scholarly journals “Letters from the trans-ural steppe” by Sultan Mendali Piraliev: an unofficial point of view of a russian official on imperial policy in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Gorbunova V. Svetlana
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Border Line ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article is devoted to the analysis of V. V. Grigoriev's views on Russian policy in the Kazakh Hordes. The interrelations with the Central Asia was not the primary one in the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the 18th first half of the 19th centuries. Therefore, the central authorities entrusted managing the Kazakhs to the Orenburg governor and the Orenburg border commission. The Orenburg and Omsk officials not only implemented Russian policy in this region, but also exerted a strong influence on its formation and took part in the development of the most normative acts in the Steppe management. Therefore, the views of local officials are of interest for understanding the Central Asian policy of the Russian Empire, the peculiarities of relations with the Kazakhs and their management. V.V. Grigoriev, who held the important post of chairman of the Orenburg Border Commission, preferred to declare his position in the form of letters from the imaginary Kazakh sultan Mendali Piraliev, because thus as we can assume his ideas got more weight and he could have felt free in describing the policy of the Russian authorities in the Kazakh Hordes. This policy, according to V.V. Grigoriev, was erroneous, because it did not take into account the mentality of an Eastern person and was based not on justice, but on excessive indulgence. That is why the Russian administration could not cope even with the attacks of the Kazakhs on Russian villages and the border line that had been erected to separate the Kazakhs after their taking citizenship. V.V. Grigoriev, who headed the Orenburg border commission in the 50s and early 60s. XIX century, the period of the Kazakh steppe future fate determination, perhaps expected to strengthen the positions of supporters of the incorporation of Kazakhs into the general imperial political and legal space by publishing his polemical Letters.

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Unification of Germany in 1871

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Khorosheva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Dependence ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Grand Duchy

Based on published sources, as well as documents from the Archive of the Foreign policy of the Russian Empire, introduced into scientific use for the first time, the article relates the place of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg during the Unification of Germany. The author analyses the attitude of European states — Prussia, France, Belgium and especially the attention of Russia — toward Luxembourg during the crises of 1867 and after the neutralization of Grand Duchy. Studying German policy over the XIX century in regard to Luxembourg, the author comes to the conclusion that economic dependence from Germany determined future foreign orientation of Grand Duchy.

THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY -THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE COLONIES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY(on the example of the Central Asian region )

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Zarnigor Z. Qodirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article provides information on the organization of Russian-system schools by the Russian Empire, the implementation of several works aimed at ensuring the literacy of spiritual and educational, religious and secular knowledge of the local population, women and girls, as well as the creation of an educational system aimed at russifying the local population and broadening Russian culture in the region. From the very beginning of the Soviet regime, it was shown that the main attention was paid to the issue of education of Muslim women and girls.Index Terms:primary education, otinoi, Russian-native schools, gymnasium, Muslim society, S. Yenikeeva, democracy, enlightenment, new methodological schools

SOME COMMENTS EARLY STAGES OF ENTRANCE OF ENGLISH AMBASSADORS AND TRADERS TO CENTRAL ASIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Ismail Kupaysinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Asian Region ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

This article analyzes the factors that led to the arrival of British ambassadors and merchants in the Central Asian region in the early XIX century, the attitude of the Russian Empire to the ambassadors' personal diaries, and historical sources

scholarly journals HISTORICAL BASES FOR AGGRESSIVE FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGY OF RUSSIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (127) ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Holovchenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
Official Position ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

Unprovoked armed aggression of Russia against Ukraine after victory of the Dignity Revolution in it and annexation of Crimea, kindling and financial and material support of separatist rebellions in the eastern regions of our country actualized analysis of international historical reasons of aggressive behavior of Russia, primarily regarding the former Soviet republics. Therefore, an attempt to look back this problem in the context of the medieval international relations in Central and Eastern Europe and the formation of autocratic ideology Grand Duchy of Moscow, Moscow kingdom and the Russian Empire was made in article. In view of that Rurik dynasty and related to them by women Romanovs had the beginnings from rulers of Kyivan Rus, Moscow grand dukes, kings and Petersburg emperors saw all the lands, that once belonged to it (mainly Ukrainian), as part of their historical heritage. Joining and later incorporation of Ukraine into the Russian Empire, from their point of view, was like returning of lost once patrimony. And the fact that Ukrainian and Belorussian lands formerly were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Rus and Rzeczpospolita, or had their own political autonomy and time to develop a separate cultural, religious and public-political tradition, was seen as distortions caused by ostensibly forced distancing of these countries from the king. Leading Moscow and St. Petersburg intellectuals both conservative and liberal-democratic were able and can to argue about the nature of Russian nationality, but they never had the slightest doubt as to «russkost» of Ukrainian, Belarusian and Baltic lands. This view completely coincides with the official position of the Russian autocracy and is now the basis for the foreign policy strategy of Vladimir Putin.

