scholarly journals EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DETERMINANTS OF URBAN PARKS

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichi SHIMAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Financial Strength ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Park Area ◽  
Supply Side Factors

Urban parks play an important role in enhancing the lifestyle of the community by providing functions which support the environment, safety, health and ell-being. This paper will examine what the determining factors are for the development of urban parks, taking into consideration the supply side and demand side factors and past conditions of urban parks. Japan prefecture level data between 2001 to 2014 will be applied to a panel data analysis. The results find that for the supply side factors, the share of gross production by the construction industry and the financial strength of the local government; and on the demand side factors, preference towards the environment, health and well-being, have impact on the urban park area per capita at a statistically significant level.

scholarly journals What Explains the Regional Variation in the Use of General Practitioners in Australia?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunzhou Mu ◽  
Jane Hall
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Population Health ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Gp Visits ◽  
Supply Side Factors

Abstract Background: Regional variation in the use of health care services is widespread. Identifying and understanding the sources of variation and how much variation is unexplained can inform policy interventions to improve the efficiency and equity of health care delivery. Methods: We examined the regional variation in the use of general practitioners (GPs) using data from the Social Health Atlas of Australia by Statistical Local Area (SLAs). 756 SLAs were included in the analysis. The outcome variable of GP visits per capita by SLAs was regressed on a series of demand-side factors measuring population health status and demographic characteristics and supply-side factors measuring access to physicians. Each group of variables was entered into the model sequentially to assess their explanatory share on regional differences in GP usage. Results: Both demand-side and supply-side factors were found to influence the frequency of GP visits. Specifically, areas in urban regions, areas with a higher percentage of the population who are obese, who have profound or severe disability, and who hold concession cards, and areas with a smaller percentage of the population who reported difficulty in accessing services have higher GP usage. The availability of more GPs led to higher use of GP services while the supply of more specialists reduced use. 30.56% of the variation was explained by medical need. Together, both need-related and supply-side variables accounted for 32.24% of the regional differences as measured by the standard deviation of adjusted GP-consultation rate. Conclusions: There was substantial variation in GP use across Australian regions with only a small proportion of them being explained by population health needs, indicating a high level of unexplained clinical variation. Supply factors did not add a lot to the explanatory power. There was a lot of variation that was not attributable to the factors we could observe. This could be due to more subtle aspects of population need or preferences and therefore warranted. However, it could be due to practice patterns or other aspects of supply and be unexplained. Future work should try to explain the remaining unexplained variation.

scholarly journals Industrial Policy in Britain since 1970: Changing Values, Assumptions and Mechanisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-57
Author(s):  
Martin Chick
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Market Inefficiency ◽  
Quality Of Supply ◽  
Supply Side Factors

Abstract This article examines the change in the fundamental assumptions underpinning industrial policy from the mid-1970s in Britain. It necessarily contrasts the broadly supply-side concerns of industrial policy from the mid-1970s with the more demand-side concerns of the earlier ‘Golden Age’ period from 1945. Where in the earlier period the emphasis in industrial policy was on capital investment and the role of government in compensating for perceived market inefficiency, from the late 1970s this emphasis shifted to the need to improve the flexibility and quality of supply-side factors allied to a more optimistic view of the ability of the market to secure efficient outcomes.

scholarly journals Demand without Supply: Populist Attitudes without Salient Supply-Side Factors of Populism

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Mike Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Federal Election ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
Attitudinal Dimension ◽  
Supply Side Factors

Abstract Populism's electoral success has been linked to socio-economic crises and to inflammatory political discourse. However, little is known of populist attitudes in contexts in which these supply-side factors are not salient. The present article diverges from the conception of populism that sees it as being activated or fuelled by contextual factors and, rather, conceives populism as an ideological attitudinal dimension that can have an impact on vote choice when supply-side factors are not salient. Using the particular context of the 2015 Canadian federal election as a case to test this theory, empirical analyses support this conception of populism by demonstrating that populist attitudes can be relatively prominent and even impact vote choice in a setting in which the traditional supply-side factors to activate or fuel populism are not salient. Ultimately, populism is shown to be an important demand-side attitudinal dimension even when there is little or no fertile ground for it.

What determines supply and demand for occupational pensions in Germany?

