scholars have proposed the development of a “reasonable algorithm” standard, to be applied to self-learning systems. To date, however, academia has not attempted to address the practical question of how such a standard might be applied to algorithms, and what the content of analysis ought to be in order to achieve the goals behind tort law of promoting safety and victims’ compensation on the one hand, and achieving the right balance between these goals and encouraging the development of beneficial technologies on the other. This Article analyzes the “reasonableness” standard used in tort law in the context of the unique qualities, weaknesses, and strengths that algorithms possess comparatively to human actors and also examines whether the reasonableness standard is at all compatible with self-learning algorithms. Concluding that it generally is, the Article’s main contribution is its proposal of a concrete “reasonable algorithm” standard that could be practically applied by decisionmakers. This standard accounts for the differences between human and algorithmic decision-making. The “reasonable algorithm” standard also allows the application of the reasonableness standard to algorithms in a manner that promotes the aims of tort law while avoiding a dampening effect on the development and usage of new, beneficial technologies.

Author reply: Empathy Does Provide Rational Support for Decisions. But Is It the Right Decision?

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Breithaupt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Author Reply ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Rational Support ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

This article examines the relation of empathy and rational judgment. When people observe a conflict most are quick to side with one of the parties. Once a side has been taken, empathy with that party further solidifies this choice. Hence, it will be suggested that empathy is not neutral to judgment and rational decision-making. This does not mean, however, that the one who empathizes will necessarily have made the best choice.

El Protagonismo Dialéctico-Social del Ser Humano en el Desarrollo Intelectual de Rodolfo Mondolfo

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
Jesús Víctor Alfredo Contreras Ugarte
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Academic Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One ◽  
Descriptive Method

Summary: Reflecting on the role humans take into nowadays society, should be of interest in all our social reflections, even for those that refer to the field of law. Any human indifferent and unconscious of the social role that he ought to play within society, as a member of it, is an irresponsible human detached from everything that surrounds him, regarding matters and other humans. Trying to isolate in an irresponsible, passive and comfortable attitude, means, after all, denying oneself, denying our nature, as the social being every human is. This is the reflection that this academic work entitles, the one made from the point of view of the Italian philosopher Rodolfo Mondolfo. From a descriptive development, starting from this renowned author, I will develop ideas that will warn the importance that human protagonism have, in this human product so call society. From a descriptive development, from this well-known author, I will be prescribing ideas that will warn the importance of the protagonism that all human beings have, in that human product that we call society. I have used the descriptive method to approach the positions of the Italian humanist philosopher and, for my assessments, I have used the prescriptive method from an eminently critical and deductive procedural position. My goal is to demonstrate, from the humanist postulates of Rodolfo Mondolfo, the hypothesis about the leading, decision-making and determining role that the human being has within society. I understand, to have reached the demonstration of the aforementioned hypothesis, because, after the analyzed, there is no doubt, that the human being is not one more existence in the development of societies; its role is decisive in determining the human present and the future that will house the next societies and generations of our historical future.

OSTVARIVANjE PRAVA NA KOLEKTIVNO PREGOVARANjE U REPUBLICI SRBIJI

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Bojan Urdarević ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
Collective Negotiations ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining are fundamental rights of workers and a means of achieving a balance between the interests of workers and employers. Through collective bargaining, the parties in the collective negotiations identify common but also mutually conflicting interests and come to a common agreement. In this sense, collective bargaining can be a means of achieving a balance between, on the one hand, employers' desire for greater flexibility at work and on the other hand, the desire of employees to adapt their obligations and needs. It is important to note that the success of collective bargaining depends largely on the economic, institutional, political and legal framework in which collective negotiations between unions and employers take place. For this reason, the level of development of collective bargaining and social dialogue is different from state to state. Today, the right to collective bargaining has become widely recognized in the academic community as a key instrument for regulating working conditions and relations between employers and workers in a way that ensures fairer distribution of funds, improves working conditions and preserves the dignity of workers,but also institutionalizes industrial conflicts.

scholarly journals Algorithms as discrimination detectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (48) ◽  
pp. 30096-30100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Kleinberg ◽  
Jens Ludwig ◽  
Sendhil Mullainathan ◽  
Cass R. Sunstein
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Right

Preventing discrimination requires that we have means of detecting it, and this can be enormously difficult when human beings are making the underlying decisions. As applied today, algorithms can increase the risk of discrimination. But as we argue here, algorithms by their nature require a far greater level of specificity than is usually possible with human decision making, and this specificity makes it possible to probe aspects of the decision in additional ways. With the right changes to legal and regulatory systems, algorithms can thus potentially make it easier to detect—and hence to help prevent—discrimination.

scholarly journals The politics of embedding and the right to remain in post-Brexit Britain

Ethnicities ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146879682091341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiina Sotkasiira ◽  
Anna Gawlewicz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Union Membership ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

The European Union membership referendum (i.e. the Brexit referendum) in the United Kingdom in 2016 triggered a process of introspection among non-British European Union citizens with respect to their right to remain in the United Kingdom, including their right to entry, permanent residence, and access to work and social welfare. Drawing on interview data collected from 42 European Union nationals, namely Finnish and Polish migrants living in Scotland, we explore how European Union migrants’ decision-making and strategies for extending their stay in the United Kingdom, or returning to their country of origin, are shaped by and, in turn, shape their belonging and ties to their current place of residence and across state borders. In particular, we draw on the concept of embedding, which is used in migration studies to explain migration trajectories and decision-making. Our key argument is that more attention needs to be paid to the socio-political context within which migrants negotiate their embedding. To this end, we employ the term ‘politics of embedding’ to highlight the ways in which the embedding of non-British European Union citizens has been politicized and hierarchically structured in the United Kingdom after the Brexit referendum. By illustrating how the context of Brexit has changed how people evaluate their social and other attachments, and how their embedding is differentiated into ‘ties that bind’ and ‘ties that count’, we contribute to the emerging work on migration and Brexit, and specifically to the debate on how the politicization of migration shapes the sense of security on the one hand, and belonging, on the other.

