Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Unification of Germany in 1871

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Khorosheva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Dependence ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Grand Duchy

Based on published sources, as well as documents from the Archive of the Foreign policy of the Russian Empire, introduced into scientific use for the first time, the article relates the place of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg during the Unification of Germany. The author analyses the attitude of European states — Prussia, France, Belgium and especially the attention of Russia — toward Luxembourg during the crises of 1867 and after the neutralization of Grand Duchy. Studying German policy over the XIX century in regard to Luxembourg, the author comes to the conclusion that economic dependence from Germany determined future foreign orientation of Grand Duchy.

scholarly journals FRIEDRICH BRAUELL: LIFE AND RESEARCH

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
M. V. Trushin
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Veterinary Science ◽  
Academic Degree ◽  
History Of ◽  
Veterinary School ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Russian Medical

The article, written on the basis of data from the Russian and European archives, is the most complete biography of the famous figure of the Russian medical and veterinary science of the middle of the XIX century Friedrich Brauell, one of the pioneers of anthrax research. The article describes in detail the period of formation of F. Brauell as a scientist – his education received in Germany, visit to the Russian Empire for service, confirmation of academic degree received at homeland. His first steps in the field of teaching and science at Kazan University are discussed in details, his efforts to create a collection of anatomical preparations are described. The main part of the article is devoted to his work in Derpat (Tartu) Veterinary School, where he fully revealed his talent as a major organizer of scientific and educational activities. Particular attention is paid to its study of the problem of anthrax and plague. In addition, the article deals with the issues of his personal life and family for the first time. Thus, the material contained in the article can be useful for scientists studying the history of medicine, infectious diseases and veterinary medicine.

scholarly journals Obedience to the law – more than bondage: Grand Duchy of Finland in Confrontation with the Russian Empire

2021 ◽  
pp. 421-427
Author(s):  
С.А. Экштут
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
Grand Duchy

Рецензия на сборник документов «Россия и независимость Финляндии: 1899–1920 гг.» (М.: «Политическая энциклопедия», 2021). В трех томах опубликовано 1358 документов (более 42% предстают перед читателем впервые) из ГА РФ, РГИА, РГАСПИ, РГАЭ, РГАВМФ, РГВА, из архивов МИДа ‒ АВПРИ и АВП РФ, Архива Президента Российской Федерации и Национального архива Финляндии. The article presents f review of the collection of documents "Russia and the independence of Finland: 1899-1920." (Moscow: "Political Encyclopedia", 2021). In three volumes, 1358 documents were published (more than 42% appear before the reader for the first time) from the State Archives of the Russian Federation, RGIA, RGASPI, RGAE, RGAVMF, RGVA, from the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - AVPRI and AVP RF, Archive of the President of the Russian Federation and the National Archives of Finland.

scholarly journals The Experience of the Constitutional Development in the Russian Empire on the Territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 64-66
Author(s):  
Valentina V. Naumkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Development ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Management Experience ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article considers the state policy in the field of constitutional legislation in the XIX century on certain territories of the Russian state. The expansion of the state’s territory led to the presence of a heterogeneous population in terms of socio-economic development, religious beliefs, and lifestyle. The purpose of this article is to highlight the features of constitutional development in Poland and Finland. The state policy was aimed at the gradual integration of Poland and Finland into national processes. In fact, the Russian Empire recognized the effect of existing norms. The existence of regional constitutions and its own system of government contributed to the development of autonomous territories. The privileges of the population of the new territories relieved political tension. Constitutional norms of regional acts and management experience were used in carrying out state reforms.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL BASES FOR AGGRESSIVE FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGY OF RUSSIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (127) ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Holovchenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
Official Position ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

