QAWA’ID FIQHIYYAH DAN TANTANGAN ZAMAN: ANALISIS KONTEKSTUALITAS DAN PERAN QAWA’ID FIQHIYYAH DALAM SOLUSI PROBLEMATIKA HUKUM ISLAM

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Ansori Ansori

The lack of religious texts in giving legal certainty to the various issues that always comes along with the rapid changes taking place in the midst of society make the ulamas strive to develop methodological tools that can be used to formulate laws. One of the the methodological devices is Qawaid Fighiyyah, which is the development of the Islamic jurisprudence approach. Islamic jurisprudence approach is already very long dominating the construction of Islamic legal thought. However, because its use is complicated and it needs a qualified skill, then it is more widely used by people who truly experts in various Islamic disciplines. While Qawaid Fighiyyah, because it is simple and has a wide cover, is more widely used by Muslims. It is increasingly visible in the contemporary era, where a lot of new problems arise and require immediate legal certainty. This research will discuss the contextual values of Qawaid Fighiyyah and the ability of Qawaid Fighiyyah to respond and provide solutions to various problems faced by Muslims.

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-214
Author(s):  
Mahmud Arif

In general, we know about Egypt very well, because of all this time, Egypt, especially Kairo, has been viewed as one of the centers of Islamic thought in the world. Naturally this country had a lot of Islamic thinkers, like Mahmud Syaltut (d. 1963) that has become the Rector of al-Azhar University. The influence of his thought overstepped the bounds of time and political territory. The Islamic jurisprudence is an inseparable legal thought from the fulfillment of social demands. One of the evidences is its’ response to actual issues, like gender equality represented in his opinions about domestical duty, women testimony, girl marriage, and poligamy. As a thinker in the Islamic jurisprudence, Syaltut has endeavored to respond such issues, including gender. As a reformer in the turbulent time, his reflection on such matters expressed critical preference, so frequently looked different from the prevalent opinion. In one side, his reflection was “liberal” because of his bravery in stepping beyond the Islamic orthodoxy and the modernity, but in another side, his thought was “conservative”if it was viewed from his endorsement to the old Islamic thought that reflected a gender bias. This showed the uniqueness and the ambivalence of his thought, so very interesting to being studied.


2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-105
Author(s):  
Ahmed Maqbul Mar'i Umar Ahmed ◽  
Hasanuldin Mohd

Many followers do not understand the disagreement and differences in opinion amongst Islamic jurists. Adequate explanation regarding the various motives for jurisprudential vocabulary by Imams of the schools of Islamic jurisprudence could provide followers with useful information. This study aims to provide detailed explanation about the rationale behind jurisprudential vocabulary in order to increase understanding of religion. The study focuses on religious texts and how to deal with issues whose rules are not established. The researcher used inductive and comparative methods to gather and analyze these motives. One of the most important findings of this study is that the motives for jurisprudential vocabulary constitute a collection of processes involved in every disagreement amongst the scholars. These motives can be summed up into several key points: First, regarding the narration and knowledge about the texts; second, pertaining to the competence in terms of understanding and knowledge of its requirements; third, regarding what it does or does not incorporate of issues whose rules are not established; and fourth: a person working on Ijtihad (juristic deduction) must strive to produce valid evidence, and such person is excused for any mistake and rewarded for Ijtihad. A situation whereby the person who has not been informed of the Hadith or considers it inaccurate in a ruling and based the jurisprudence on a Shar'ia evidence is considered closest to the truth. This is because realizing the truth in all rulings is impossible. The differences in opinion amongst the scholars are neither on the basics of religion nor at the core of Shariah, but only differences in the understanding of certain religious texts and their application.   Keywords: Jurisprudence Vocabulary, Motives, Imams of Islamic Jurisprudence   إن المتتبع لما انفرد به الأئمة بعضهم عن بعض، يجد هناك عدة الأسباب تسوغ إليه، والذي يدفع إلى هذا البحث رجاء أن يفيء ببيان حاجات العصر الاجتماعية، وفهم أسباب المفردات الفقهية، وتظهر المشكلة في أن هناك من لا يغهم الخلاف بين الفقهاء ولا يعرف الأسباب التي جعلتهم يختلفون في أراءهم والانفراد ببعض الأقوال عن بعض فكانت هذه الأسباب بمثابة التهميد الكاشف الذي سيسهم في فهم ما من الأاسباب يرد إليها المفردات الفقهية، وبدونها لا يمكن أن يتم الإلمام بها، ويهدف البحث إلى سبر غور تلك الأسباب التي تعود في  جملتها المسائل  الفقهية، وكفية الإحاطة بالنصوص، وفهمها، وبيان كفية التعامل مع المسائل التي لا نص فيها وإسنادها بالأدلة التي لا يمكن أن تخرج عنها، ويستخدم الباحث في هذا المنهج الاستقرائي والمنهج المقارن لجمع هذه ألاسباب ودراستها، وتوصل الباحث إلى نتائج من أهمها أن أسباب المفردات تشكل إن أساب المفردات أن نشكل في الجملة رؤوس الضوابط التي ما من خلاف إلا ويرد إليها ولا يخرج عنها في الغالب، ويمكن أن تتلخص أسباب المفردات بعد تمحيصها إلى عدة نقاط ريسية، أولا: حول الرواية من حيث الاطلاع والعلم بالنصوص، وثانيا: حول الدراية من جهة فهمها ومعرفة مقتضياتها، وثالثا: حول ما يرجع إليها أو ما لا يخرج عنها مما لا نص فيه: ورابعا: عا=لى المجتهد أن بيذل غاية ما في وسعه فيما اجتهاد، وترجيح الراجح من الأدلة فيما فيه دليل، والمخطئ في ذلك السبيل معذور، بل مأجور لاجتهاده فيه، يحرج من العهدة ويسلم من الحرج،ومن لم يبلغه الحديث أو لم يصح عنده في حكم ما، واستند في جتهاده إلى دليل شرعي يراه الأقرب إلى الصواب فقد عمل مستطاعه في ذلك، لأن إدارك الصواب في جميع الأحكام أمر متعذر، أو متعسر، الاختلاف الحاصل بين الفقهاء يكن في ذات الدين، ولا في لب الشريعة، ولكنه اختلاف في فهم بعض نصوصها وفي تطبيق كلياتها على الفروع حيث لا دليل حاسم.   كلمات ريسية: المفردات الفقهية، أسباب، أئمة المذاهب الفقهية  


