Detecting Groundwater Level Changes with Radar Interferometry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floris Heuff ◽  
Ramon Hanssen
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Radar Interferometry ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Rainfall Deficit ◽  
The Impact

<p>The Dutch are known for their dewatered peat pastures known as polders. These pastures are used for heavy agricultural and have to be continuously drained to compensate for the subsiding top layer due to oxidation. Additionally, the top part of the peat soil responds to changes in temperature and precipitation. Driven by moisture changes, the peat soils shrink as water is evaporated during dry, warm periods, while they swell in periods with lots of precipitation. During these dry periods, the groundwater level drops as well, mirroring the behavior of the surface. As the groundwater level drops, more organic material is exposed to air and more greenhouse gases are emitted. Monitoring the movement of the surface of the pasture could provide indirect measurements of the groundwater level and used to reveal areas that are more or less affected by a rainfall deficit. Efforts to reduce emissions can then be focused on more vulnerable areas. However, this dynamical behavior is hard to monitor with conventional geodetic means, as it is near impossible to install the required benchmarks on the soft surface of the pastures, which are needed for repeated surveying.  </p><p>Radar Interferometry presents an opportunity to observe this dynamic behavior without the need of installing equipment. The Sentinel-1a/b satellites pass the Dutch peat soils four times per week, providing the data necessary to observe the shrinking and swelling of the soils. We applied the technique to two study areas in the Netherlands, one between Delft and Rotterdam, where most of the pastures are situated on peat or peaty soils, and one above Zwolle in the center of Netherlands, near Staphorst, a peat-rich area. We processed all radar acquisitions between 2017 and 2019, which were averaged to 200 by 200 meter square windows to suppress noise. This is than further processed to obtain deformation time series. Based on these time series, areas more vulnerable to droughts were identified. Notably, 2018 – a very dry year, with a very large rainfall deficit – caused significantly more shrinkage than observed in 2017. We estimate that some areas shrunk up to 50 percent more. The associated drop in groundwater level exposed fresh peat to air for the first time, potentially increasing the emission of greenhouse gases significantly.</p><p>Climate change exposes peat soils to new and more extreme weather conditions. Radar Interferometry can monitor the impact of these conditions on the soils and can be used to reduce greenhouse emissions more effectively.</p>

scholarly journals Stochastic and Artificial Intelligence Models for Climate Change Investigation and Groundwater Level Assessment of Gaza Coastal Aquifer (Palestine)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Al-Najjar ◽  
Gokmen Ceribasi ◽  
Emrah Dogan ◽  
Khalid Qahman ◽  
Mazen Abualtayef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Stochastic Models ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Coastal Aquifer ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
The Gaza Strip ◽  
The Impact

The Gaza coastal aquifer is a critical resource for the supply of water to the Gaza Strip and continues to be depleted as a result of the effects of climate change and the anthropogenic activities. Therefore, this study tends to investigate the impact of climate change and groundwater withdrawal practices on the oscillation of the Gaza Coastal Aquifer water table level by recruiting the power of the stochastic time-series models in exemplifying the autoregression of data and by leveraging the efficiency of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) in expressing the nonlinear regression between the different meteorological and hydrological factors. The climate stochastic models reveal that the Gaza Strip region will face a decline in the precipitation by -5.2% and an increase in the temperature by +1˚C in the timeframe of 2020-2040. The potential evaporation and the sunshine period will increase by about 111 mm and 5 hours, respectively during the next 20 years. However, the atmosphere is predicted to be drier where the relative humidity will fall by a trend of -8% in 20 years. The stochastic models developed for the groundwater abstraction time series show that the groundwater pumping processes would increase by about 55 % by 2040, compared to the 124 million cubic meters of groundwater that was withdrawn in 2020. The stochastic model of structure (2,1,5) (4,1,2)12 was defined to extend the time series of the groundwater level up to 2040. In order to form an integrated stochastic-ANN model, the combination of the time series of climate factors, groundwater abstraction and groundwater level were emerged into a one hidden layer ANN of 20-neurons. The performance of the model was high in term of training and in forecasting the future where the correlation coefficient (r) = 0.95-0.99 and the root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.09-0.21.