Unprovoked armed aggression of Russia against Ukraine after victory of the Dignity Revolution in it and annexation of Crimea, kindling and financial and material support of separatist rebellions in the eastern regions of our country actualized analysis of international historical reasons of aggressive behavior of Russia, primarily regarding the former Soviet republics. Therefore, an attempt to look back this problem in the context of the medieval international relations in Central and Eastern Europe and the formation of autocratic ideology Grand Duchy of Moscow, Moscow kingdom and the Russian Empire was made in article. In view of that Rurik dynasty and related to them by women Romanovs had the beginnings from rulers of Kyivan Rus, Moscow grand dukes, kings and Petersburg emperors saw all the lands, that once belonged to it (mainly Ukrainian), as part of their historical heritage. Joining and later incorporation of Ukraine into the Russian Empire, from their point of view, was like returning of lost once patrimony. And the fact that Ukrainian and Belorussian lands formerly were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Rus and Rzeczpospolita, or had their own political autonomy and time to develop a separate cultural, religious and public-political tradition, was seen as distortions caused by ostensibly forced distancing of these countries from the king. Leading Moscow and St. Petersburg intellectuals both conservative and liberal-democratic were able and can to argue about the nature of Russian nationality, but they never had the slightest doubt as to «russkost» of Ukrainian, Belarusian and Baltic lands. This view completely coincides with the official position of the Russian autocracy and is now the basis for the foreign policy strategy of Vladimir Putin.

scholarly journals “Letters from the trans-ural steppe” by Sultan Mendali Piraliev: an unofficial point of view of a russian official on imperial policy in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Gorbunova V. Svetlana
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Border Line ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article is devoted to the analysis of V. V. Grigoriev's views on Russian policy in the Kazakh Hordes. The interrelations with the Central Asia was not the primary one in the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the 18th first half of the 19th centuries. Therefore, the central authorities entrusted managing the Kazakhs to the Orenburg governor and the Orenburg border commission. The Orenburg and Omsk officials not only implemented Russian policy in this region, but also exerted a strong influence on its formation and took part in the development of the most normative acts in the Steppe management. Therefore, the views of local officials are of interest for understanding the Central Asian policy of the Russian Empire, the peculiarities of relations with the Kazakhs and their management. V.V. Grigoriev, who held the important post of chairman of the Orenburg Border Commission, preferred to declare his position in the form of letters from the imaginary Kazakh sultan Mendali Piraliev, because thus as we can assume his ideas got more weight and he could have felt free in describing the policy of the Russian authorities in the Kazakh Hordes. This policy, according to V.V. Grigoriev, was erroneous, because it did not take into account the mentality of an Eastern person and was based not on justice, but on excessive indulgence. That is why the Russian administration could not cope even with the attacks of the Kazakhs on Russian villages and the border line that had been erected to separate the Kazakhs after their taking citizenship. V.V. Grigoriev, who headed the Orenburg border commission in the 50s and early 60s. XIX century, the period of the Kazakh steppe future fate determination, perhaps expected to strengthen the positions of supporters of the incorporation of Kazakhs into the general imperial political and legal space by publishing his polemical Letters.

scholarly journals Changes in Attitudes Towards Russia Among the Lithuanian-Polish Elite at the Turn of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Gintautas Sliesoriūnas
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article deals with the rise of the manifestation of servilism among the Polish-Lithuanian nobility in relation to Russia in the first quarter of the eighteenth century. Although the entire rule of Augustus II (1697–1733) is investigated in this study, the main attention is focused on the period after the 1719 Treaty of Vienna, when the King attempted to reduce his dependence on Russia, while the latter energetically began forming a clique of adherents among the Commonwealth’s noblemen to compromise royal policy. In this activity Russia was most successful among the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This work analyzes Russian diplomats’ methods, including bribery and intimidation. This research is based on documents from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals THE CASE OF THE COUNTERFEITER ADAM BOGUSZ (1868‒1870)

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Andrii Boiko-Haharin
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Original Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
High Degree ◽  
First Time