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHRIN DUMMANN
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Private Pensions ◽  
Occupational Pensions ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Supply Side Factors ◽  
Old Age Benefits

AbstractDemographic change causes an undersupply of financial old age benefits within the statutory pay-as-you-go pension system in Germany. Therefore, the provision of occupational as well as private pensions has to be enhanced. However, there seems to be an undersupply of occupational pension provision particularly in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Using survey data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) and the German SAVE survey, the present paper studies econometrically the determinants of occupational pension provision in Germany. It shows that occupational pensions depend not only on supply-side factors such as firm size and industry, but also on demand-side factors such as individual sociodemo-graphic attributes and people's savings motives.

scholarly journals Induced Innovation and Energy Prices

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Popp
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Patent Data ◽  
Patent Citations ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Supply Side Factors

I use U.S. patent data from 1970 to 1994 to estimate the effect of energy prices on energy-efficient innovations. Using patent citations to construct a measure of the usefulness of the existing base of scientific knowledge, I consider the effect of both demand-side factors, which spur innovative activity by increasing the value of new innovations, and supply-side factors, such as scientific advancements that make new innovations possible. I find that both energy prices and the quality of existing knowledge have strongly significant positive effects on innovation. Furthermore, I show that omitting the quality of knowledge adversely affects the estimation results.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing the Utilization of Community Cultural and Leisure Services for the Older Adults From The Perspective of Supply and Demand: Based on the Case of Shaanxi Province

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Niu ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Zhao Yu ◽  
Sifeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Leisure Services ◽  
Supply Side Factors

Abstract Background Along with the increasing number of older adults in China, the demand for older adults services of China's aging population has been transformed and upgraded, and the demand for community cultural and leisure services of the older adults has become increasingly prominent. The research on the influencing factors of the utilization of community cultural and leisure services of the older adults can help improve the service effect and enhance the quality of life of the older adults. Based on Anderson's model, we constructed an analytical framework of the influencing factors of the utilization of community cultural and leisure services for the older adults from both the supply and demand sides, and then used Poisson regression method to empirically test the analytical framework based on the survey data of three cities in Shaanxi Province in 2019. Results The results found that supply-side factors significantly influenced the utilization of community cultural and leisure services by the older adults, mainly including service facility supply, service content supply, and service location accessibility; demand-side factors significantly influenced the utilization of community cultural and leisure services by the older adults, mainly including service acceptability, service satisfaction, and service need. The study also found that, unlike the results of previous studies, the use of community cultural and leisure services by older adults was not constrained by economic level. Conclusions Both supply-side factors and demand-side factors significantly affect the utilization of community spiritual culture services by the older adults. In strengthening and improving the supply of community cultural and leisure services, the previous "top-down" and "service-centered" approach should be changed to a "bottom-up" and "demand-centered" approach. In the past, the supply of community spiritual culture services should be changed from a "top-down" and "service-centered" approach to a "bottom-up" and "demand-centered" approach, and attention should be paid to the urban-rural differences in supply.

scholarly journals A review of the influence of long-term patterns in research and technological development (R&D) formalisation on university-industry links

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Luiz de Campos
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
University Industry ◽  
Supply Side Factors

Interest has been growing in the study of the role played by university-industry links in the development and strengthening of economic systems. It is commonly agreed that universityindustry links play a crucial role in the economy, and many studies have examined the factors that influence their occurrence. Two sets of factors can be identified from these studies: demand-side factors (i.e. relating to industry) and supply-side factors (i.e. relating to universities). This paper reviews the literature covering these issues, concentrating on the influence of long-term patterns in R&D formalisation on university-industry links. This is done for selected advanced and late-industrialising countries. The literature reviewed indicated that, in advanced countries, university-industry links become more varied as R&D becomes formalised. In late industrialising countries, university-industry links become more intense as R&D becomes formalised. 

scholarly journals QUANTITY, PRICE AND RISK RATIONING IN RURAL CREDIT MARKETS – AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF KYRGYZ RURAL CREDIT DEMAND AND UPTAKE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Kuhn ◽  
Ihtiyor Bobojonov
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Credit Rationing ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Credit Default ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Supply Side Factors

Low access to rural credit is hampering agricultural and rural development in developing and transition economies. Credit rationing or quantity rationing, defined as insufficient credit volumes at adequate interest rates and collateral requirements, is commonly been hold responsible. This paper is researching into the contribution of demand-side factors like internal price rationing and risk rationing, in addition to supply-side factors along the case example of Kyrgyztan. Towards this aim, we explore the determinants of credit application and take-up along the nationally representative Life in Kyrgyzstan (LIK) dataset of 3000 rural households in Kyrgyzstan. The results of hierarchical analysis indicate that are restrained by demand-side factor that reflect farmers’ perceived risk of credit default and loss of collateral. Supply-side factors, such as real credit constraints and collateral requests, meanwhile have a stronger influence on credit applications and take-up rates. These findings support recent works that highlight the role of risk rationing for agricultural investment, suggesting a stronger focus of development policy on improving risk- sharing mechanisms for farmers.

Introduction: wholes-of-parts

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Koen Damhuis
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Supply Side Factors

Who votes for the radical right and why? In recent years, many studies have been published that try to answer this question. The aim of the introductory chapter is to situate this book in the abundant radical right literature. By doing so, it explains why and how demand-side and supply-side factors need to be taken into account, before arguing why the widespread assumption of electoral homogeneity should be questioned. Drawing on historical and contemporary evidence in the sociological and political science literature, the chapter subsequently introduces the concept of electoral equifinality, that is of key importance for the rest of the study. This section directly leads to the chapter’s final part, in which the research questions and the outline of the book are presented.

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