scholarly journals MACROMICROSCOPIC ARGUMENTATION OF THE PATHOGENETIC SCENARIO OF BABESIOSIS IN THE COORDINATE SYSTEM «PATHOGEN-CARRIER-RESERVOIR»

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-440
Author(s):  
Inna I. Torianyk
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Ixodes Ticks ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Susceptible Organism ◽  
Babesia Spp

The aim is to get a thorough argument for the babesiosis pathogenetic scenario in the coordinate system «pathogen (Babesia spp.) – carrier (ticks of the Ixodoidea superfamily of the Ixodidea family) – reservoir (a susceptible organism)» with the emphasis on the epizootic/epidemic role of the carrier. Materials and methods: The macromicroscopic method of research was used in order to maximize the clarification of the babesiosis scenario, its pathogenetic links, the connection of the latter with attacks of active stages of ixodes ticks, types of circulation of ontogenetic forms of Babesia spp. in the body of carriers and their inoculation of the pathogen into an organism susceptible to it. The use of this method helped to strengthen the diagnostic potential of the study, and increase the reliability of the results obtained. Taking this into consideration it was focused on the epizootological/epidemiological aspects of babesiosis, the role and significance of the most vulnerable epizootic link – Ixodes ticks on the body of the vertebrate provider (mammal), poikilomorphism, anisomorphy. The study of the monolithic idiosome and ticks salivary glands were carried out on activated (capable of attack) female individuals aged 2-3 months after molting. Ticks were dissected in a cool (t=4ºC) Ringer’s saline solution for arachnids. Ticks and prepared salivary glands were fixed in 12% formalin solution on 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH=7.0-7.2) at t=4oC for 3 hours, washed with the buffer, and fixed again for 1 hour (t=4oC). To achieve tonicity, sucrose was added to the fixatives and the washing medium. Dehydration occurred due to a battery of alcohols of increasing concentration and absolute acetone. Microspecimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin were studied using an Olympus BX-41 microscope (Japan). Results: Implementation of the leading stages of the babesiosis pathogenetic scenario is focused on the coordinate system «pathogen (Babesia spp.) − carrier (ticks of the Ixodoidea superfamily of the Ixodidea family) − reservoir (a susceptible organism)» in which carrier take the leading place. The macromicroscopic specificity of the structure of the ticks (variability: ability to aniso-, poikilomorphism) is an evidence-based criterion for pathogens inoculation to the macroorganism of warm-blooded vertebrates. It determines the features of circulation and organ/cellular locations of Babesia spp. (intestines and its epithelium, hemolymph, gonads, salivary glands). The species belonging of warm blooded vertebrates susceptible to babesiosis pathogens correlates with the species belonging of ticks and determines the tropicity of the latter. The simultaneous implementation of a complex of research procedures with the tick biological material samples is problematic taking into account the physical lack of material, which requires researchers to re-orient the diagnostic vector towards the use of additional methods for babesiosis diagnosing, including in vitro ones. Conclusions: In the pathogenetic scenario of babesiosis, the carrier (Ixodes ticks) is the central figure in the epidemic/epizootic coordinate system.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

scholarly journals Expression of Taste Receptor 2 Subtypes in Human Testis and Sperm

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Governini ◽  
Bianca Semplici ◽  
Valentina Pavone ◽  
Laura Crifasi ◽  
Camilla Marrocco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Taste Buds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Human Testis ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Organ Systems

Taste receptors (TASRs) are expressed not only in the oral cavity but also throughout the body, thus suggesting that they may play different roles in organ systems beyond the tongue. Recent studies showed the expression of several TASRs in mammalian testis and sperm, indicating an involvement of these receptors in male gametogenesis and fertility. This notion is supported by an impaired reproductive phenotype of mouse carrying targeted deletion of taste receptor genes, as well as by a significant correlation between human semen parameters and specific polymorphisms of taste receptor genes. To better understand the biological and thus clinical significance of these receptors for human reproduction, we analyzed the expression of several members of the TAS2Rs family of bitter receptors in human testis and in ejaculated sperm before and after in vitro selection and capacitation. Our results provide evidence for the expression of TAS2R genes, with TAS2R14 being the most expressed bitter receptor subtype in both testis tissue and sperm cells, respectively. In addition, it was observed that in vitro capacitation significantly affects both the expression and the subcellular localization of these receptors in isolated spermatozoa. Interestingly, α-gustducin and α-transducin, two Gα subunits expressed in taste buds on the tongue, are also expressed in human spermatozoa; moreover, a subcellular redistribution of both G protein α-subunits to different sub-compartments of sperm was registered upon in vitro capacitation. Finally, we shed light on the possible downstream transduction pathway initiated upon taste receptor activation in the male reproductive system. Performing ultrasensitive droplets digital PCR assays to quantify RNA copy numbers of a distinct gene, we found a significant correlation between the expression of TAS2Rs and TRPM5 (r = 0.87), the cation channel involved in bitter but also sweet and umami taste transduction in taste buds on the tongue. Even if further studies are needed to clarify the precise functional role of taste receptors for successful reproduction, the presented findings significantly extend our knowledge of the biological role of TAS2Rs for human male fertility.

