Penetapan Standard bagi Industri Nutraseutikal di Malaysia: Melindungi Hak Pengguna

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
Sahida Safuan ◽  
◽  
Suzi Fadhilah Ismail ◽  
Ida Madieha Abdul Ghani Azmi ◽  
Mahyuddin Daud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Contract Manufacturing ◽  
Minimum Capital ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Specific Standard ◽  
Nutraceutical Products

The growing consciousness among consumers of the importance of health has resulted in the mushrooming of various nutraceutical products in the market. This rapid growth has created the opportunity for nutraceuticals manufacturers to take advantage of producing and marketing those products via contract manufacturing. Contract manufacturing allows anyone to own a product with minimum capital without the need to have certain expertise or even adequate knowledge or skills concerning the science behind the nutraceutical products. The issue that arises is the absence of proper regulations that control the production of nutraceutical products. In Malaysia, nutraceuticals can be regulated by different regulatory agencies depending on their classification. This creates a double standard as different agencies have different standard procedures that govern the product. This paper analyses the issue pertaining to the development of nutraceutical products through contract manufacturing, and seeks to propose that there is a real need to have a specific, standard procedure to safeguard and protect consumer interest in the long run. The study was conducted through content analysis of various literatures, as well as focus group discussions with relevant authorities.

Islamic Banking Regulations in Light of Basel II

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kabir Hassan ◽  
Muhammad Abdul Mannan Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Basel Ii ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Minimum Capital ◽  
Regulatory Standards

This paper seeks to determine whether the existing regulatory standards and supervisory framework are adequate to ensure the viability, strength, and continued expansion of Islamic financial institutions. The reemergence of Islamic banking and the attention given to it by regulators around the globe as to the implications of a recently issued Basel II banking regulation makes this article timely. The Basel II framework, which is based on minimum capital requirements, a supervisory review process, and the effective use of market discipline, aligns capital adequacy with banking risks and provides an incentive for financial institutions to enhance risk management and their system of internal controls. Like conventional banks, Islamic banks operate under different regulatory regimes. The still diverse views held by the regulatory agencies of different countries on Islamic banking and finance operations make it harder to assess the overall performance of international Islamic banks. In light of the increased financial innovation and diversity of instruments offered in Islamic finance, the need to improve the transparency of bank operations is particularly relevant for Islamic banks. While product diversity is important in maintaining their competitiveness, it also requires increased transparency and disclosure to improve the understanding of markets and regulatory agencies. The governance of Islamic banks is made even more complex by the need for these banks to meet a set of ethical and financial standards defined by the Shari`ah and the nature of the financial contracts banks use to mobilize deposits. Effective transparency in this area will greatly enhance their credibility and reinforce their depositors and investors’ level of confidence.

Islamic Banking Regulations in Light of Basel II

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-101
Author(s):  
M. Kabir Hassan ◽  
Muhammad Abdul Mannan Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Basel Ii ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Minimum Capital ◽  
Regulatory Standards

This paper seeks to determine whether the existing regulatory standards and supervisory framework are adequate to ensure the viability, strength, and continued expansion of Islamic financial institutions. The reemergence of Islamic banking and the attention given to it by regulators around the globe as to the implications of a recently issued Basel II banking regulation makes this article timely. The Basel II framework, which is based on minimum capital requirements, a supervisory review process, and the effective use of market discipline, aligns capital adequacy with banking risks and provides an incentive for financial institutions to enhance risk management and their system of internal controls. Like conventional banks, Islamic banks operate under different regulatory regimes. The still diverse views held by the regulatory agencies of different countries on Islamic banking and finance operations make it harder to assess the overall performance of international Islamic banks. In light of the increased financial innovation and diversity of instruments offered in Islamic finance, the need to improve the transparency of bank operations is particularly relevant for Islamic banks. While product diversity is important in maintaining their competitiveness, it also requires increased transparency and disclosure to improve the understanding of markets and regulatory agencies. The governance of Islamic banks is made even more complex by the need for these banks to meet a set of ethical and financial standards defined by the Shari`ah and the nature of the financial contracts banks use to mobilize deposits. Effective transparency in this area will greatly enhance their credibility and reinforce their depositors and investors’ level of confidence.