scholarly journals Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris E. Wendt ◽  
Anne F. Van Loon ◽  
John P. Bloomfield ◽  
David M. Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Management Units ◽  
Groundwater Use ◽  
Groundwater Drought ◽  
Asymmetric Impact ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Groundwater use affects groundwater storage continuously, as the removal of water changes both short-term and long-term variation in groundwater level. This has implications for groundwater droughts, i.e. a below-normal groundwater level. The impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts remains unknown. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts adopting a methodological framework that consists of two approaches. The first approach compares groundwater monitoring sites that are potentially influenced by abstraction to uninfluenced sites. Observed groundwater droughts are compared in terms of drought occurrence, magnitude, and duration. The second approach consists of a groundwater trend test that investigates the impact of groundwater use on long-term groundwater level variation. This framework was applied to a case study of the UK. Four regional water management units in the UK were used, in which groundwater is monitored and abstractions are licensed. The potential influence of groundwater use was identified on the basis of relatively poor correlations between accumulated standardised precipitation and standardised groundwater level time series over a 30-year period from 1984 to 2014. Results of the first approach show two main patterns in groundwater drought characteristics. The first pattern shows an increase of shorter drought events, mostly during heatwaves or prior to a long drought event for influenced sites compared to uninfluenced sites. This pattern is found in three water management units where the long-term water balance is generally positive and annual average groundwater abstractions are smaller than recharge. The second pattern is found in one water management unit where temporarily groundwater abstractions exceeded recharge. In this case, groundwater droughts are lengthened and intensified in influenced sites. Results of the second approach show that nearly half of the groundwater time series have a significant trend, whilst trends in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration time series are negligible. Detected significant trends are both positive en negative, although positive trends dominate in most water management units. These positive trends, indicating rising groundwater levels, align with changes in water use regulation. This suggests that groundwater abstractions have reduced during the period of investigation. Further research is required to assess the impact of this change in groundwater abstractions on drought characteristics. The overall impact of groundwater use is summarised in a conceptual typology that illustrates the asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater drought occurrence, duration, and magnitude. The long-term balance between groundwater abstraction and recharge appears to be influencing this asymmetric impact, which highlights the relation between long-term and short-term sustainable groundwater use.

scholarly journals Climate change effect on decline groundwater level using Entropy wavelet (case study of Khorramabad city)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Hassanzadeh ◽  
Mehdi Komasi ◽  
Alireza Derikvand
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
The Third ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Changing global climate predicts a warmer future which may alter the hydrological cycle, surface water as well as groundwater resource. The Entropy wavelet criterion is a new indicator to analyze the time series fluctuations. In this study, the effective factors of decreasing the groundwater level in Khorramabad city during the years 2005–2018 have been evaluated by the use of Entropy wavelet criterion. In general, it can be said that the decreasing of Entropy wavelet criterion or time series complexity of a phenomenon shows the time series decrease of fluctuations natural amounts, which it leads to an unfavorable trend. In this regard, in order to identify the affecting factors of the groundwater level decrease in Khorramabad, the groundwater level has been divided into 4 time periods, and after being investigated, the monthly time series of runoff, temperature, and precipitation of this city were divided into 4 periods. Each of these subset were decomposed into other several subsets at different time scales under the wavelet transform, and finally, after calculation of the normalized wavelet energy for this subset, its Entropy wavelet criterion was calculated for each period. Investigation of Entropy wavelet complexity shows a 21.3% decrease in groundwater level in the second period, but in the third and fourth periods, it has increased by 145 and 272%, respectively. Also, according to the results of Entropy wavelet changes analyzing for the precipitation time series, 35.2, 32.8, and 10.06% decrease in the second, third, and fourth periods were shown. The air temperature time series complexity decreased of 26.8% only in the third time period and in the second and fourth period, it shows an increase of 29.65 and 34.7%, respectively. However, the runoff time series did not show any reduction complexity according to the entropy wavelet criterion. These results indicate that the impact of climatic factors has been more effective than human factors in reducing the groundwater level of Khorramabad.

