scholarly journals Influence of peat soils on runoff process: case study of Vydra River headwaters, Czechia

Geografie ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Vlček ◽  
Jan Kocum ◽  
Bohumír Janský ◽  
Luděk Šefrna ◽  
Šárka Blažková
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Flood Wave ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Forest Coverage

This paper summarizes findings from the hydrological research in the Vydra River headwaters, the Šumava Mts., s-w Czechia, dealing with the hydrological function of local peat soils and their effect on the outflow from the basin. This study represents a part of a long-term research carried out at the Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague. The paper shows how important it is to study the groundwater level in peat soils and its area in a catchment as well as to predict the outflow in distinct weather conditions. There were chosen four small experimental catchments with different peat and waterlogged forest coverage. Rainfall events were selected in various periods within a year with a varying groundwater level (maximum and minimum) in the peat bog. Within these situations flood wave volumes were calculated and all of them were compared regarding the peat bog extension. The presented research also compares various sources of data about peat soils areas and areas of waterlogged forest.

scholarly journals Spatial Development of the 1507–1510 Plague in Poland and Its Consequences. Kalisz District Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Tomasz Związek
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Pollen Data ◽  
Climatic Extremes ◽  
Basic Goods ◽  
Droughts And Floods ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Settlement Changes

AbstractThe article discusses the causes and effects of the plague which is said to have spread over many Polish towns in 1507. The focus is on its possible causes, related to the occurrence of droughts and floods in Central Europe in the late 15th and early 16th century. Available sources from the late mediaeval period have also been analysed for the recorded perceptions of the extreme climatic and weather conditions. Special attention has been paid to the issues of intensity and spatial distribution of the effects of the plague on the example of one district. The analysis covered a variety of issues such as settlement changes, prices of basic goods or even some pollen data. The main results of the study indicate that the climatic extremes at the turn of the 16th century exerted a long-term impact on the society and economy of the region. They also contributed to the abandonment of settlements on rural sites.

scholarly journals Comparison of long-term Moscow and Danish NLC observations: statistical results

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2841-2849 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dalin ◽  
S. Kirkwood ◽  
H. Andersen ◽  
O. Hansen ◽  
N. Pertsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Noctilucent Clouds ◽  
Characteristic Scale ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
Data Set ◽  
First Time ◽  
Term Data ◽  
Statistical Results

Abstract. Noctilucent clouds (NLC) are the highest clouds in the Earth's atmosphere, observed close to the mesopause at 80–90 km altitudes. Systematic NLC observations conducted in Moscow for the period of 1962–2005 and in Denmark for 1983–2005 are compared and statistical results both for seasonally summarized NLC parameters and for individual NLC appearances are described. Careful attention is paid to the weather conditions during each season of observations. This turns out to be a very important factor both for the NLC case study and for long-term data set analysis. Time series of seasonal values show moderate similarity (taking into account the weather conditions) but, at the same time, the comparison of individual cases of NLC occurrence reveals substantial differences. There are positive trends in the Moscow and Danish normalized NLC brightness as well as nearly zero trend in the Moscow normalized NLC occurrence frequency but these long-term changes are not statistically significant. The quasi-ten-year cycle in NLC parameters is about 1 year shorter than the solar cycle during the same period. The characteristic scale of NLC fields is estimated for the first time and it is found to be less than 800 km.

Trends in rainfall intensity for stormwater designs in Ontario

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Vasiljevic ◽  
E. McBean ◽  
B. Gharabaghi
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sewer Pipes ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Storm Sewer

The intensities of short-duration rainfall events are fundamental inputs to the design of stormwater management infrastructure. However, since stormwater infrastructure must function as designed for many decades, if there are long-term trends in rainfall intensities, design storms need to be modified. Evidence demonstrates, using data from 13 rain gauges in Ontario, that storm intensities relevant to urban stormwater (5 year) appear to have changed over the last 30 years. The results show, for example, statistical significance at 80% confidence that the 5-year storm has increased, and 85% that the 2-year storm has increased, for the 1 h storm in Waterloo, using partial duration series (PDS) data. The PDS data indicate intensities are increasing at a rate of 1–3% per year. Results show, for example, that a 5-year recurrence storm for PDS for the period 1970–1984 is now very close in magnitude to a 2-year recurrence storm for the period 1985–2003 for Waterloo, Ontario. The implications for a case study demonstrate that 5 out of 12 storm sewer pipes in a subdivision would need to be increased in diameter to obtain the same level of stormwater performance.

scholarly journals The Influence of Weather Conditions on the Optimal Setting of Photovoltaic Thermal Hybrid Solar Collectors—A Case Study

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4612
Author(s):  
Ryszard Myhan ◽  
Karolina Szturo ◽  
Monika Panfil ◽  
Zbigniew Szwejkowski
Keyword(s):  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Apparent Movement ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Solar Collectors ◽  
Optimization Task ◽  
Radiation Properties ◽  
Optimal Setting

The potential absorption of solar energy in photovoltaic thermal (PVT) hybrid solar collectors at different tilt angles was compared in the present study. The optimal tilt angles were tested in three variants: during 1 day, 1 year and a period of 30 years. Simulations were performed based on actual weather data for 30 years, including average hourly total radiation, insolation and air temperature. The apparent movement of the Sun across the sky, solar radiation properties, and the electrical and thermal efficiency of a PVT collector were also taken into account in the simulation model. The optimal orientation of the absorber surface was determined by solving an optimization task. The results of the study indicate that in the long-term perspective, the collector’s performance is maximized when the absorber is positioned toward the south at an elevation angle of 34.1°.