scholarly journals A comparative study on the costs and returns of organic vs. inorganic farming practices at selected areas near Dhaka, Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Md Arafat Islam ◽  
Nazmul Ahsan Khan ◽  
Raisa Bashar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Effective Choice

Inorganic farming is the norm in most areas of Bangladesh today, especially at croplands near Bangladesh’s capital - Dhaka. However, several recent studies have shown that such practices cause soil degradation overtime, consequently leading to long-term harm to the environment and economic profits. This long-term cost is often avoided by most farmers as inorganic farming is believed to fetch increased productivity/monetary gains, than its environmentally friendly, organic counterpart: the primary aim of this research was to find out the validity of this belief. The research used literature review and analysis of primary data collected about input costs, returns, crop yields, environmental effects, etc., from sixty respondents (mostly farmers and consumers involved in both types of farming), using one-on-one structured interviews, and three focus group discussions at the selected areas of Savar, Sreenagar and Rupganj, focusing primarily on two popular crops – tomato and corn; graphical and tabular analyses were conducted using MS Excel to propose interpretations and record findings. Keeping all other things constant and internalizing environmental externalities, while organic farming was found to produce around 50% and 33% less tomatoes and corns in net terms, respectively, than inorganic farming, the input costs and returns from one cycle of production were found to be lower (50%) and higher (around 200USD), respectively. Hence, from a long-run perspective, organic farming was concluded as the more cost-effective choice both in economic and environmental terms, given that the Dhaka market for organic products are managed better by the producers, consumers and government, alike. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(2): 289-299, August 2019

Attitudes and solutions toward intimate partner violence: Immigrant Nigerian women speak

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Kalunta-Crumpton
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
African Women ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Nigerian Women ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Fundamental Relationship ◽  
The Usa

In response to the incidents of intimate partner murders of immigrant Nigerian women in the USA in recent years, a sample of immigrant Nigerian women in Houston were invited in 2013 to engage in focus group discussions of ways to tackle intimate partner violence (IPV) in the immigrant Nigerian community. Findings reveal a fundamental relationship between patriarchal ideologies and the views of immigrant women from Nigeria. Immigrant Nigerian women are likely to interpret IPV and perceive solutions to it in patriarchal ideologies and practices held in their country of origin – an approach that endorses and reinforces IPV. Based on these findings, this article recognizes the need to make patriarchy salient in studies of IPV among immigrant communities from Africa. Further, the article recognizes the absence of adequate knowledge of IPV against immigrant Nigerian women and other immigrant African women, so that IPV risk and preventive factors for these immigrant groups may not be captured sufficiently in policy and practice.

scholarly journals Nurses’ Management of Patients with Pressure Ulcers in Selected Health Facilities in Murang’a County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-96
Author(s):  
Jane Muthoni Njoroge ◽  
Priscillah Njeri Kabue ◽  
James Ochieng
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Pressure Ulcer ◽  
Pressure Ulcers ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Adequate Knowledge