scholarly journals Composition of organic matter in peat soils of the northern trans-Urals depending on groundwater level

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 01004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly Iglovikov ◽  
Alexander Motorin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Groundwater Occurrence

The paper presents the results of lysometric studies of the composition of organic matter of peat soils depending on the level of groundwater occurrence. It is established that the amount of bitumen in the arable layer (0.2 m) of medium-power peat soil at 0.5 m ground water level (UGV) is less by 1.65 % than at the depth of 1.0 m and by 4.34 % at 1.5 m. There is no specific dependence on the UHW downstream of the soil profile. The increase of groundwater depth from 0.5 to 1.5 m reduces the amount of water-soluble and easily hydrolyzed substances in the arable layer at 100 °C from 5.68 to 4.48 %. At the groundwater level of 0.5 m, the maximum presence (34.25 %) of substances hydrolysable by 2 % HCl was determined, which is 3.4–3.8 % higher than at 1–1.5 m. The maximum amount of humic acids in peat soil (32.05 %) is set at 0.5 m CKD. In the arable layer, the excess is 4.5 % in comparison with one and a half meters of groundwater. The amount of fulvic acids practically does not depend on the groundwater table and is within the range of 17.7–17.9 %. With the same botanical composition of peat, the increase in the depth of groundwater occurrence from 0.5 to 1.5 m reduces the content of hard-tohydrolyze 80 % of H2SO4 substances in the arable layer from 2.82 to 2.31 %. The number of compounds difficult to hydrolyze with acid is represented by 46–52 % cellulose and does not depend on the level of groundwater. The presence of lignin in peat is several times higher than the cellulose content. There is a dependence of decrease in the lignin content at increase in depth of occurrence of ground waters from 0.5 m (6.63 %) to 1.5 m (5.23 %).

scholarly journals A social costs and benefits analysis of peat soil-subsidence towards 2100 in 4 scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 669-675
Author(s):  
Tim A. H. M. Pelsma ◽  
Anne Marieke Motelica-Wagenaar ◽  
Simon Troost
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Soil Subsidence

Abstract. Waternet is the executive agency of the regional water authority Amstel, Gooi and Vecht. Water authority Amstel, Gooi and Vecht manages the water levels (ditches) for 19 400 ha of peat meadows around the Netherlands capital Amsterdam. At present the ditches levels at about 40–60 cm beneath the peat meadow surface, resulting in a groundwater level between from 30 until 80 cm below peat surface and a subsidence of about 9 mm each year. A study was carried out on peat soil subsidence in the Amstel, Gooi and Vecht water authority water management area towards 2100: for short term effects (until 2027), midterm effects (until 2050) and longer term effects (until 2100). This study explores 4 scenarios: (1) present policy (maintain ditch waterlevel at maximum 60 cm below surface); (2) active rewetting, groundwater level at surface; (3) passive rewetting, subsidence is not compensated by lowering of water levels; (4) subsurface irrigation by submerged drains (infiltration in summer, drainage in winter). The scenarios are compared on farming, houses, public infrastructure, greenhouse gases and water management. At present, the total net benefit for farmers are EUR 7 million per year for the whole area, while the costs for the water authority are EUR 37 million per year for managing ditches, dikes and pumps. Costs for greenhouse gases are EUR 18 million (at a price of EUR 40 per ton CO2-eq). Active rewetting would reduce soil subsidence maximally from 2 to 0.5 m towards 2100 but reduces the benefits for farming, whilst the costs for water management stay alike. The costs for greenhouse gases however drops with EUR 3 million per year immediately because CO2-eq emissions drops. Best (financial) results (with respect to all stakeholders) on the long term are booked by passive rewetting with lower costs for water management, houses, public works and greenhouse gases. This scenario will eventually take away the farming possibilities, but not before 2050 and could be too slow to contribute strongly to Paris agreement goals. Best result with respect to climate for short and long term is active rewetting, which will drop the greenhouse gas emissions strongly (equivalent of EUR 2.3 million per year), reduce soil subsidence, but makes farming harder (drop from 7.1 up to EUR 2.5 million per year benefit) and brings no direct reduction of costs for the water authority. Best result on short term for farmers is submerged infiltration drains. However, the effect of this scenario on GHG emission is limited in this study.

