ELABORATION OF IMPROVED HYDROPONIC INSTALLATIONS

Hydroponics is a perspective direction of development of modern agriculture that provides perennial growing of main species of vegetables and greenery on small areas and with minimal expenses of water and fertilizers. This technology allows to get large enough harvests of fresh vegetables in big cities including office and living premises. Last time entrepreneurs and inventors pay a lot of attention for elaboration of more effective methods of hydroponics and equipment for their realization in direction of decrease of using areas, economy of water, nutrients and increase of air supply and plants capacity. There are several known methods of hydroponics: static solution culture, continuous-flow solution culture (NFT), deep water culture, passive sub-irrigation, flood and drain sub-irrigation, run-to-waste system, top-fed deep water culture, rotary system, aeroponics, fogponics. Commercial and industrial use got the first three from above mentioned methods. Herewith the method of static solution culture does not provide of necessary saturation of plant’s roots with air. Under realization of the method of continuous-flow solution culture are possible little buffering against interruptions in the flow (power outages), water logging in some channels, besides there are limitations for maximal length of channels (12 – 15 m). The method of deep water culture in industrial scales is used mainly for growing of lettuce. The other mentioned methods are not enough effective from point of view of commercial utilization. The improved hydroponic installations, presented in the article, were elaborated with consideration of such demands: versatility of use (a possibility of growing of various species of plants); harmonies optimal provision of crops with water, nutrients, light and air; maximal use of premise’s space; a possibility of re-space during of the growth period, increase of area for each plant and support of its stalk and sprouts. Also, the formulas for definition of main parameters of the elaborated installations are presented in the article.

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IMPROVEMENT OF HYDROPON INSTALLATIONS

ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC ◽

10.37128/2520-6168-2021-4-13 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 119-127

Author(s):

Ivan Sevostianov ◽

Oleksandr Melnik

Keyword(s):

Deep Water ◽

Drainage System ◽

Static Solution ◽

Solution Culture ◽

Culture Solution ◽

Water Culture ◽

Small Areas ◽

Air Supply ◽

Fresh Vegetables ◽

Water Nutrients

Hydroponics is a promising area of development of modern agriculture, which provides long-term cultivation of basic vegetables and greenery in small areas with minimal consumption of water and fertilizers. This technology allows you to get a fairly large harvest of fresh vegetables within large cities, including office and residential premises. Entrepreneurs and researchers are paying close attention to developing more efficient hydroponics methods and equipment to implement them in order to reduce usable space, save water, nutrients and increase air supply and plant capacity. Several hydroponics systems are known: static solution culture, continuous flow solution (NFT) culture, deep water culture, passive irrigation, underwater and drainage irrigation systems, wastewater drainage system, deep-water fertilized culture, rotary system, aeroponics, wick system. The first three of the above methods were used commercially and industrially. The system of static culture solution does not provide the necessary saturation of plant roots with air. With the implementation of the method of continuous solution culture, minor buffering is possible due to interruptions in the flow (power outage), flooding of water in some canals, in addition, there are restrictions on the maximum length of canals (12 - 15 m). The system of deep-water culture on an industrial scale is used mainly for growing lettuce. Other mentioned systems are not efficient enough in terms of commercial use. The improved hydroponic installations presented in the article were developed taking into account the following requirements: universality of use (possibility of growing different types of plants); harmonization of optimal supply of crops with water, nutrients, light and air; maximum use of space; increasing the area for each plant and maintaining its stems and shoots. Also in the article the equation for definition of the basic parameters of the developed installations is given.

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Hydroponic System - Solution Culture.

Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide ◽

10.1079/9781789244830.0005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 61-76

Author(s):

Lynette Morgan

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Deep Water ◽

Crop Production ◽

Solution Culture ◽

Water Culture ◽

Hydroponic System ◽

Culture Systems ◽

Nutrient Film Technique ◽

System Solution ◽

Deep Flow Technique

Abstract This paper discusses about the solution culture or 'hydroculture' systems, which are methods of crop production which do not employ the use of substrates to contain the root system and hold moisture between irrigations. It includes NFT or the nutrient film technique, deep water culture/deep flow technique - float, raft or pond systems, aeroponics, aquaponics, organic solution culture, hydroponic fodder systems, and automation for solution culture systems.

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Hydroponic System - Solution Culture.

Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide ◽

10.1079/9781789244830.0061 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 61-76

Author(s):

Lynette Morgan

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Deep Water ◽

Crop Production ◽

Solution Culture ◽

Water Culture ◽

Hydroponic System ◽

Culture Systems ◽

Nutrient Film Technique ◽

System Solution ◽

Deep Flow Technique

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Effects of deep water culture of rice plants on the injury of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis WALKER in its second generation.

Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology ◽

10.1303/jjaez.29.131 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 131-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hisaaki TSUMUKI ◽

Katsuo KANEHISA ◽

Takashi SHIRAGA

Keyword(s):

Deep Water ◽

Second Generation ◽

Stem Borer ◽

Chilo Suppressalis ◽

Water Culture ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Rice Stem Borer

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Effects of Seeding Pattern and Cultivar on Productivity of Baby Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Grown Hydroponically in Deep-Water Culture

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae5010020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel Janeczko ◽

Michael Timmons

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Deep Water ◽

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Expanded Polystyrene ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Water Culture ◽

Canopy Density ◽

Bench Scale

Baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea) was grown in a bench-scale deep-water culture (DWC) system in expanded polystyrene (EPS) plug trays. Two experiments were performed. In the first, different seeding patterns, [1-2-1-2…] or [3-0-3-0…] seeds per sequential cell, at the same overall density per tray, were compared to evaluate the potential of an EPS tray designed with fewer cells, but sown with more seeds per cell (to preserve canopy density). Using such a flat would lower growing substrate requirements. Seeding in the [3-0-3-0…] pattern reduced seed germination, but only by 5%. Harvested fresh weight was also less numerically in the [3-0-3-0…] pattern but not statistically. The second experiment observed cultivars Carmel, Seaside and Space grown concurrently. Carmel had the highest germination, nearly 100%, which was significantly greater than Seaside but not Space. Germination for Space was not significantly different from that of Seaside. Carmel also had the highest harvested fresh weight but was not significantly different from Space; both Carmel and Space produced significantly more harvested fresh weight than Seaside.

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Potential Job Creation and Resource Dependance in Rural Finland

European Countryside ◽

10.2478/euco-2014-0011 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 202-224

Author(s):

Olli Lehtonen ◽

Markku Tykkyläinen

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Job Creation ◽

Growth Period ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Small Areas ◽

Policy Measures

Abstract Despite strong secular economic growth after the crisis of 1990-93, most of rural Finland has continued to face severe job losses. By applying small-area analysis, this paper seeks to explain why some rural areas inevitably experience declining employment while others prosper and grow even faster than urban areas. The variation of job creation in rural small areas derives from local economic conditions, local demographic structure, proximity to larger centers, and natural conditions. Contrary to expectations, the coldest areas with nature reserves have passed the worst job loss. Those areas had a lower burden of declining primary industries than traditional agro-forest areas, and because of tourism, industry has expanded in some places in Lapland. The dependence of an area on the primary sector is a good indicator of the highest rural job losses during the urban-centric economic growth period. Especially the most resource dependent areas have lagged behind and fail in job creation on account of their uncompetitive industrial environment. Persistent labor surplus plagues such areas, implying that established policy measures have been unable to restructure and modernize traditional rural areas. Since Finnish rural and regional policies have been being inefficient they should be reformed especially in resource-based areas in a fundamental way.

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EVALUATION OF AN IRON-STRESS RESPONSE FOR PIN OAK AND RED OAK SEEDLINGS GROWING IN A STATIC SOLUTION CULTURE SYSTEM

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1117 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1117G-1117

Author(s):

Cameron Rees ◽

James Robbins

Keyword(s):

Culture System ◽

Static Solution ◽

Solution Culture ◽

Red Oak ◽

Leaf Color ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Iron Efficiency ◽

Iron Form ◽

Quercus Palustris ◽

Nutrient Solutions

The iron-efficiency of pin oak (Quercus palustris) and red oak (Quercus rubra) grown in a static solution culture system was evaluated. Treatments included nutrient solutions with no iron, an unavailable iron form (Fe2 O3), and an available iron form (FeEDDHA), each adjusted to a starting pH of 5.5 or 7.0. Both oaks grew better when the available form of iron was used than when the solution contained unavailable or no iron. There was no difference in the height or leaf color for plants of either species when grown with unavailable or no iron. Red oak grown with an available iron form significantly lowered the pH of the solution prior to a growth flush. A similar drop in solution pH was not observed for pin oak growing under similar conditions.