scholarly journals The Role of Interleukin-18 in Serum and Follicular Fluid during In Vitro Fertilization and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Günther ◽  
Ibrahim Alkatout ◽  
Corinna Fuhs ◽  
Ali Salmassi ◽  
Liselotte Mettler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection ◽  
Ovarian Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interleukin 18 ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Median Level

Cytokines are key modulators of the immune system and play an important role in the ovarian cycle. IL-18 levels in serum and follicular fluid were analyzed in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment. The cohort study group consisted of 90 women, who were undergoing IVF or ICSI. The body mass index (BMI) was determined in all patients; IL-18 levels were measured in follicular fluid and serum. IL-18 levels in serum were significantly higher than those in follicular fluid. The median level in serum was 162.75 (80.21) pg/mL and that in follicular fluid, 138.24 (91.78) pg/mL. Women undergoing IVF treatment had lower IL-18 levels in serum (median, 151.19 (90.73) pg/mL) than those treated with ICSI (median, 163.57 (89.97) pg/mL). The correlation between IL-18 levels in serum and BMI was statistically significant, as well as the correlation between IL-18 levels in follicular fluid and ovarian stimulation response (p=0.003). IL-18 was correlated with the response to ovarian stimulation and was the reason for successful pregnancy after IVF or ICSI treatment. Among other cytokines, IL-18 appears to be a promising prognostic marker of success in reproductive treatment and should be evaluated as such in further prospective studies.

scholarly journals Selenium and vascular health

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Sneddon
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vascular Health ◽  
Vascular Cells ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Oxidative Challenge ◽  
Se Status

Selenium (Se) is an important dietary micronutrient required for sustaining optimal health. Se is incorporated into proteins, many of which are antioxidants that protect the body against oxidative damage. As oxidative damage may contribute to the development of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), Se has been proposed to provide a protective role against this disease. Studies in vitro and in animals continue to provide increasing insight into the role of Se in promoting vascular health and ameliorating CVD. Se within vascular cells limits the adhesion together of such cells, an important early step in the development of vascular disease. Organic forms of Se may also afford vascular cells greater protection against oxidative challenge compared to inorganic forms. Nevertheless, current studies in humans investigating the relationship between Se and CVD have so far proved equivocal; larger randomized trials with different Se exposures in populations spanning the broad physiological Se status are needed to determine the criteria whereby Se may influence CVD outcome within different populations. Further studies are also needed to explore the effects of different Se species and the role of different selenoprotein genotypes in modifying Se status and their resultant impact on cardiovascular function.

Murine cytomegalovirus – Pseudomonas synergistic infections: comparison of virulent and attenuated virus

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 923-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kournikakis ◽  
L. A. Babiuk
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Murine Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Viral Neutralization ◽  
Lymphatic Circulation ◽  
Pulmonary Clearance ◽  
Attenuated Virus

The synergistic interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and virulent or attenuated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) were compared in vivo. Virulent MCMV challenge at a dose of 5 × 105 pfu/mouse intraperitioneally, followed by intranasal superinfection with 5 × 106 cfu/mouse of Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 48 h resulted in greater than 80% mortality, apparently owing to a failure of pulmonary clearance mechanisms. Single infections, or the use of attenuated MCMV in synergistic infections, did not result in significant morbidity or mortality. Infection with virulent MCMV in vivo resulted in the rapid spread of virus to the lung, liver, and spleen, followed later by spread to the salivary glands. Attenuated virus was detected in salivary glands only. Virulent MCMV was more effective in adsorbing to, or infecting, spleen cells in vitro than attenuated virus. Viral neutralization experiments using anti-viral serum, rabbit complement, and anti-mouse IgG confirmed the presence of a nonneutralizing antibody on the surface of the virulent virus. Our results suggest that the presence of the nonneutralizing antibody on virulent MCMV allows the virus to preferentially infect, or adsorb to, Fc+ cells in the peritoneum. These cells may then carry the virus, via the lymphatic circulation, to other areas of the body, resulting in the replication of virus in multiple organs. Virus replication in the lung may, in part, be the cause of the observed suppression of pulmonary clearance.