scholarly journals Agrogenic evolution of organic matter in peat soils of Western Siberia

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
A. S. Motorin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Groundwater Depth ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Feed Crop

The influence of the groundwater level (GW), vegetable crop rotation and mineral fertilizers on the change in the composition of organic matter of medium-thick peat soil was determined. The study was conducted on lysimeters with an adjustable level (0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 1–2.0 m) of groundwater occurrence; in a vegetable-feed crop rotation spread in time and space; under perennial grasses without prior cultivation of annual crops. It was established that in the arable layer (0.2 m) of peat soil, the bitumen content at GW level of 0.5 m was lower by 1.65% than at a depth of 1.0 m, and by 4.34% than at a depth of 1.5 m. The maximum amount of water-soluble substances (5.68%) and substances hydrolyzable by 2% HCl (34.25%) was established at GW level of 0.5 m. It was 1.2 and 3.4–3.8% higher than at groundwater level of 1–1.5 m, respectively. With GW level of 1.5 m, the amount of humic acids decreased by 4.5% compared to their occurrence at a depth of 0.5 m. The amount of fulvic acids in the arable layer depends on the GW level (r = 0.79). The content of substances hardly hydrolyzable by 80% H2SO4 in the arable layer decreased from 2.82 to 2.31% with an increase in groundwater depth from 0.5 to 1.5 m. It was observed that the amount of lignin decreased with an increase in groundwater depth from 0.5 (6.66%) to 1.5 m (5.30%). Five- year cultivation of crops in the vegetable-feed crop rotation did not lead to significant changes in the composition of the organic matter of peat. Grassing of peat soils with perennial grasses without sowing pre-crops ensures preservation of peat organic matter and prevents its substantial transformation. Mineral fertilizers reduce the rate of accumulation of hardly-hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable forms due to more severe oxidative-hydrolytic conditions in the soil and because of an increase in the amount of fresh plant material as a result of crop and root residues.

scholarly journals How groundwater time series and aquifer property data explain heterogeneity in the Permo-Triassic sandstone aquifers of the Eden Valley, Cumbria, UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Colyer ◽  
Adrian Butler ◽  
Denis Peach ◽  
Andrew Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Property Data ◽  
Heterogeneous Features ◽  
Variance Ratios ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Triassic Sandstone

AbstractA novel investigation of the impact of meteorological and geological heterogeneity within the Permo-Triassic Sandstone aquifers of the River Eden catchment, Cumbria (UK), is described. Quantifying the impact of heterogeneity on the water cycle is increasingly important to sustainably manage water resources and minimise flood risk. Traditional investigations on heterogeneity at the catchment scale require a considerable amount of data, and this has led to the analysis of available time series to interpret the impact of heterogeneity. The current research integrated groundwater-level and meteorological time series in conjunction with aquifer property data at 11 borehole locations to quantify the impact of heterogeneity and inform the hydrogeological conceptual understanding. The study visually categorised and used seasonal trend decomposition by LOESS (STL) on 11 groundwater and meteorological time series. Decomposition components of the different time series were compared using variance ratios. Though the Eden catchment exhibits highly heterogeneous rainfall distribution, comparative analysis at borehole locations showed that (1) meteorological drivers at borehole locations are broadly homogeneous and (2) the meteorological drivers are not sufficient to generate the variation observed in the groundwater-level time series. Three distinct hydrogeological regimes were identified and shown to coincide with heterogeneous features in the southern Brockram facies, which is the northern silicified region of the Penrith Sandstone and the St Bees Sandstone. The use of STL analysis in combination with detailed aquifer property data is a low-impact insightful investigative tool that helps guide the development of hydrogeological conceptual models.

scholarly journals Influence of peat soils on runoff process: case study of Vydra River headwaters, Czechia