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A Study of the Effectiveness of Hydroponic Growing Variables on Lactuca sativa var. capitata

Journal of Student Research ◽

10.47611/jsrhs.v10i2.1506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jacob Zajkowski ◽

Whitney Short

Keyword(s):

Deep Water ◽

Lactuca Sativa ◽

Nutrient Concentration ◽

Growth Efficiency ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Small Scale ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Water Culture ◽

Future Studies ◽

System Variables

Hydroponic growing in controlled environment horticulture has been an increasingly used method of produce production around the world. Its many methods integrate sustainability and growth efficiency through the control of climatic and system variables. This study investigated control variables that would produce and market a more effective lettuce (lactuca sativa. var capitata) crop. Three objectives determined: The comparison between the dimensions of deep water culture systems and the lettuce harvesting length, Consumer and ICP spectrometry recognition of different post-harvest hydroponic nutrient concentration, and the preference of lettuce grown in different hydroponic nutrient concentrations. Through growing trials and consumer tests, it was found that the 14 gallon (102 x 50.8 x 66cm) size deep water culture system also produced lettuce with larger harvest-length; spectrometry recognition of lettuce crops grown in different nutrient levels was effective with 7 of the 12 nutrients elements showing sufficient results of concentration in concentrated lettuce. Consumer identification recognition wasn’t successful with 40% of consumers unable to recognize any nutrient concentration level compared to two other varieties. Representing a diverse market audience, of consumers determined that variety 127 (50% regular concentration) was preferred as significant market influence of purchase. This research will impact future studies in effective small scale hydroponic growing and growers looking to expand knowledge of beneficial growth.

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Selection of Heat Tolerant Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Cultivars Grown in Deep Water Culture and Their Marketability

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae5030050 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 50 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sydney C. Holmes ◽

Daniel E. Wells ◽

Jeremy M. Pickens ◽

Joseph M. Kemble

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

Deep Water ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Warm Climate ◽

Cool Season ◽

Water Culture ◽

Excessive Heat ◽

Lactuca Sativa L ◽

Protective Structures ◽

Selection Of

Lettuce is a cool season vegetable often produced in greenhouses and other protective structures to meet market demands. Greenhouses are being increasingly adopted in warm climate zones where excessive heat often leads to physiological disorders of lettuce, such as tipburn and premature bolting. Greenhouse lettuce growers in warm climates need cultivar recommendations that can help improve production without ignoring marketability. In the current study, eighteen lettuce cultivars were grown in deep water culture and evaluated for growth, bolting, and tipburn in a greenhouse in Auburn, AL, starting on 30 June and 19 August 2016. Based on the severity of bolting and tipburn, nine cultivars were then selected and evaluated on 17 November 2016 for sensory attributes and marketability by 50 untrained consumer panelists. Cultivars ‘Adriana’, ‘Aerostar’, ‘Monte Carlo’, ‘Nevada’, ‘Parris Island’, ‘Salvius’, ‘Skyphos’, and ‘Sparx’ were selected as having higher heat tolerance than cultivars ‘Bambi’, ‘Buttercrunch’ ‘Coastal Star’, ‘Flashy Trout Back’, ‘Green Forest’, ‘Green Towers’, ‘Jericho’, ‘Magenta’, and ‘Truchas’. Higher crispness, lower bitterness, higher overall texture, and higher overall flavor each correlated to higher marketability, regardless of cultivar, but the strongest predictor of marketability was overall flavor. Overall flavor and overall texture were more strongly correlated to marketability than bitterness and crispness, respectively, suggesting that broader sensory categories may better capture human sensory perceptions of lettuce than narrower categories. Cultivars ‘Aerostar’, ‘Monte Carlo’, ‘Nevada’, ‘Parris Island’, ‘Rex’, ‘Salvius’, and ‘Sparx’ performed well in a hot greenhouse and were preferred by consumers. This step-wise experiment could be an adaptable tool for determining highest performing cultivars under any given production constraint, without ignoring marketability.

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Growth and Phosphate Absorption in Lettuce and Cabbage Plants in Dilute Solution Culture

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9770505 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 505 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

MG Temple-Smith ◽

RC Menary

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Growth Period ◽

Solution Culture ◽

Lower Solution ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Relative Growth Rates ◽

Phosphate Absorption ◽

Rate Of Growth ◽

Total Plant

Growth and phosphate absorption of lettuce and cabbage plants were compared at seven solution phosphate concentrations in the range 0.06-8.0 �M. Phosphate levels were maintained constant throughout the 35-day growth period by the use of large volume (450 litres per 24 plants) continuous- flow solution culture units. Both lettuce and cabbage achieved maximum relative growth rates of approximately 14 g dry matter per 100 g dry matter per day. For cabbage this rate of growth was achieved at a solution phosphate concentration of 0.5 �M. However, to attain the same rate of growth, lettuce required a solution phosphate level at least fourfold greater (between 2.0 and 4.0 �M) . These phosphate concentrations are many times lower than those previously reported for maximum yield of these species. The ability of cabbage to achieve maximum dry matter yield at lower solution phosphate concentrations than that required by lettuce appears to be due to a combination of its greater rate of phosphate absorption per unit of root at low phosphate concentrations, its higher proportion of total plant phosphorus and dry matter contained in the shoot, and its higher phosphate utilization quotient at maximum yield.

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