Enzyme-Activities Associated With Salivary-Glands of the Froghopper Eoscarta-Carnifex (F) (Homoptera, Cercopoidae) - Possible Role of Salivary Catalase in Phytotoxicity

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Rodman ◽  
DJ Miller
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
New World ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Injury Response ◽  
Plant Peroxidase ◽  
Major Injury ◽  
Plant Injury

'Froghopper blight', systemic damage caused by an unidentified toxin in the saliva of various homopterans (superfamily Cercopoidea), is responsible for massive yield losses in many sugarcane-growing areas of the New World. The nature of the toxin remains unclear. In addition to lipases and several glycosidases, extracts of salivary glands of the Australian froghopper Eoscarta carnifex (F.) were found to contain high levels of catalase. The insect catalase was shown to inhibit plant peroxidase in vitro; peroxidases are induced by wounding and are central to many of the major injury responses of the plant. We hypothesise that the role of the salivary catalase in E. carnifex may be in scavenging peroxide, thus suppressing the plant injury response.

scholarly journals Integrated Bioinformatics Data Analysis and Experimental Studies Reveals Prognostic Significance of ALDH Family in Endometria Cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou-Tong Dai ◽  
Yuan Xiang ◽  
Xing-Hua Liao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mouse Tumor ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Uterine Corpus Endometrial Cancer (UCEC) is one of the three common malignant tumors of the female reproductive tract. According to reports, the cure rate of early UCEC can reach 95%. Therefore, the development of prognostic markers will help UCEC patients to find the disease earlier and develop treatment earlier. The ALDH family was first discovered to be the essential gene of the ethanol metabolism pathway in the body. Recent studies have shown that ALDH can participate in the regulation of cancer. Methods We used the gene profile data of 33 cancers in the TCGA database to analyze the expression and survival of the ALDH family. GO, KEGG, PPI multiple functional analysis was used to predict the regulatory role of ALDH family in cancer. In addition, using CCK-8, colony formation, nude mouse tumor formation and other methods, the in vitro function of UCEC cancer cell lines was tested to further confirm the key role of ALDH2 expression in the proliferation of UCEC cell lines. Finally, Lasso and Cox regression methods were used to establish an overall survival prognosis model based on ALDH2 expression. Result In our research, we explored the expression of ALDH family in 33 cancers. It was found that ALDH2 was abnormally expressed in UCEC. Besides, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to explore the effect of ALDH2 expression on the proliferation of UCEC cell lines. Meanwhile, the change of its expression is not due to gene mutations, but is regulated by miR-135-3p. At the same time, the impact of ALDH2 changes on the survival of UCEC patients is deeply discussed. Finally, a nomogram for predicting survival was constructed, with a C-index of 0.798 and AUC of 0.764. Conclusion This study suggests that ALDH2 may play a crucial role in UCEC progression and has the potential as a prognostic biomarker of UCEC.

Functional Role of Peptidergic Anterior Lobe Neurons in Male Sexual Behavior of the Snail Lymnaea stagnalis

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 2823-2833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela A.C.M. De Boer ◽  
Andries Ter Maat ◽  
Anton W. Pieneman ◽  
Roger P. Croll ◽  
Makoto Kurokawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Element ◽  
Male Sexual Behavior ◽  
Implanted Electrodes

De Boer, Pamela A.C.M., Andries Ter Maat, Anton W. Pieneman, Roger P. Croll, Makoto Kurokawa, and René F. Jansen. Functional role of peptidergic anterior lobe neurons in male sexual behavior of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2823–2833, 1997. A morphologically defined group of peptidergic neurons in the CNS of the hermaphroditic snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, is concerned with the control of a very specific element of male sexual behavior. These neurons are located in the anterior lobe of the right cerebral ganglion (rAL). By using chronically implanted electrodes, we show that the rAL neurons are selectively active during eversion of the penis-carrying structure, the preputium. The preputium is normally contained inside the body cavity and is everted during copulation in the male role. Electrical stimulation of the rAL neurons through the implanted electrodes, induced eversion of the preputium in vivo. Injection of APGWamide (Ala-Pro-Gly-Try-NH2), a small neuropeptide that is present in all rAL neurons, induced eversion of the preputium. Application of APGWamide to in vitro preparations of the preputium caused relaxation of this organ. In contrast, injection of the neuropeptide conopressin, which is co-localized with APGWamide in 60% of the rAL neurons, did not induce any behavior associated with male sexual activities. These results show that the neurons of the rAL can induce an eversion of the preputium as occurs during male copulation by release of APGWamide during a period of electrical activity.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF A NATURAL ANTIBODY IN THE REJECTION OF MOUSE TUMOR CELLS BY THE CHICK EMBRYO

1957 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Green ◽  
Allan L. Lorincz
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mouse Tumor ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Viable Tumor

Cells of the Krebs ascites tumor of mice grow well in the body of the chick embryo until about the 17th day of incubation, when degeneration of the tumor can be seen in tissue sections and viable tumor cells begin to disappear from the internal organs of the embryo. This death of tumor cells follows the appearance in the chick embryo of serum gamma globulins. Among these are antibodies which can agglutinate the tumor cells in vitro, and destroy their viability. These antibodies occur in the blood without the introduction of any foreign antigen. Their possible origin is discussed. Small numbers of mouse tumor cells growing in the chick embryo are completely eliminated shortly after the time when antibodies ordinarily become detectable. When the number of cells present is larger, viable cells persist longer, and at still higher cell numbers, the embryo or chick is unable to eliminate the tumor, and is itself killed by it. Gamma globulins of older birds injected into young chick embryos bearing growing tumor clear the embryonic organs of viable tumor cells.

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