Geografie ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Vlček ◽  
Jan Kocum ◽  
Bohumír Janský ◽  
Luděk Šefrna ◽  
Šárka Blažková
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Flood Wave ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Forest Coverage

This paper summarizes findings from the hydrological research in the Vydra River headwaters, the Šumava Mts., s-w Czechia, dealing with the hydrological function of local peat soils and their effect on the outflow from the basin. This study represents a part of a long-term research carried out at the Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague. The paper shows how important it is to study the groundwater level in peat soils and its area in a catchment as well as to predict the outflow in distinct weather conditions. There were chosen four small experimental catchments with different peat and waterlogged forest coverage. Rainfall events were selected in various periods within a year with a varying groundwater level (maximum and minimum) in the peat bog. Within these situations flood wave volumes were calculated and all of them were compared regarding the peat bog extension. The presented research also compares various sources of data about peat soils areas and areas of waterlogged forest.

scholarly journals BEBERAPA SIFAT FISIK DAN KIMIA TANAH GAMBUT TERBAKAR DAN TIDAK TERBAKAR DI DESA SUNGAI BESAR KABUPATEN KETAPANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
. Mintari ◽  
Dwi Astiani ◽  
Togar Fernando Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Peat Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Land Restoration ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Peatlands is one of the ecosystem types in tropical rainforests. Peatland has very high conservation value and other functions such as the hydrological function carbon stocks, and biodiversity which is important for environmental comfort and animal life. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the impact of fires on the physical and chemical properties of burning and non burning peat soils. This study carried out a field survey method with deliberate sampling (purposive sampling). The results showed that the physical and chemical properties of peat soil after a fire did not change, namely at soil temperature, air humidity was almost the same while the air temperature, soil moisture, pH, C-organic, depth, C/N (0-20 cm) has increased but not significantly. For the chemical properties of peat soil after fire there is an increase in the value of C-organic, CEC, phosphorus, sulfur,ash content, N-total depth (21-40 cm). this means that after fires the nutrients mostly affect peat soil. From the information on the nature of peat soil obtained in land restoration studies to use qualitative soil after burning.Keywords: Burn, chemical pea soil, Peatlands, Physicalpeat soil.

scholarly journals Efficiency of liquid-phase biological preparations when cultivating carrots on peat soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-329
Author(s):  
G. Yu. Rabinovich ◽  
N. V. Fomicheva ◽  
Yu. D. Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Mineralization Processes ◽  
The Impact

One of priority directions in cultivation of carrots is development of new techniques in technologies allowing to increase not only the yield, but also the quality of root crops. Treatment of vegetative plants with various biological products, growth regulators and hemin preparations is the most promising technological method for increasing carrots yield and quality. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of liquid-phase biological means of various natures on yield and quality of Karini variety carrots grown on peat soil. The experiment had been carried out in 2015-2016 on peat soil of the Dmitrovsky department of VNIIMZ branch FRC V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute (Moscow region). Two microbiological preparations (LPB and Azotovit) and two humic (BoHum and FlorHumat) were tested. Azotovit and FlorHumat are known registered preparations, and LPB and BoHum are the latest developments of VNIIMZ. The biological means were applied three times during growing season against the background of the main fertilizer P40K60. The largest increase in carrot yield was obtained when using LPB and BoHum - 19.4 and 18.3 %. Humic preparations contributed to a higher level of mineralization processes in soil, providing plants with available nutrients. Improvement in quality indicators of carrots for all tested biological means was noted: a higher content of carotene in root crops in the variant with BoHum - 101 mg/kg, dry matter - when using Azotovit - 9.35 %, the minimum content of nitrates when using FlorHumat preparation - 101 mg/kg. In general, the impact mechanism of the biological means used was their complex effect on plants and soil, which is of certain value for fundamental research. The method of cluster analysis showed a high degree of similarity in efficiency of bio-means LPB and BoHum in terms of set of indicators (yield, quality of carrots, agro-chemical and microbiological indicators of soil). The most promising is the humic biological mean BoHum. The considered biological means used for cultivation of carrots on peat soils will improve provision of processing industry with a raw material base, and population with high-quality vegetable products. 

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