scholarly journals TARSKY DISTRICT AND HIS EMPLOYEES IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE XVIII CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
V. D. Puzanov
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Social Group ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social World ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Privileged Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Town

The article examines the situation of Tara uyezd and service people who lived in the town of Tara in the first third of the 18th century. The research relies on such archival materials as responses of officials of Tara uyezd who completed to Prof. G.F. Miller’s questionnaire, books and tables of Siberian prikaz on the servitors in Siberia, and materials from the Senate fund. The article provides data on the town of Tara and Tara uyezd in the 1730s. Tara had a near-border position. A large Oirat state -Dzungar Khanate - was located to the south of Tara, and noble Oirat nomads collected tribute from the Turkic population of the uyezd. The reforms of Peter I made profound changes in the social world of Siberia. In the first third of the 18th century, the composition of the uyezd’s population was significantly altered. A new social group raznochintsy was formed of the relatives of servitors and clergy, and a large part of Tara’s service people were transferred to the garrison regiments of Siberia and the Orenburg governorate. The conflict between Tara’s horse Cossacks and captain Yakov Cheredov is indicative and important for understanding the service in favor of the state at that time. The Cheredovs were a deep-rooted clan of Russian service people who had lived in Tara since its founding. The Cheredovs held a number of important offices in Tara, and many of them became Boyar scions and nobles. After the 1722 Tara Rebellion, in which the Cheredovs played a significant role, they lost their privileged position and became raznochintsy . The ‘old’ service people who were nobles, Boyar scions and Cossacks remained the main military force in Siberian uyezds after the reforms. However, their dependence on the state increased. New garrison regiments in the region were formed in the 1730s, mostly of ‘old’ service people.

The social uses of the law at a Soweto garbage dump: Reclaiming the law and the state in the informal economy

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Samson
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Social World ◽  
The State ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Critical Legal Theory ◽  
The Law ◽  
Social Uses

The informal economy is typically understood as being outside the law. However, this article develops the concept ‘social uses of the law’ to interrogate how informal workers understand, engage and deploy the law, facilitating the development of more nuanced theorizations of both the informal economy and the law. The article explores how a legal victory over the Johannesburg Council by reclaimers of reusable and recyclable materials at the Marie Louise landfill in Soweto, South Africa shaped their subjectivities and became bound up in struggles between reclaimers at the dump. Engaging with critical legal theory, the author argues that in a social world where most people do not read, understand, or cite court rulings, the ‘social uses of the law’ can be of greater import than the actual judgement. This does not, however, render the state absent, as the assertion that the court sanctioned particular claims and rights is central to the reclaimers’ social uses of the law. Through the social uses of the law, these reclaimers force us to consider how and why the law, one of the cornerstones of state formation, cannot be separated from the informal ways it is understood and deployed. The article concludes by sketching a research agenda that can assist in developing a more relational understanding of the law and the informal economy.

scholarly journals Escolas, catequese e trabalho de índios aldeados nas Minas Gerais (século XVIII)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Adriano Toledo Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The State ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
The Social ◽  
Colonial Frontier

Este artigo é uma tentativa de entender as relações sociais e de poder na construção de uma escola nos sertões do Rio Doce (Cuieté). Estudamos os processos de instituição do Estado na fronteira colonial, especialmente na gestão da força de trabalho dos povos indígenas. Problematizamos a construção de uma escola sobre os domínios indígenas, avaliando a configuração deste espaço, assim como os conflitos e identidades inerentes a este processo. O principal objetivo de nossos estudos é resgatar a historicidade dos povos conquistados em meio às representações e ações dos empreendimentos de conquista.Schools, catechesis and indigenous work in Minas Gerais (18th century). This article is an attempt to understand the social and power relationships in the construction of a school in the “sertões do Rio Doce” (Cuieté) ("hinterland of river Doce"). We studied the processes of institutionalization of the State in the colonial frontier, especially in the management of the indigenous workforce. We problematized the construction of a school in the indigenous domains, assessing the arrangement of this area, as well as conflicts and identities inherent to this process. The main purpose of this research is to retrieve the historicity of the colonized people amid the representations and actions of the ventures of conquest. Keywords: Indigenous school; Indigenous peoples; Brazil Colonial.