Summary. The purpose of the research is to introduce into the scientific circulation the history of the activity of the counterfeiter Adam Bogusz, who played a significant role in the financial sabotage of the British against Russian Empire during the second half of the XIX century. The research methodology is defined by a set of general scientific methods, citations of the archival materials are given in the original language. The scientific novelty is that for the first time the main stages and the result of the activity of the counterfeiter Adam Bogusz are fully covered. Conclusion. In the first quarter of the XIX century the increase of the number of detected counterfeit credit notes brought to the Russian Empire from Kingdom of Great Britain has seriously alarmed the authorities. The investigation has gradually gained a national level of importance. In the 1820s, the Russian authorities resorted to careful tracking of all Jews who went through the Kingdom of Poland and could potentially carrycounterfeit credit notes for spending them in Russia. Attempts to transport so-called "English" counterfeiting in Poland were also recorded across the border with Prussia, the appearance of such citizens with a high degree of authority and trust them fake Prussian documents. In October 28, 1868 the Governor of Warsaw received the report from the Chief of the Radzewski County on available credible records of a salesman who fabricated in London as early as 1864 fake ten Russian ruble credit notes by a Polish-born owner of an estate in Olganowo, Włocław County of Warsaw – Adam Bogusz, who was selling them in the Prussian province – the Grand Duchy of Poznan to the sheep traders. On January 11, 1870, the Warsaw Penitentiary Court sentenced the seller of the counterfeit banknotes – Adam Bogusz – to deprivation of all rights and freedoms and exile to Siberia for six years of hard labor. But he was not the only one whose case was notorious for investigating a financial subversive activity from London.

The origins of developing private civil cartography in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 948 (6) ◽  
pp. 54-64
Author(s):  
M.Yu. Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Structure ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Technical Revolution

In the middle of the XIX century in Russia there wasa boom of commercial or civil cartography. The author describes the reasons as well as the background for such a strong growth. The influence of the general political and economic situation in the Russian Empire on the appearance of the first privately-owned publishers of maps was considered in detail. The Depot of maps established in 1797 by Paul I, later (1812) rearranged into the Military Topographical Depot, monopolized all cartographic activities in Russia. The require for cartographic products among the civilian population, as well as the scarcity of funding from the treasury of issuing maps, forced the Military Topographical Depot to sell part of its products and prepare not only topographic maps, but also training maps and atlases for release. The author considers the publication of an open catalog of maps and atlases by the military department in 1858, which had a strong influence on the development of the cartographic market in details. For the first time, the expenditures and revenues from the publication of maps and atlases were shown; the dynamics of increasing sales and their dependence on changes in the political and economic structure of Russia are studied. The technical revolution in printing at the beginning of the 19th century, the emergence of lithography and new printing machines made it possible to increase the circulation of maps and reduced their cost. The inability of the military to meet the demand for maps and atlases was used by the first entrepreneurs who were the founders of civilian cartography. The causes of appearing private cartographic institutions are discussed.

scholarly journals THE VALUE OF EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS IN THE FORMATION OF THE PERSONNEL OF THE JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-144
Author(s):  
N.G. Tarakanova ◽  
F.Sh. Yambushev ◽  
T.Y. Pyatkina
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Educational Models ◽  
Educational Qualification ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Legal Thinking ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
First Time

One of the most important provisions of the Judicial Statutes of the Russian Empire of 1864 should be recognized as the introduction of a professional educational qualification for judges of general courts, judicial investigators,prosecutors and jurors. The new educational criterion had a deeper meaning than just an element of the reformers ' personnel strategy. It allowed not only to raise the professional level of judicial officials, but also ensured the implementation of democratic principles of judicial reform, such as transparency, adversarial, oral, as well as became an incentive for the development of legal science and education, contributed to the elimination of the vices of the old judicial system. The professional educational qualification has significantly influenced the entire system of training legal personnel, led to the search for new educational models that would allow an optimal combination of obtaining theoretical knowledge that forms legal thinking and practical skills necessary for working in new judicial institutions. For the first time, the way was opened for a critical understanding of the current Russian legislation.

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