scholarly journals Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Diagnosed at the Avian Clinic, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria: A retrospective survey

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Vaccination History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Single Vaccination ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Negative Sense ◽  
Poor Management

Introduction: Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease of birds caused by a negative sense single-stranded RNA virus known as the Newcastle disease virus. It is a disease of almost all species of domestic and wild birds with devastating impacts on poultry health and production. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ND within species, breeds, age and vaccination history from the period of 2014-2018. Methods: A five- year retrospective study (2014-2018) of cases of poultry diseases diagnosed at the Avian Clinic of Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Ahmadu Bello University (A.B.U), Zaria, Nigeria was conducted, the prevalence of ND within species, breeds, age and vaccination history was determined. Case records file were collected, studied, and clinically diagnosed cases of ND were extracted. Results: It was observed that of the 1,768 poultry cases presented, 754 (42.6%) were confirmed as ND. Most cases were recorded in chickens 710 (40.2%). The prevalence was highest in the improved breed 670 (37.9%) while the local and unknown breeds had prevalence of 4 (0.2%) and 80 (4.5%) respectively. Birds within 8-13 weeks of age had the highest prevalence of 276 (15.4%) while the lowest prevalence of 19 (1.1%) was recorded in birds of unknown ages. Birds with history of incomplete vaccination (single vaccination) had the highest prevalence of 232 (13.1%), while those with complete vaccination history (three rounds of vaccination) had the lowest prevalence of 50 (2.8%). Significance: Poor management practices and improper knowledge of vaccination by the poultry handlers may be responsible for the prevalence pattern of ND recorded. Adequate biosecurity measures and routine vaccination are recommended to minimize the outbreak of ND.

scholarly journals The Segment Matters: Probable Reassortment of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) Complicates Phylogenetic Analysis and Inference of Geographical Origin of New Isolate from Bangladesh

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique L. Chaput ◽  
David Bass ◽  
Md. Mehedi Alam ◽  
Neaz Al Hasan ◽  
Grant D. Stentiford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
South American ◽  
Reassortment Event ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Whole Genomes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Negative Sense

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), a negative sense RNA virus with a 10 segment genome, is an emerging threat to tilapia aquaculture worldwide, with outbreaks causing over 90% mortality reported on several continents since 2014. Following a severe tilapia mortality event in July 2017, we confirmed the presence of TiLV in Bangladesh and obtained the near-complete genome of this isolate, BD-2017. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated 10 segment coding regions placed BD-2017 in a clade with the two isolates from Thailand, separate from the Israeli and South American isolates. However, phylogenetic analysis of individual segments gave conflicting results, sometimes clustering BD-2017 with one of the Israeli isolates, and splitting pairs of isolates from the same region. By comparing patterns of topological difference among segments of quartets of isolates, we showed that TiLV likely has a history of reassortment. Segments 5 and 6, in particular, appear to have undergone a relatively recent reassortment event involving Ecuador isolate EC-2012 and Israel isolate Til-4-2011. The phylogeny of TiLV isolates therefore depends on the segment sequenced. Our findings illustrate the need to exercise caution when using phylogenetic analysis to infer geographic origin and track the movement of TiLV, and we recommend using whole genomes wherever possible.

scholarly journals A review on Schmallenberg virus infection: a newly emerging disease of cattle, sheep and goats

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 516-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
RVS Pawaiya ◽  
VK Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Emerging Disease ◽  
Schmallenberg Virus ◽  
Future Scenario ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Bunyaviridae Family ◽  
And Control ◽  
Negative Sense

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection is an emerging infectious disease of ruminants first described in Germany in November, 2011. Since then it has spread very rapidly to several European countries. The disease is characterised by fever, reduced milk production and diarrhoea in cattle and abortions, stillbirths and foetal abnormalities in sheep and goats. SBV is an enveloped, negative-sense, segmented, single-stranded RNA virus, classified in the genus Orthobunyavirus of the Bunyaviridae family, and is closely related to Akabane, Ainoa and Shamonda viruses. As of now there is no vaccine available for SBV, which poses a serious threat to naive ruminant population. Owing to its recent discovery, our understanding of Schmallenberg viral disease and its pathology and pathogenesis is limited. This article reviews the data reported so far on this emerging disease with regard to aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis and control and discusses the future scenario and implications of the disease.

