scholarly journals [Jurisprudential Vocabulary Constitute Imams] Asbabul Mufradat al-Fiqhiyyah inda ai’matan al-Mazahib

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-105
Author(s):  
Ahmed Maqbul Mar'i Umar Ahmed ◽  
Hasanuldin Mohd

Many followers do not understand the disagreement and differences in opinion amongst Islamic jurists. Adequate explanation regarding the various motives for jurisprudential vocabulary by Imams of the schools of Islamic jurisprudence could provide followers with useful information. This study aims to provide detailed explanation about the rationale behind jurisprudential vocabulary in order to increase understanding of religion. The study focuses on religious texts and how to deal with issues whose rules are not established. The researcher used inductive and comparative methods to gather and analyze these motives. One of the most important findings of this study is that the motives for jurisprudential vocabulary constitute a collection of processes involved in every disagreement amongst the scholars. These motives can be summed up into several key points: First, regarding the narration and knowledge about the texts; second, pertaining to the competence in terms of understanding and knowledge of its requirements; third, regarding what it does or does not incorporate of issues whose rules are not established; and fourth: a person working on Ijtihad (juristic deduction) must strive to produce valid evidence, and such person is excused for any mistake and rewarded for Ijtihad. A situation whereby the person who has not been informed of the Hadith or considers it inaccurate in a ruling and based the jurisprudence on a Shar'ia evidence is considered closest to the truth. This is because realizing the truth in all rulings is impossible. The differences in opinion amongst the scholars are neither on the basics of religion nor at the core of Shariah, but only differences in the understanding of certain religious texts and their application.   Keywords: Jurisprudence Vocabulary, Motives, Imams of Islamic Jurisprudence   إن المتتبع لما انفرد به الأئمة بعضهم عن بعض، يجد هناك عدة الأسباب تسوغ إليه، والذي يدفع إلى هذا البحث رجاء أن يفيء ببيان حاجات العصر الاجتماعية، وفهم أسباب المفردات الفقهية، وتظهر المشكلة في أن هناك من لا يغهم الخلاف بين الفقهاء ولا يعرف الأسباب التي جعلتهم يختلفون في أراءهم والانفراد ببعض الأقوال عن بعض فكانت هذه الأسباب بمثابة التهميد الكاشف الذي سيسهم في فهم ما من الأاسباب يرد إليها المفردات الفقهية، وبدونها لا يمكن أن يتم الإلمام بها، ويهدف البحث إلى سبر غور تلك الأسباب التي تعود في  جملتها المسائل  الفقهية، وكفية الإحاطة بالنصوص، وفهمها، وبيان كفية التعامل مع المسائل التي لا نص فيها وإسنادها بالأدلة التي لا يمكن أن تخرج عنها، ويستخدم الباحث في هذا المنهج الاستقرائي والمنهج المقارن لجمع هذه ألاسباب ودراستها، وتوصل الباحث إلى نتائج من أهمها أن أسباب المفردات تشكل إن أساب المفردات أن نشكل في الجملة رؤوس الضوابط التي ما من خلاف إلا ويرد إليها ولا يخرج عنها في الغالب، ويمكن أن تتلخص أسباب المفردات بعد تمحيصها إلى عدة نقاط ريسية، أولا: حول الرواية من حيث الاطلاع والعلم بالنصوص، وثانيا: حول الدراية من جهة فهمها ومعرفة مقتضياتها، وثالثا: حول ما يرجع إليها أو ما لا يخرج عنها مما لا نص فيه: ورابعا: عا=لى المجتهد أن بيذل غاية ما في وسعه فيما اجتهاد، وترجيح الراجح من الأدلة فيما فيه دليل، والمخطئ في ذلك السبيل معذور، بل مأجور لاجتهاده فيه، يحرج من العهدة ويسلم من الحرج،ومن لم يبلغه الحديث أو لم يصح عنده في حكم ما، واستند في جتهاده إلى دليل شرعي يراه الأقرب إلى الصواب فقد عمل مستطاعه في ذلك، لأن إدارك الصواب في جميع الأحكام أمر متعذر، أو متعسر، الاختلاف الحاصل بين الفقهاء يكن في ذات الدين، ولا في لب الشريعة، ولكنه اختلاف في فهم بعض نصوصها وفي تطبيق كلياتها على الفروع حيث لا دليل حاسم.   كلمات ريسية: المفردات الفقهية، أسباب، أئمة المذاهب الفقهية  