Disrupting Sovereignty: Deleuze and Guattari on the War Machine

2019 ◽  
pp. 93-118
Author(s):  
Gavin Rae
Keyword(s):  
Gilles Deleuze ◽  
Social World ◽  
The State ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Deleuze And Guattari ◽  
Ontological Difference ◽  
Radical Critique ◽  
The Social ◽  
War Machine ◽  
Moving Fluid

This chapter engages with Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s analysis of the war machine, suggesting that it contradicts Arendt’s analysis and offers the most radical critique within the radical-juridical paradigm. Premised on the notion that we must rethink sovereignty from ontological difference rather than unity, Deleuze and Guattari radically undermine the indivisibility that defines the classic-juridical conception. Far from being located in one individual or point, sovereignty is always tied to the State, which is a multiplicity that expresses the constantly moving, fluid, and dynamic field of difference. By thinking the social world in terms of heterogeneity, Deleuze and Guattari undermine the hierarchical conception of sovereignty underpinning the classic-juridical model, but continue to implicitly insist that State sovereignty is tied to the maintenance of juridical order; an order that is always threatened by or in conflict with the war machine that disrupts it. As a consequence, they conclude that sovereign order is always far more unstable and disordered than it appears to be.

The Fiscal Component of Revolution: An Essay in Fiscal Sociology

1947 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Karl Mann
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Political Sociology ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Privileged Position ◽  
Fiscal Sociology ◽  
Complete Exclusion

Throughout history, the control of public funds has been considered a cornerstone of political power. If it is true that all societies, from die dawn of civilizations to the present, have been divided into two classes, one that rules and the other that is ruled, it may be expected that the methods of raising and spending government money have been determined by one social group, generally a minority, to the complete or almost complete exclusion of the rest of the population. Such control would be intended to kill two birds with one stone, serving the direct purpose of administering the state and the indirect purpose of strengthening the privileged position of the governing group and thus prolonging their predominance. Yet studies in fiscal sociology are still in tlieir infancy. Because of their casual and hapo hazard character, they are not as yet a match for political sociology. Only during recent decades has a broader and more systematic approach been attempted.

scholarly journals Znaczenie uroczystości kultowych w życiu społecznym armii rzymskiej okresu pryncypatu w świetle Feriale duranum

Vox Patrum ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 273-286
Author(s):  
Tomasz Dziurdzik
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Free Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Communities

The aim of the present paper is to thoroughly reconstruct the meaning of the official cult ceremonies for the social life of the Roman Imperial army. Crucial to the analysis is the evidence produced by the Feriale Duranum, a papyrus docu­ment dating to the reign of Severus Alexander, but supported also by other sources. The matter of loyalty to the state and ruler is characteristic of most military ceremonies. Hierarchy and social order are emphasised as well, all four being values important for the military ideology. Participation in the same rites influ­enced the morale and esprit de corps not only in a particular unit, but also within the whole army. Therefore one can view the rites as an expression of a military identity, serving also to distinguish the soldiers as a separate social group. The of­ficial holidays were also of importance for the private life of a soldier, being one of few occasions when exemption from work and free time were granted. This made such ceremonies a welcome break from camp routine. As such, the official military religious rites were vital for the social life of both individual soldiers and military communities, be it units or even the whole army.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of the mechanism of addressing the needs of modern youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-68
Author(s):  
Yuliya Viktorovna Karavaeva ◽  
Svetlana Viktorovna Litvinova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Probability Assessment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Major Attention

This article presents the results of research of individual needs from the perspective of determination of the peculiarities of mechanism for their fulfillment. The author reviews needs of the youth as a complex dynamically changing social group. In analyzing the intentions of young people, major attention is given to the level of tension in the state of young people, probability assessment of accomplishment of desires and aspirations, dynamicity and elasticity of the needs. The research is conducted on the levels of person’s knowledge on how to achieve the goals, estimation of previous activity aimed at fulfilling the needs, frequency and degree of fulfilling the needs. The article presents sociological survey reflecting the desires and aspiration of youth of Lipetsk through determination of their currently relevant needs; it involved 451 persons aged from 16 to 35, for the period from December 2019 to February 2020. The key characteristic of intention and potential for fulfilling the needs of young people were identified. The acquired data were compared with the results of other sociological research. It is underlined that all characteristics are directly related to the living conditions and interconnected with each other. The author determine the external aspect, which manifests in the importance of actions oriented towards satisfaction of personal need and needs of others, as well as correspondence of the process of fulfilling the need to the social norms and traditions.