scholarly journals Retrospective Study of Newcastle Disease Cases Diagnosed at the ‎Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
S. M. Muhammed ◽  
M. A. Usman ◽  
N. A. Sani ◽  
S. Y. Idris ◽  
A. M. Wakawa
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Case Record ◽  
Annual Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Newcastle Disease (ND) is a contagious viral disease of birds affecting many domestic and wild avian species. Even though vaccines and vaccination schedules are currently being employed in the prevention of the disease, prevention and control are still a problem in the poultry industry. This study was conducted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Ahmadu Bello University (A.B.U), Zaria and the aim was to determine the monthly, yearly and seasonal prevalence of ND diagnosed in the Avian Clinic of the VTH, A.B.U., Zaria. Case record files were collected, studied, and clinically diagnosed cases of ND for five years (2014-2018) were extracted. Diagnosis of ND was by history of the case, clinical findings and post mortem lesions observed. Results showed that out of 1,768 cases of poultry presented, 42.6% (754 cases) were confirmed via necropsy findings as ND. The highest number of cases of the disease was in June having a prevalence of 4.98% followed by March with a prevalence of 4.64% and July with a prevalence of 4.47%. The annual prevalence was highest in 2014 (14.82%). The cases of ND were observed to be higher in the pre-rainy season (April to June) with a prevalence of 12.33%. The environmental stress condition of these periods of the year was likely to be the main reason that potentiate and worsen the occurrence of ND at these periods. Also, stress condition suppresses the immune system of birds making them more susceptible to infection leading to an outbreak of disease. It is recommended to administer anti-stress before these periods in order to protect the birds from the disease.

scholarly journals Epizootiological and diagnostic significance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome control

2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biljana Radojicic ◽  
Bosiljka Djuricic ◽  
M. Gagrcn
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
Almost All

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a new viral disease in swine, designated exclusively under the acronym PRRS by the European Commission in 1991. The cause of this disease was isolated and determined in 1991 at the Lelystad Institute in The Netherlands as Lelystad aretrivirus. The PRRSV is an RNA virus of the order Nidovirales, the family Arteriviridae, the genus Arterivirus (Cavanaugh, 1997). Different genomic and pheriotypic varieties of the virus are significant. It is replicated in macrophages, it induces permanent viraemia, causes the creation of antibodies, and leads to persistent and latent infections. It is isolated from tonsil tissue, alveolar macrophages, the uterus, and fetal homogenate composed of different tissues (Wills et al., 1997). All production categories of swine can contract PRRS, but pregnant sows, suckling piglets and fattening swine are considered endangered categories. Morbidity and mortapty is between 8-80%, which also depends on the animal category. Economic damages are substantial when one considers the high percentage of still-born piglets, mummified fetuses and suckling piglets. Irregular successive cycles in sows are also expressed. In fattening swine, in addition to a respiratory form of the clinical picture, the time period until animals reach abattoir weight is extended even up to 30 days, which is also a considerable economic loss. Costs of treating possible secondary bacterial infections, diagnostics and immunoprophylaxis are not negligible. The OIE placed PRRS on the B list in 1992 as a contagious disease of swine which incurs economic losses in almost all countries of the world. Diagnosis is made by isolating and determining the virus and/or by serodiagnostics (ELISA and PCR). Certain countries have already made up protocols for the implementation of constant diagnostics and suggested eradication measures (Dee S.A. et al., 2000). In our country, the first clinical cases of PRRS were recorded in Herceg Novi in 1998 (Radojicic Biljana et al., 2002). It is our opinion that the implementation of PRRS diagnostics must begin in our country as well, especially since the disease has a clinical picture which is similar to swine plague, so that wrong diagnoses are possible.

CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Shmatko ◽  
O. B. Bondar
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disorders ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Speech Impairment ◽  
Heart Attacks ◽  
Progressive Respiratory Failure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection

COVID−19 is an acute respiratory viral disease caused by the RNA virus of the SARS−CoV−2 (2019 nCoV) coronavirus family and can have both mild course in the form of acute respiratory viral infection and severe one with frequent complications such as pneumonia, thrombosis, cerebrovascular disorders and high mortality. Hypoxia of the brain and spinal cord is associated with impaired gas exchange in the pulmonary alveoli, progressive respiratory failure with subsequent decompensation of function and structural damage to all organs and systems. Neurological disorders in COVID−19, observed in almost a half of patients, can be divided into three groups: manifestations of the central nervous system, lesions of the peripheral nervous system, myopathy. In order to study the lesion of the nervous system in patients with COVID−19, a history of acute cerebrovascular disorders and clinical picture of stroke without the emergence of new foci in neuroimaging, three clinical cases were analyzed. All patients complained of speech impairment, disorientation in time and space, numbness and weakness in the extremities on the background of acute cerebrovascular accident in the anamnesis, accompanied by general weakness and fever to subfebrile figures. COVID−19 pneumonia was observed during computed tomography of the lungs. However, during neuroimaging new foci of infarction were not identified. Thus, given the lack of new foci of infarction during neuroimaging, lack of hypercoagulation and cardiac causes, it can be concluded that focal symptoms in patients with COVID−19 with a history of stroke cause hypoxia of brain cells in the area around the necrotic foci resulted from previous heart attacks. Key words: nervous system, lesions, COVID−19, coronaviruses, encephalopathy, hypoxia.