1961 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49
Author(s):  
Leon Knopoff ◽  
Freeman Gilbert

Abstract The problem of the diffraction of a seismic pulse by the core of the Earth is investigated theoretically. The result is compared to that of diffraction by a half-plane. The differences are striking. Laboratory model experiments have been performed to verify the theoretical approximations in their regions of validity, and to complement the theory elsewhere. The curves, thus obtained, of the theoretical amplitude distribution in the shadow of the Earth's core agree very well with the observations of Gutenberg. It is therefore concluded that diffraction is a completely adequate explanation for the amplitude distribution in the shadow zone.


2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Ansori Ansori

The lack of religious texts in giving legal certainty to the various issues that always comes along with the rapid changes taking place in the midst of society make the ulamas strive to develop methodological tools that can be used to formulate laws. One of the the methodological devices is Qawaid Fighiyyah, which is the development of the Islamic jurisprudence approach. Islamic jurisprudence approach is already very long dominating the construction of Islamic legal thought. However, because its use is complicated and it needs a qualified skill, then it is more widely used by people who truly experts in various Islamic disciplines. While Qawaid Fighiyyah, because it is simple and has a wide cover, is more widely used by Muslims. It is increasingly visible in the contemporary era, where a lot of new problems arise and require immediate legal certainty. This research will discuss the contextual values of Qawaid Fighiyyah and the ability of Qawaid Fighiyyah to respond and provide solutions to various problems faced by Muslims.


Author(s):  
Itziar Gandarias Goikoetxea ◽  
Oihane Urrutikoetxea Lekanda ◽  
Miguel Ángel Navarro Lashayas

Trafficking for sexual exploitation is a complex, highly changeable phenomenon that needs to be tackled on a multi-faceted, inter-disciplinary basis by different social actors including social organisations, police forces and public institutions, because it entails not just gender violence but also a web of other serious breaches of human rights. This briefing on “Key points for supporting and accompanying women victims and survivors of human trafficking for sexual exploitation” seeks to provide guidelines for specialists at social organisations and for technical staff at public administrations and institutions who work to prevent, deal with and care for victims. It begins by giving an outline of the characteristics of women classed as victims of trafficking dealt with in the Historical Territory of Bizkaia between 2015 and 2017. It goes on to describe the gaps and needs detected among specialists at social organisations. Finally, it provides recommendations that highlight the importance of making the needs of women the core concern, avoiding re-victimisation and enhancing coordination and networking between social organisations and the public institutions involved.


Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (25) ◽  
pp. 3675-3684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca S. Gazzaniga ◽  
Elizabeth H. Blackburn

Key Points Telomerase RNA component hTR, but not the core enzymatic protein component hTERT, protects T cells from apoptosis. hTR prevents dexamethasone-induced apoptosis specifically when in a telomerase enzymatically inactive state.


2004 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrius Beinorius

The present study attempts to deepen the existing scholarly understanding of the various conceptual issues related to the problem of unconscious in Indian philosophy. An attempt is made to determine and classify the semantic content of a selected number of psychological concepts, notably saṃskãras and vāsanās, as it is found in the philosophical and religious texts of Patañjali’s Yoga sūtra and the basic commentarial literature thereon. Seven main features, or functions, of these concepts in Yoga tradition are distinguished. Finally, some significant differences between Yoga psychology and Western psycho-analysis regarding the understanding of the nature of the subconscious are mentioned. The most important point of similarity is that according to both Yoga and psychoanalysis the subconscious is regarded as the determining factor in conscious life. Belonging to the core of the Indian psychological system, the conception of saṃskãras and vāsanās in a way foreshadows the modem notion of the subconscious / unconscious / preconscious.