scholarly journals Contemporaries’ memoirs about N.V. Charykov’s diplomatic activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Oleg Alexandrovich Chernov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Subjective Approach ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article focuses on N.V. Charykov, who was an outstanding Russian diplomat who played an important role in Russias foreign policy. His activity is reflected in many official documents. However, they not fully represent his interaction with other civil servants of the Russian empire, and, consequently, do not reflect in full the atmosphere in which the diplomat worked. At the same time, autobiographical sources containing a subjective approach by definition are not capable of giving objective characteristic of his activity. We do not consider the memoirs of the diplomat himself, as our objective is to find out his contemporariess opinion of him. The considered memoirs can be classified in two basic types - diaries and memoirs. Diaries can be divided into two types - business and personal. The latter are much less informative than the former. A personal diary has an advantage over a business one from the point of view of the emotional colouring and to a certain degree reproduces attitudes of the individuals described. The memoirists line of activity is important. Diplomats memoirs contain a better weighed appraisal of the diplomats activity. The authors, who were not diplomats themselves, display their incompetence. The memoirs contain different, sometimes opposite assessment of the diplomats activity, that is another proof of their subjectivity. At the same time, they help to better understand the motives of N.V. Charykovs activity and the attitude of the milieu to him.

scholarly journals The Gypsies and Military Service in the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the 18th - First Half of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 838-850
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Shaidurov ◽  
Tadeush A. Novogrodsky
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ashkenazi Jews ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The complication of the national composition of the population due to new ethnic groups as well as incorporation of new territories into the Russian Empire were ones of the consequences of an active foreign policy in the XVIII - XIX century. The Poles, Jews, Gypsies, Finns, and many others needed to be incorporated into existing state, public, social institutions. Most of the activities carried out against, for example, the Jews or Gypsies, aimed at their violent adaptation. The tsarist administration made repeated attempts to persuade various groups of the gypsy population to a settled way of life under the aegis of combating vagrancy in the 1770s - 1820s. Their incorporation in the taxable urban and rural estates implied the imposition of state and district taxes and duties on them. This fully related to recruitment service in its natural or monetary form. But, the Gypsies, unlike Ashkenazi Jews, was not a united nation. This fact forced the government to take different approaches to their recruiting duties in different regions. In Crimea and Bessarabia, the Gypsies were an integral part of local communities. The authorities found it impossible to separate them, for example, from the Crimean Tatar Muslim societies. On this basis they were freed from recruitment same as the Tatars. But some militarized and military institutions (correctional troops of the engineering department, battalions of military cantonists) were used in a repressively educational spirit. If the first were supposed to stop the vagrancy of the Gypsies and promote their sedentary, the second were to contribute to the socialization of young Gypsies and make them useful members of society. This article for the first time in historiography raises the question of the attitude of the state towards the Gypsies of Russia from the point of view of military service. The article is written on the basis of published sources and unpublished documents from the central and regional archives, which are first introduced into scientific circulation.

scholarly journals AFGHANISTAN IN THE SPHERE OF TRADE INTERESTS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
V.N. Shkunov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Import Trade

The article is devoted to the problems of trade and economic rivalry between the Russian Empire and Great Britain in the first half of the XIX century, when the two powers were looking for adequate methods and forms of protecting their interests in Central Asia and Afghanistan. The author pays special attention to the problems of economic development and foreign trade of Afghanistan in the period under review. He examines the main objects of export and import, trade volumes, channels for the sale of goods, ethnic and confessional characteristics of merchants who participated in trade with Kabul. The role of the diplomatic service of Russia and Great Britain, travelers, scouts, merchants in collecting the necessary information about the situation in the Middle East is noted. The author focuses on the role and importance of the Central Asian khanates and merchants in promoting Russian goods to Afghanistan. The regional peculiarities of the organization of foreign trade are noted (by the example of Baloch).

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