Pressure ulcers are a common health problem in hospitalized patients, especially among patients with chronic illnesses and those with reduced mobility. The prevalence of pressure ulcers varies with health care settings and is highest in critically ill patients ranging between 15-20%. They affect the quality of life of patients and caregivers and have been associated with heavy financial burdens, extended hospital stays, higher morbidity and mortality. Inadequate prevention measures and lack of active management of pressure ulcers in early stages especially in high-risk patients result in recurrence and complicated pressure ulcers. In view of this, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Murang’a County, Kenya in selected health facilities with the objective of determining the management of patients with pressure ulcers. The study population was composed of one hundred and twenty-four (124) nurses working in medical and surgical wards in selected health facilities. Semi-structured questionnaires, observational checklists and focused group discussions were used to collect data. The qualitative data from the focus group discussions and observational checklist were transcribed and a summary written. The relationship between nurse’s knowledge, nurse-oriented factors and institutional factors affecting management of pressure ulcers among nurses were examined using Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The median age of the respondents was 37 years with at least 112 (90.3%) having diploma level of education, and 63 (50.9%) were from the medical department. The majority of the nurses (93.6%) agreed pressure ulcers can be avoided, while 58.1% preferred pressure ulcer risk assessment tools compared to 27.5% who preferred clinical judgment in the management of pressure ulcers. The majority of nurses (87.5%) who had adequate knowledge on the management of pressure ulcers mentioned immobility and bedridden patients, stroke, spinal injury, dry skin, stool and urine incontinence as major contributors to pressure ulcers. Regarding pressure ulcer risk assessment, 62.9% of nurses assessed patients for pressure ulcers though they relied on clinical judgement as 93.9% indicated there was no risk assessment scale in the wards and 5.1% were not sure. On institutional factors 61.3% of the nurses indicated that health facilities were lacking pressure ulcer reducing devices and those that had pillows and a few ripple mattresses. Regarding guidelines in the management of pressure ulcers, 75.8% of nurses indicated they were not available in the hospital. The study found an association between age and knowledge increasing the odds of effective management age (AOR = 6.83, p = 0.001); experience (AOR = 4.08, p = 0.01), and education (AOR = 22.9, p = 0.000). The nurse-oriented factors increasing the odds of effective management of pressure ulcers include nurse’s positive attitude on prevention of pressure ulcers (AOR = 2.3, p = 0.040) and nurse use of pressure ulcer risk assessment tool (AOR = 4.3, p = 0.010). On institutional factors, nurses trained on management of pressure ulcers were 4.47 times likely to effectively manage patients with pressure ulcers. Nurses who lack in-service training about pressure ulcers were less likely to effectively manage patients with pressure ulcers (AOR = 0.11, p = 0.000).  The study concludes that the nurses had adequate knowledge in management of pressure ulcers, the nurses-oriented factors and institutional factors also influence the management of pressure ulcers

Quality Assurance of Energy Dispersive Spectrometry Systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
E. B. Steel ◽  
R. B. Marinenko
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Reliability Sensitivity ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Quality Instruments

Monitoring the performance and capabilities of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers (EDS) and related x-ray analysis electronics and software is important for maintaining and improving the reliability, sensitivity, and accuracy of the x-ray analysis system. There is growing demand for quality systems through laboratory accreditation, ISO 9000, ISO Guide 25 and related programs that require set quality control procedures for analytical instrumentation. In such cases it is frequently more useful to have one national/international standard. This approach is not only more efficient than having each analyst devise their own system, but the use of the same standard procedures among labs would allow direct intercomparison of results. This intercomparison can help labs and manufacturers determine what are normal versus abnormal results and lead to higher quality instruments and analyses.We are designing a standard procedure to maximize the efficiency of each quality control (QC) measurement so that we spend as little time monitoring the analysis system as is possible.

Cultural differences in academic discourse

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
First Person ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Semantic Prosody

This corpus-based study examines first-person verbs in Methods sections in English and Spanish. Quantitative analysis was based on rhetorical Move categories and qualitative analysis on linguistic profiles (collocation, colligation, semantic preference and semantic prosody). Both the English and Spanish subcorpora had more texts without first-person verbs than with this verb form. However, in the texts with this feature, the frequency was significantly higher in Spanish and the distribution of the rhetorical Moves associated with the first-person forms was also significantly different. The qualitative analysis revealed that in the English texts, the first-person signals the reasoned choice of a non-standard procedure (32 tokens) compared to only seven standard procedures, whereas in the Spanish texts the distribution was even (25 and 26 tokens, respectively). The results support cross-cultural differences in discourse functions that have implications for both translation and academic writing in cross-cultural contexts.

scholarly journals Enhancing resilience to landslide disaster risks through rehabilitation of slide scars by local communities in Mt Elgon, Uganda

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob R. Nakileza ◽  
Mwajalolo J. Majaliwa ◽  
Abu Wandera ◽  
Clare M. Nantumbwe
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Quick Recovery ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Crop Farming ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Sustainable Utilisation ◽  
Key Drivers