scholarly journals The Mountain as Mandala: Kūkai’s Founding of Mt. Kōya

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Bushelle
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
Social World ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Consideration ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Human Agent ◽  
The Social ◽  
Heian Court

This article considers the sociocultural significance of Kūkai’s understanding of Mt. Kōya as a mandala. Locating the context for his formulation of this understanding in his efforts to found Mt. Kōya in the mid-Kōnin era (809–823), it seeks to elucidate its disclosive function. The interpretation is put forward that Kūkai’s mandalic understanding of the mountains disclosed the possibility of a disembedded form of Buddhist life, one in which the human agent is understood to exist outside the social world of the Heian court and the divine cosmos on which it was believed to be grounded. Particular attention is paid to the sociopolitical effects of this disclosure, suggesting specifically that it contributed to the differentiation of religious authority from political power in Japan. To elucidate this process, Kūkai’s founding of Mt. Kōya is situated in a genealogy of monks who founded mountain temples that operated relatively autonomously vis-à-vis the state. Kūkai’s erstwhile collaborator, Saichō, is given special consideration.

scholarly journals “... And Their Mosques From Churches of God to Build in Distant Places”: to Qquestion of Formation of Interethnic and Interfaith Borders in Western Siberia in 18th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 512-536
Author(s):  
Z. A. Tychinskikh ◽  
S. R. Muratova
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Social Space ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Interfaith Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Subjective Factor ◽  
Holistic Perception ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

The process of building ethno-religious boundaries in the 18th century in the social space of Western Siberia is considered on the example of the provincial center — Tobolsk. The relevance of the study is due to the transformation of ethno-confessionalism from a cultural phenomenon into an instrument that can be used for political purposes in modern Russia. One of the methodological research tools is the method of analysis of the “new local history”, which allows you to create a holistic perception of the study of the social life of the past “at a local object”. The main stages of the state ethno-confessional policy in the 18th century are highlighted. The facts of the forced Christianization of Muslims are clarified. The authors draw attention to the role of the personal (subjective) factor in the processes under study. On the example of the activities of Metropolitan Sylvester Glovatsky and the governor F. I. Soimonov, the vector of the development of interfaith relations is considered, which often depends on the foresight and ideological attitudes of local authorities. Particular attention is paid to government decrees reflecting the position of the state in the ethno-religious sphere. The features are revealed and the main stages of the process of Christianization of Siberian Muslims during the 18th century are highlighted. The process of formation of interfaith boundaries in the multiethnic Siberian region is analyzed. The historiography of the topic under study is presented. 

Reinventing Hierarchy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Group ◽  
The State ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Private Land ◽  
The Social ◽  
Initial Settlement ◽  
State Authority ◽  
Land Cultivation ◽  
Over Time

By tracing the development of a single metropolitan banner family from the time of initial settlement to the end of the Qing, this chapter asks how the strategies used by individual families to survive and to expand their wealth shaped the social structure of Shuangcheng. It shows that, over time, some capable metropolitan banner households accumulated large amounts of land through private land cultivation and land sales. Moreover, because they lacked the support of a powerful kinship organization, metropolitan banner families acted collectively to negotiate with the state authority for their benefits. By the end of 1870s, wealth accumulation has transformed metropolitan bannermen from a state-defined population category to a powerful and wealthy social group in Shuangcheng society.

L’exil, une reinterpretation de la reforme radicale au XXe siecle

Moreana ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (Number 171- (3-4) ◽  
pp. 72-86
Author(s):  
Frédéric de Coninck
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Group ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Life Choices ◽  
The Social ◽  
Radical Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Subject

The social configuration of exile means the minority presence of a social group that builds a different lifestyle and different beliefs from the majority while coexisting with that majority in the same place. This configuration, valued in a surprising way, in the Jewish prophetism of the exile period, has long faced strong oppositions. The Christendom society wanted, from this point of view, a homogeneous society. The Reformation has produced divisions, but has not destroyed, as a first step, the local uniformity of convictions and life choices. The radical Reformation, which has valued, from 1523, individual choice against a religion imposed or controlled by the state had all the attributes needed to conceive itself as living in a position of exile. This has not been the case. The pressure for social homogeneity was too strong at the time. It was not before the twentieth century, when rereading the legacy of the radical Reformation in the context of an increasingly fragmented society, that the subject was finally raised.

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