From the Tower of London to the Thomas More Society of Buenos Aires: “Give me thy grace, good Lord, to set the world at nought”

Moreana ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (Number 164) (4) ◽  
pp. 187-206
Author(s):  
Clare M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Short History ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Tower Of London ◽  
Hebrew Poetry ◽  
Prayer Book ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Book Of Hours ◽  
Almost All

The Thomas More Society of Buenos Aires begins or ends almost all its events by reciting in both English and Spanish a prayer written by More in the margins of his Book of Hours probably while he was a prisoner in the Tower of London. After a short history of what is called Thomas More’s Prayer Book, the author studies the prayer as a poem written in the form of a psalm according to the structure of Hebrew poetry, and looks at the poem’s content as a psalm of lament.

scholarly journals An Emulation of Randomized Trials of Administrating Antipsychotics in PTSD Patients for Outcomes of Suicide-Related Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Noah R. Delapaz ◽  
William K. Hor ◽  
Michael Gilbert ◽  
Andrew D. La ◽  
Feiran Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
P Value ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent mental disorder marked by psychological and behavioral changes. Currently, there is no consensus of preferred antipsychotics to be used for the treatment of PTSD. We aim to discover whether certain antipsychotics have decreased suicide risk in the PTSD population, as these patients may be at higher risk. A total of 38,807 patients were identified with a diagnosis of PTSD through the ICD9 or ICD10 codes from January 2004 to October 2019. An emulation of randomized clinical trials was conducted to compare the outcomes of suicide-related events (SREs) among PTSD patients who ever used one of eight individual antipsychotics after the diagnosis of PTSD. Exclusion criteria included patients with a history of SREs and a previous history of antipsychotic use within one year before enrollment. Eligible individuals were assigned to a treatment group according to the antipsychotic initiated and followed until stopping current treatment, switching to another same class of drugs, death, or loss to follow up. The primary outcome was to identify the frequency of SREs associated with each antipsychotic. SREs were defined as ideation, attempts, and death by suicide. Pooled logistic regression methods with the Firth option were conducted to compare two drugs for their outcomes using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The results were adjusted for baseline characteristics and post-baseline, time-varying confounders. A total of 5294 patients were eligible for enrollment with an average follow up of 7.86 months. A total of 157 SREs were recorded throughout this study. Lurasidone showed a statistically significant decrease in SREs when compared head to head to almost all the other antipsychotics: aripiprazole, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone (p < 0.0001 and false discovery rate-adjusted p value < 0.0004). In addition, olanzapine was associated with higher SREs than quetiapine and risperidone, and ziprasidone was associated with higher SREs than risperidone. The results of this study suggest that certain antipsychotics may put individuals within the PTSD population at an increased risk of SREs, and that careful consideration may need to be taken when prescribed.

Do Deeper Levels of Cervical Biopsies Preceded by a Pap Smear Diagnosis of LSIL, ASCUS, or NILM/HPV+ Increase the Yield of Identifying Clinically Significant Lesions?

