scholarly journals RESEARCH OF GLYCEROL-CONTAINING SURFACTANTS IN FOOD AND PROCESSING INDUSTRIES

Author(s):  
Yurii Polievoda

The article presents information on surfactants. Given their complete classification, methods of obtaining glaringly surface-active substances (surfactants). A list of surfactants concerning natural and synthetic substances is presented. Proven to be the most promising (cheap) production method of surface-active substances is transesterification oils and fats as the most simple in technological implementation. Presents the results of a study of the effect of surfactants on the protective, flavouring and structural properties of foods. Identified a number of features in the character of interaction of components in the system of food and processing industry – surface-active substance. Methods of obtaining distillation emulsifiers of glycerol fatty acids and transesterification of triglycerides with glycerol are investigated. The main physico-mechanical properties of glycerine all grades. There is a need to obtain surfactants synthetically. Analyzed the technology of production of new method ethanols emulsifiers of dietary fats by distillation of low molecular weight acids with ethyl alcohol and subsequent transesterification dietary fat. Describes the technologically-line of obtaining these emulsifiers T – 1 and T – F. Details are given broad temperature regimes of the process. Describes the manufacturing process of the monoglycerides and their derivatives, obtained by separation of the mixture of reaction products of glycerol, unreacted, digald and products of side reactions by centrifugation and molecular distillation. The technological schemes of obtaining all kinds of monoglycerides and the process of molecular distillation as a method of fractional distillation of high molecular weight liquids are considered.

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-88
Author(s):  
V. Margaritov ◽  
L. Serebryannikova

Abstract We have previously shown that the addition of nitrogen-containing compounds to sols of butadiene polymers results in the development of colloidal structures. To explain the mechanism of this action, the effect of adding similar compounds to fractions of crude rubber of varying degrees of aggregation was studied. These active substances, when dissolved either in low molecular weight fractions of the polymer or in a mutual dispersing medium, become adsorbed on the rubber micelles, change the equilibrium between the fractions, and modify the properties of the colloid. The molecular nature of the dispersing medium has a marked effect on the interaction between the polymer and the active substances. The data obtained by us are shown in Table I.


1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 957-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Sirianni ◽  
J. M. G. Cowie ◽  
I. E. Puddington

Further evidence for the existence of large differences between the weight- and number-average molecular weight for nonionic surface-active substances in nonaqueous solvents has been found when the property is assessed by light-scattering and vapor-pressure-lowering measurements. Equilibrium ultracentrifuge measurements support the results obtained by vapor-pressure-lowering determinations. Sorbitan and glycerol monostearates have been examined in benzene solution.


Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2124
Author(s):  
Tomasz Urbaniak ◽  
Witold Musiał

The modification of drug fate after administration may be achieved by the covalent coupling of active pharmaceutical ingredients with macromolecules. To prolong or delay the release, slowly degrading polymers such as polyesters may be applied for conjugation. The detachment of a covalently conjugated drug from the polymeric matrix relies mostly on the material degradation profile and barely on the weak interaction between the drug and macromolecules. In the present study, lamivudine was conjugated via ring-opening polymerization with poly-ε-caprolactone and poly(d,l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone). The influence of the reaction parameters on the course of the polymerization and physicochemical properties of obtained conjugates were investigated. Subsequently, selected reaction products were formulated into submicron particles, and drug release profiles in physiological-like conditions were investigated. The course of the reaction was monitored via gel permeation chromatography. The structure and physicochemical properties of products were evaluated via spectroscopic, calorimetric, and diffractometric methods. The profile of the drug release from particles prepared by the slow evaporation of conjugate solution from o/w emulsion was monitored with high-performance liquid chromatography. Both an elevated reaction temperature and higher catalyst concentration increased the polymerization rate and simultaneously promoted the side reactions, resulting in a broad molecular weight distribution of products in the range from 1.30 to 2.15. The physicochemical properties of conjugates obtained in different conditions varied and had a direct influence on the drug release. The release curve of lamivudine from particles based on low molecular weight conjugates achieved a plateau between 18.9 and 22.2 μg per mg of conjugate within a month. Drug detachment from particles composed of high molecular weight conjugates exhibited a distinct delay period preceded by a drug burst release at a maximal level of 13.3 μg per mg of conjugate. Conjugate chemical composition and the degree of crystallinity were also found to influence the release.