scholarly journals A Case Study of Combined Drainage Consolidation-Preloading Methods for a Highway Subgrade on Peat Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yue Gui ◽  
Shengjun Liu ◽  
Xiaqiang Qin ◽  
Jianfei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ground Improvement ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Prefabricated Vertical Drains ◽  
Vertical Drains ◽  
Consolidation Coefficient ◽  
Gravel Pile ◽  
Insight Into

A highway project of up to 100 km/h is currently being constructed between Colombo and Katunayake International Airport across a Sri Lankan muskeg area. At this site, peat deposit was initially 0.8∼15.3 m thick and was underlain by sand, clay, or gneiss. The ground improvement methods adopted in the project were combined drainage consolidation-preloading methods, pipe pile foundation, and geogrids. This paper provides a detailed insight into the implementation of combined drainage consolidation-preloading methods used in the project, including sand pile, gravel pile, and plastic drainage plate as the prefabricated vertical drains. Periodical field-level observations were taken during the ten years, including the construction and postconstruction periods. The results show that peat soils’ consolidation coefficient has been increased several times to tens of times due to ground improvement. After removing the temporary surcharge, the highway embankments did not heave and was followed by long-term settlements totaling 1.3∼7.4 cm over the following seven years of observations. Analysis of the settlement records shows that combined drainage consolidation-preloading methods have helped accelerate drainage consolidation and reduce postconstruction settlement.

ROLE OF PERENNIAL HERBS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEPLETED PEAT SOILS IN THE VOLGA-VYATKA ECONOMIC REGION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Kovshova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Food Regime ◽  
Economic Region ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Perennial Herbs

Experimental data from studies conducted on long-term cereal phytocenoses created on developed peat soils are presented. It has been established that during haying use, while regulating the food regime, it is possible to maintain the productivity of grass stands at the level of 4.5–7.1 thousand feed units for more than 40 years of use and increase the fertility of the developed peat bog.

The use of long-term rainfall records for augmenting historic flood series: a case study on the upper Dee, Aberdeenshire, Scotland

1987 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. McEwen
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Value Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Recurrence Intervals

ABSTRACTEstablishing the magnitude and frequency of floods within upland catchments on the basis of short-term gauged runoff records is crucially dependent upon the extent to which the record is truly representative. In the case of the River Dee, upstream of Crathie in Aberdeenshire, gauged discharge records are limited in length. Although the middle Dee has been gauged since 1929, the gauge within the upper catchment has only ten years of record. Thus, reliable estimates of the return intervals of extreme floods for this part of the Dee can only be obtained by using a variety of historical sources to extend the flood series.Long-term rainfall records, where available, provide a valuable independent check on the reconstructed flood series. Such rainfall records, when analysed in terms of the magnitude, frequency and duration of major events, should, in general terms, correspond with the flood series. In this paper, the recurrence interval of extreme rainfalls of varying magnitude and duration in upper Deeside is estimated by extreme value analysis of the annual maximum series. The frequency of rainfall events above varying thresholds is also assessed. The existence of climatic fluctuations giving highly variable recurrence intervals for rainfall events of the same magnitude is demonstrated. Finally, the seasonality of frequent flood-producing storms is analysed. Patterns observed within the rainfall record are compared with those previously established within the historic flood series to substantiate and augment the flood record.

Detecting Groundwater Level Changes with Radar Interferometry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floris Heuff ◽  
Ramon Hanssen
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Radar Interferometry ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Rainfall Deficit ◽  
The Impact

<p>The Dutch are known for their dewatered peat pastures known as polders. These pastures are used for heavy agricultural and have to be continuously drained to compensate for the subsiding top layer due to oxidation. Additionally, the top part of the peat soil responds to changes in temperature and precipitation. Driven by moisture changes, the peat soils shrink as water is evaporated during dry, warm periods, while they swell in periods with lots of precipitation. During these dry periods, the groundwater level drops as well, mirroring the behavior of the surface. As the groundwater level drops, more organic material is exposed to air and more greenhouse gases are emitted. Monitoring the movement of the surface of the pasture could provide indirect measurements of the groundwater level and used to reveal areas that are more or less affected by a rainfall deficit. Efforts to reduce emissions can then be focused on more vulnerable areas. However, this dynamical behavior is hard to monitor with conventional geodetic means, as it is near impossible to install the required benchmarks on the soft surface of the pastures, which are needed for repeated surveying.  </p><p>Radar Interferometry presents an opportunity to observe this dynamic behavior without the need of installing equipment. The Sentinel-1a/b satellites pass the Dutch peat soils four times per week, providing the data necessary to observe the shrinking and swelling of the soils. We applied the technique to two study areas in the Netherlands, one between Delft and Rotterdam, where most of the pastures are situated on peat or peaty soils, and one above Zwolle in the center of Netherlands, near Staphorst, a peat-rich area. We processed all radar acquisitions between 2017 and 2019, which were averaged to 200 by 200 meter square windows to suppress noise. This is than further processed to obtain deformation time series. Based on these time series, areas more vulnerable to droughts were identified. Notably, 2018 – a very dry year, with a very large rainfall deficit – caused significantly more shrinkage than observed in 2017. We estimate that some areas shrunk up to 50 percent more. The associated drop in groundwater level exposed fresh peat to air for the first time, potentially increasing the emission of greenhouse gases significantly.</p><p>Climate change exposes peat soils to new and more extreme weather conditions. Radar Interferometry can monitor the impact of these conditions on the soils and can be used to reduce greenhouse emissions more effectively.</p>

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