scholarly journals Under Darwin’s Cosh? Neo-Aristotelian Thinking in Environmental Ethics

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
Michael Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
General Position ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Individual Human

As a first shot, one might say that environmental ethics is concerned distinctively with the moral relations that exist between, on the one hand, human beings and, on the other, the non-human natural environment. But this really is only a first shot. For example, one might be inclined to think that at least some components of the non-human natural environment (non-human animals, plants, species, forests, rivers, ecosystems, or whatever) have independent moral status, that is, are morally considerable in their own right, rather than being of moral interest only to the extent that they contribute to human well-being. If so, then one might be moved to claim that ethical matters involving the environment are best cashed out in terms of the dutes and responsibilities that human beings have to such components. If, however, one is inclined to deny independent moral status to the non-human natural environment or to any of its components, then one might be moved to claim that the ethical matters in question are exhaustively delineated by those moral relations existing between individual human beings, or between groups of human beings, in which the non-human natural environment figures. One key task for the environmental ethicist is to sort out which, if either, of these perspectives is the right one to adopt—as a general position or within particular contexts. I guess I don’t need to tell you that things get pretty complicated pretty quickly.

scholarly journals KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DAN PENGARUHNYA DALAM PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN PADA BADAN PEMBENTUKAN PERATURAN DAERAH DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DAERAH KABUPATEN TAKALAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
Muh. Said ◽  
Fatmawati Fatmawati ◽  
Lukman Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Changes in the environment experienced by organizations require organizations to make adjustments to answer all future challenges. The strength that must be possessed by the organization is to realize the concrete concept that becomes a tool to make changes. One of them is knowledge management, because knowledge management is an organizational activity that manages knowledge as an asset, wherein various strategies there is the right distribution of knowledge to the right people in a fast time until they interact with each other from various knowledge and apply it in daily work for performance improvement. Knowledge Management integration in the decision-making process can be interpreted as a structured and systematic process in acquiring, distributing, and utilizing knowledge to support the decision-making process. The position of knowledge management in decision making is between two poles of knowledge, namely tacit knowledge on the one hand and the utilization of explicit knowledge in decision making on the other. Explicit knowledge emphasizes the implicit role of knowledge management in influencing actors involved in decision making. Research design using quantitative methods. The instruments used in this study were questionnaires. The results showed that the implementation of Knowledge management has a positive effect on decision making in the Regional Development Agency of Takalar regency.

Building an Ethical Framework for Decision Making

2008 ◽  
pp. 22-40
Author(s):  
Joseph Kizza ◽  
Florence Migga Kizza
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Character Education ◽  
Ethics Education ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Good Decision ◽  
Living Dead ◽  
Human Autonomy ◽  
The Right ◽  
Rational Decisions

We closed the last chapter on a note about building a good ethical framework and its central role in securing the information infrastructure. A good ethical framework is essential for good decision making. Decision making is a staple for human beings. As we get more and more dependent on computer technology, we are slowly delegating the right to make rational decisions and the right to reason. In so doing, we are abdicating our responsibilities as human beings. Human autonomy, the human ability to make rational decisions, is the essence of life. If you cannot make personal decisions, based on the principle of duty of care, for your day-to-day living, you may as well be called the living dead. We are focusing on decision making in this chapter and how character education, that is ethics education, and codes of conduct help in creating an ethical framework essential for good decision making.

The Covert Administration of Medications: Legal and Ethical Complexities for Health Care Professionals

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Martina Munden
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Professional Codes ◽  
Professional Codes Of Ethics ◽  
The Right

The practice of covertly administering medications to patients without their consent is often discussed in the framework of legal questions around the right of patients to consent and refuse medical treatment. However, this practice also raises significant questions surrounding the professional duties and obligations of health care professionals as it relates to the decision-making process of whether to engage in the covert administration of medications. In this paper, I present an overview of the origin of those duties and obligations, and discuss how those duties and obligations when seen from different perspectives may either justify or prohibit the practice. Further, I discuss whether the duties and obligations of health care professionals as they are currently framed are suited to address the complexities of this issue both from the health care professional and patient perspectives. This analysis is conducted in the context of duties and obligations that arise from not only legal framework but also from the ethical requirements from professional codes of ethics.

scholarly journals An Effective System to Detect Fake Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2971-2975
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Web Based ◽  
User Reviews ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fake Reviews

Detection of spam review is an important operation for present e-commwebsites and apps.We address the issue on fake review detection in user reviews in e-commerce application, which wasimportant for implementing anti-opinion spam.First we analyze the characteristics of fake reviews and we apply the machine learning algorithms on that data. Spam or fake reviews of the itemsreducing the reliability of decision making and competitive analysis.The presence of fake reviews makes the customer cannot make the right decisions of sellers, which can also causes the goodwill of the platform decreased. There is a chance of leaving appraisals via web-based networking media systems whether states or harming by spammers on specific item, firm alongside their answers by recognizing these spammers just as in like manner spams so as to understand the assessments in the interpersonal organizations sites, we exist a stand-out structure called Netspam which uses spam highlights for demonstrating tribute datasets as heterogeneous subtleties systems to guide spam location treatment directly into gathering issue in such systems.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document