Author(s):  
M. Bursau ◽  
N. Hartsevich ◽  
N. Dimitriadi ◽  
L. Ivashko

The article represents the analysis results of the main reasons for formation of the concrete products surface defects, caused by the physical and chemical interaction of the agent components and concrete at the interaction boarder with the mould, as well as describes the ways to prevent them. As a result of the performed analysis, the reasons for the defects formation of the concrete products surfaces were detected and analysed: grease stains, blowholes, concrete dyeing, loose deposit (scab), rusty stains on the surface of the finished product, destruction of the concrete surface layer of the finished product. It was found out that the defects formation on the concrete surface of the finished product is caused by the following factors: a mismatched blend composition of the mould release agent, not considering the technological peculiarities of the concrete product manufacturing, an insufficient or excessive agent consumption. The article provides the practical recommendations, allowing to significantly decrease or exclude a possibility of the defects formation on the surface of the finished concrete and reinforced concrete products. As a result of the performed studies it was found out that the consumption within 7-10 g/m2of the agent active material will ensure proper demoulding of the product, and at the consumption more than 20-30 g/m2the following can be often observed: grease stains form on the concrete surface, the colour changes, the concrete surface layer looses etc. Dyeing of the concrete surface can be caused by the following: dyeing components in the agent; presence of the substances in the agent, capable of the physical and chemical interaction with the concrete mixture components. In most cases the surface blowholes on the concrete are the result of the air bubbles concentration at the interaction boarder between the concrete mixture and mould release agent. The size of the bubbles depends to a certain degree on the release agent. Adding of the surface active substances to the agent composition will contribute to the bubbles split to the tiniest sizes (less than 1 mm). The surface active substances in the agent, as well as calcium and aluminium ions in the concrete will contribute to the formation of the scab on the concrete surface. The volume of the scab decreases when adding fatty acid to the agent composition. After stripping of the concrete and reinforced concrete products, their surfaces can be exposed to the rust stains, appeared as a result of the surface dyeing with the steel mould corrosion products. The mould corrosion can appear if the applied mould release agent does not have enough capability to protect them from corrosion under the conditions of the moulded products solidification, especially, in case of the steam treatment. In order to ensure the anticorrosion protection of the steel moulds, corrosion inhibitors are added to the agent composition. Destruction of the finished product surface layer is caused by the physical and chemical interaction of the agent components and concrete mixture. In case of improper ratio of the agent components, the reaction products in the form of a thin loose deposit layer can accumulate on the concrete and(or) mould surface. In case of proper ratio of the agent components, the layer of the reaction products is so thin that it cannot be seen visually. The obtained results of the studies can be used as the basis for development of the mould release agents’ formulation. В статье представлены результаты анализа основных причин образования дефектов поверхности бетонных изделий, вызванных физико-химическим взаимодействием компонентов смазки и бетона на границе соприкосновения с формой, и описаны способы их предупреждения. В результате выполненного анализа выявлены и проанализированы причины возникновения дефектов бетонных поверхностей изделий: масляные пятна, раковины, окрашивание бетона, рыхлый осадок (налет), ржавые пятна на поверхности готового изделия, разрушение поверхностного слоя бетона готового изделия. Установлено, что возникновение дефектов на поверхности бетона готового изделия обусловлено следующими факторами: неправильно подобранным компонентным составом разделительной смазки без учета технологических особенностей производства бетонных изделий, недостаточным или излишним расходом смазки. Даны практические рекомендации, позволяющие значительно уменьшить или исключить возможность возникновения дефектов на поверхности готовых бетонных и железобетонных изделий. В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что расход в пределах от 7 до 10 г/м2 действующего вещества смазки обеспечивает качественное отделение изделия от формы, а при расходе более 20–30 г/м2 на поверхности бетона часто образуются масляные пятна, наблюдается изменение цвета, разрыхление поверхностного слоя бетона и др. Окрашивание поверхности бетона может быть вызвано следующими причинами: наличие в составе смазки окрашивающих компонентов; присутствие в ней веществ, способных вступать в физико-химическое взаимодействие с компонентами бетонной смеси. В большинстве случаев поверхностные раковины на бетоне являются следствием концентрации воздушных пузырей на границе взаимодействия бетонной смеси и разделительной смазки. Размер пузырей в определенной степени зависит от используемой смазки. Введение в состав смазки поверхностно-активных веществ способствует дроблению пузырей до мельчайших размеров (менее 1 мм). Формированию налета на поверхности бетона способствуют поверхностно-активные вещества в составе смазок и ионы кальция и алюминия в составе бетона. При введении жирной кислоты в состав смазки величина налета снижается. После распалубки бетонных и железобетонных изделий на их поверхности могут возникать ржавые пятна, которые образуются в результате окрашивания поверхности продуктами коррозии стальных форм. Коррозия форм возникает, если нанесенная разделительная смазка не обладает достаточной способностью защитить их от коррозии в условиях твердения заформованных изделий, особенно при термовлажностной обработке. Для антикоррозионной защиты стальных форм в состав смазки вводят ингибиторы коррозии. Разрушение поверхностного слоя готового изделия обусловлено физико-химическим взаимодействием компонентов смазки и бетонной смеси. При неправильном подборе соотношения компонентов смазки продукты реакции в виде тонкого слоя рыхлого вещества способны откладываться на поверхности бетона и (или) формы. При удачном подборе соотношения компонентов смазки слой продуктов реакции настолько тонкий, что визуально незаметен. Полученные результаты исследований можно использовать в качестве основы для разработки рецептуры разделительных смазок.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document