Author(s):  
Anya Selwyn ◽  
Jeremy Davis ◽  
Robert Hone

Key Points: 1. We have identified ambiguity in the current guidance on thyroid MDT’s, and have also found nationwide variation in compliance with this. 2. We recommend: a. All surgeons undertaking thyroid surgery should complete a minimum of 20 thyroid procedures per year, and this should also form part of surgeons’ annual appraisal. b. All surgeons should contribute data to UKRETS (unless prevented by local legal frameworks) and this should form part of surgeons’ annual appraisal and be audited by individual MDT’s and regional cancer networks. c. Thyroid MDT’s should be held weekly where possible, with a minimum frequency of fortnightly. d. The core membership of a thyroid MDT (stand alone and joint) should include thyroid surgeons, specialist radiology, endocrinology, nuclear medicine, nurse specialists, histopathology +/- cytology and clinical oncology.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Madine ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Yousof Al-Hammadi ◽  
Junaid Arshad ◽  
...  

Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize industries by offering decentralized, transparent, data provenance, auditable, reliable, and trustworthy features. However, cross-chain interoperability is one of the crucial challenges preventing widespread adoption of blockchain applications. Cross-chain interoperability represents the ability for one blockchain network to interact and share data with another blockchain network. Contemporary cross-chain interoperability solutions are centralized and require re-engineering of the core blockchain stack to enable inter-communication and data sharing among heterogeneous blockchain networks. In this paper, we propose an application-based cross-chain interoperability solution that allows blockchain networks of any architecture type and industrial focus to inter-communicate, share data, and make requests. Our solution utilizes the decentralized applications as a distributed translation layer that is capable of communicating and understanding multiple blockchain networks, thereby delegating requests and parameters among them. The architecture uses incentivized verifier nodes that maintain the integrity of shared data facilitating them to be readable by the entities of their network. We define and describe the roles and requirements of major entities of inter-operating blockchain networks in the context of healthcare. We present a detailed explanation of the sequence of interactions needed to share an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) document from one blockchain network to another along with the required algorithms. We implement the proposed solution with Ethereum-based smart contracts for two hospitals and also present cost and security analysis for the cross-chain interoperability solution. We make our smart contracts code and testing scripts publicly available.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Madine ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Yousof Al-Hammadi ◽  
Junaid Arshad ◽  
...  

Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize industries by offering decentralized, transparent, data provenance, auditable, reliable, and trustworthy features. However, cross-chain interoperability is one of the crucial challenges preventing widespread adoption of blockchain applications. Cross-chain interoperability represents the ability for one blockchain network to interact and share data with another blockchain network. Contemporary cross-chain interoperability solutions are centralized and require re-engineering of the core blockchain stack to enable inter-communication and data sharing among heterogeneous blockchain networks. In this paper, we propose an application-based cross-chain interoperability solution that allows blockchain networks of any architecture type and industrial focus to inter-communicate, share data, and make requests. Our solution utilizes the decentralized applications as a distributed translation layer that is capable of communicating and understanding multiple blockchain networks, thereby delegating requests and parameters among them. The architecture uses incentivized verifier nodes that maintain the integrity of shared data facilitating them to be readable by the entities of their network. We define and describe the roles and requirements of major entities of inter-operating blockchain networks in the context of healthcare. We present a detailed explanation of the sequence of interactions needed to share an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) document from one blockchain network to another along with the required algorithms. We implement the proposed solution with Ethereum-based smart contracts for two hospitals and also present cost and security analysis for the cross-chain interoperability solution. We make our smart contracts code and testing scripts publicly available.


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