Mass movements are key drivers affecting the utilisation of many farmlands and consequently the livelihoods in mountains’ ecosystems. Numerous expansive landslide scars can for years remain unusable for crop farming purposes, which is a major livelihood activity. This article examined the approaches and challenges faced by local communities in the rehabilitation of landslide-degraded areas in selected areas of Mt Elgon. Data were collected through field surveys of purposively selected scars, key informant interviews and focus group discussions with the local communities. The findings indicate that the local communities have initiated the rehabilitation of some scars to stabilise the slopes and also accelerate their quick recovery for beneficial purposes. Community trainings coupled with awareness and participatory actions during rehabilitation enhance community preparedness to landslide risks. However, there were noted constraints including limited resources, incidences of secondary slides, cracks and lack of adequate knowledge on the existing best practices for the rehabilitation of scars on deeply weathered soils. Further research should be focussed on generating relevant knowledge on regeneration rates under different socio-ecological conditions and for guiding sustainable utilisation of fragile areas.

scholarly journals Challenges of Implementing Occupational Health Services (OHS) in Malaysia -Perspective of Occupational Health Doctors

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalina Mohd Roze ◽  
Niza Samsuddin ◽  
Ailin Razali ◽  
Muhammad Zubir Yusof ◽  
Nor Azlina A Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Occupational Diseases ◽  
Occupational Health Services ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Mortality Estimation ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Laws And Regulations

Mortality estimation due to work-related illness has reached up to 2.4 million each year. The current coverage of occupational health services (OHS) in Malaysia is still low. Occupational health doctors (OHDs) are one of the essential personnel to ensure proper execution of OHS. This study was conducted to explore the experiences and views of OHDs on the challenges in implementing OHS in Malaysia. Four focus group discussions were conducted with OHDs (N = 23) from four different states in Malaysia in 2016. Another five OHDs participated in in-depth interviews to implement the identified codes or themes. The discussions were recorded and transcribed verbatim. NVivo version 11.0 was used to facilitate data analysis. The data were analysed following the thematic analysis guidelines. Three themes were identified from the discussions: difficulties in diagnosing occupational diseases and poisoning; poor practices, attitudes, and commitment by both workers and employers; and non-compliance with laws and regulations related to the industries. The common challenges discussed by the participants were the lack of knowledge and skills among OHDs, and the shortage of standard procedures, leading to difficulties to screen occupational diseases. The poor cooperation and behaviour from the industries also hindered OHDs when performing their services. This study suggests better training and provision of standard tools or guideline to assist OHDs in making occupational disease diagnoses, increasing OHS awareness among the industries, and enacting OHS as part of the laws and regulations with adequate enforcement.

scholarly journals Consideration of phthalates distribution in underground water in some selected regions in Delta State, Southern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Oghenekohwiroro Edjere ◽  
Christiana Ene Ogwuche ◽  
Uwem Bassey ◽  
Akpofure Rim-Rukeh
Keyword(s):  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Phthalate Ester ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Household Products ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Phthalate Acid Esters

AbstractThe choice of phthalates as plasticizers have been on the increase especially in household products. They are ubiquitous environmental pollutants due to their physical attribute. This study was carried out to determine the occurrence and level of phthalates in the groundwater in some regions of Delta State. Groundwater samples were collected from fourteen sampling points and analyzed using standard procedures. The obtained results showed that the concentration (µg/l) of six phthalate ester compounds present in the water samples was of the order: < 0.05 - 0.05 BBP, < 0.05 - 3.71 BEHP, < 0.05 - 0.54 DBP, < 0.05 - 0.55 DEP, < 0.05 - 0.13 DMP, and < 0.05 - 0.48 DnOP. BEHP was observed to be the major compound of the phthalate acid esters present in most sampling stations, whilst others, especially BBP, were found to be in low concentration and does not pose any immediate threat to human health. The presence of BEHP in most samples from different locations suggests an inflow of the phthalate to underground water, hence it becomes imperative for continuous monitoring and a call to various governments and environmental regulatory agencies to establish standards for phthalate esters in order to monitor its presence in the environment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document