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S163-S164
Author(s):  
K G Manjee ◽  
W G Watkin
Keyword(s):  
Pap Smear ◽  
Past History ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Cervical Biopsy ◽  
P16 Immunohistochemistry ◽  
Hpv Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Introduction/Objective Cervical biopsy is performed following an abnormal pap smear or positive HPV testing in an attempt to uncover clinically significant lesions [HSIL/invasive carcinoma (HSIL+)]. An excisional procedure is considered if biopsy confirms HSIL+. When preceded by pap smear of LSIL, ASCUS, NILM/HPV+ or persistent HPV, continued surveillance is recommended for biopsies showing no SIL or LSIL. In our laboratory, cervical biopsies are routinely sectioned at 3 levels. Deeper levels are often ordered when initial sections are non-diagnostic. p16 immunohistochemistry, with or without deeper levels, is often ordered to confirm HSIL, or to differentiate HSIL from mimics. In this study, we examine whether and in what clinical situations does obtaining additional levels uncover clinically significant lesions. Methods 430 cervical biopsies between January-May 2018, with recent cytology of LSIL, ASCUS or NILM/HPV+ were identified in the pathology database. HPV status (if known), final biopsy diagnosis and past history of LSIL/HSIL were recorded. For each biopsy, orders for additional levels and/or p16 immunohistochemistry were recorded resulting in 4 categories: C1-no additional levels or p16, C2-deeper only, C3-deeper+p16 and C4-p16 only. Final diagnoses were divided into HSIL+, LSIL and no SIL. Results There was no significant difference in prior history of LSIL/HSIL and HPV status between all categories. Biopsy results were as follows: HSIL+: 11/222 (5%) C1; 1/78 (1%) C2; 7/43 (16%) C3; 15/87 (17%) C4 LSIL: 91/222 (41%) C1; 7/78 (9%) C2; 16/43 (37%) C3; 35/87 (40%) C4 No SIL: 120/222 (54%) C1; 70/78 (90%) C2; 20/43 (46%) C3; 37/87 (42%) C4 The average number of additional levels in C2 and C3 was 3.8 and 1.8, respectively. Conclusion Deeper levels alone did not enhance the detection of HSIL+. Almost all LSIL/HSIL were detected when initial levels were diagnostic or suspicious and supported by p16 immunohistochemistry. 3 levels are adequate to detect clinically significant lesions.

scholarly journals Thymic transcriptome analysis after Newcastle disease virus inoculation in chickens and the influence of host small RNAs on NDV replication

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangxing Guo ◽  
Zhaokun Mu ◽  
Furong Nie ◽  
Xuanniu Chang ◽  
Haitao Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Chicken Thymus ◽  
Innate Immune Genes

AbstractNewcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a contagious viral disease affecting various birds and poultry worldwide. In this project, differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs were identified by high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) in chicken thymus at 24, 48, 72 or 96 h post LaSota NDV vaccine injection versus pre-inoculation group. The vital terms or pathways enriched by vaccine-influenced genes were tested through KEGG and GO analysis. DE genes implicated in innate immunity were preliminarily screened out through GO, InnateDB and Reactome Pathway databases. The interaction networks of DE innate immune genes were established by STRING website. Considering the high expression of gga-miR-6631-5p across all the four time points, DE circRNAs or mRNAs with the possibility to bind to gga-miR-6631-5p were screened out. Among DE genes that had the probability to interact with gga-miR-6631-5p, 7 genes were found to be related to innate immunity. Furthermore, gga-miR-6631-5p promoted LaSota NDV replication by targeting insulin induced gene 1 (INSIG1) in DF-1 chicken fibroblast cells. Taken together, our data provided the comprehensive information about molecular responses to NDV LaSota vaccine in Chinese Partridge Shank Chickens and elucidated the vital roles of gga-miR-6631-5p/INSIG1 axis in LaSota NDV replication.

scholarly journals Virome composition in marine fish revealed by meta-transcriptomics

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jemma L Geoghegan ◽  
Francesca Di Giallonardo ◽  
Michelle Wille ◽  
Ayda Susana Ortiz-Baez ◽  
Vincenzo A Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Fish Diet ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Ideal Model System ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Fish Hosts ◽  
Negative Sense

Abstract Revealing the determinants of virome composition is central to placing disease emergence in a broader evolutionary context. Fish are the most species-rich group of vertebrates and so provide an ideal model system to study the factors that shape virome compositions and their evolution. We characterized the viromes of nineteen wild-caught species of marine fish using total RNA sequencing (meta-transcriptomics) combined with analyses of sequence and protein structural homology to identify divergent viruses that often evade characterization. From this, we identified twenty-five new vertebrate-associated viruses and a further twenty-two viruses likely associated with fish diet or their microbiomes. The vertebrate-associated viruses identified here included the first fish virus in the Matonaviridae (single-strand, negative-sense RNA virus). Other viruses fell within the Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Arenaviridae, Reoviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Hantaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae, and were sometimes phylogenetically distinct from known fish viruses. We also show how key metrics of virome composition—viral richness, abundance, and diversity—can be analysed along with host ecological and biological factors as a means to understand virus ecology. Accordingly, these data suggest that that the vertebrate-associated viromes of the fish sampled here are predominantly shaped by the phylogenetic history (i.e. taxonomic order) of their hosts, along with several biological factors including water temperature, habitat depth, community diversity and swimming behaviour. No such correlations were found for viruses associated with porifera, molluscs, arthropods, fungi, and algae, that are unlikely to replicate in fish hosts. Overall, these data indicate that fish harbour particularly large and complex viromes and the vast majority of fish viromes are undescribed.

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