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Gusva Havita ◽  
Gestivia Hakim

Wakaf as a religious institution, in addition to functioning as a means of worship also has a social function. And over the course of time and the birth of modern Islamic society, the waqf also experienced a dynamic development as well. One of the issues of contemporary waqf in the study of jurisprudence of wakaf is about the extension of wakaf coverage which includes moving objects, one of which is stock. The transfer of shares for the purpose of wakaf is called the stock wakaf. To obtain a comprehensive analysis of the stock wakaf, the authors analyzed two main issues concerning the reasons for endowments of shares allowed under Islamic law, and Islamic law's review of the provisions of shares as an object of wakaf in the legislation after the enactment of Law No. 41 of 2004 on Wakaf . In analyzing the two main issues, the author uses descriptive method to produce descriptive analytical thesis. This study yields the conclusion that Islamic jurisprudence expert and Islamic Law Compilation, wakaf share is allowed to remember shares have conservation benefit that is in the form of dividend that can be picked up as long as the issuer company runs its business well and get profit, while the principal value of stock is maintained. Similarly, the MUI Fatwa dated May 11, 2002 on Waqf of money also permits the wakaf of shares because it sees the similarity between money and stocks, which has great potential benefits when it is represented. The review of Islamic law on shares as an object of wakaf in the legislation after the enactment of Law No. 41 of 2004 on Waqf, the conclusion that Sharia and conventional shares of halal / mubah companies may be used as wakaf objects. The permissibility of the conventional stock of the halal / mubah company to be the object of wakaf needs further regulation on the detail of the criteria and procedures for the validation so that the wakaf is still valid and provide legal certainty in the community.Key words: Stock Wakaf, Islamic Law, Legislation


2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noer Yasin

The history of Islamic law witnesses the development of Islamic legal methodology, known widely as usul al-fiqh, which aims at discovering God’s intention through sound judg-ment. Usul fiqh is considered responsible for the dynamism of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). Every school of thought (madzhab) has its own method of deducing law from its source, which might be different from the other. Initially intending to combine two conflicting methods existent in his time, al-Syafi’i has established his own method upon which arose new school of legal thought. This paper aims at depicting the development of usul al-fiqh from the time of al-Syafi’i up to that of Khudlari Bik in modern time.<br /><br />Sejarah hukum Islam membuktikan bahwa perkembangan usul al-fiqh  bertujuan untuk menemukan maksud Tuhan melalui hukum yang  yang dikaji secara mendalam. Usul Fiqh dianggap bertanggung jawab terhadap dinamika  fiqh. semua Madzhab memiliki metode masing-masing dalam pengambilan dasar hukum yang mungkin berbeda satu sama lain. pada awalnya, Syafi’i bertujuan untuk mengkombinasikan two metode yang berbeda yang ada pada masanya, beliau membentuk metode sendiri yang kemudian berdiri sendiri sebagai madzhab baru. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan perkem-bangan usul fiqh dari masa al-Syafi’i sampai khudlari Bik pada masa modern.<br /><br />Keywords: Yurisprudensi Islam, Usul Fiqh, Madzhab<br /><br />


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Rad Goudarzi ◽  
Alireza Najafinejad

Abstract The common method of the traditional Islamic Jurisprudence in seminaries has been challenged by Ayatollah Yousef Saanei, one of the ten prominent Iranian Grand Ayatollahs. Saanei is well known for attempting to institutionalize a new method of Ijtihad, known as searching Ijtihad, which seeks to reconsider the common mode of understanding religious texts and jurisprudential inferences. His experiences of observing the systematic ineffectiveness and discrimination in popular jurisprudence regarding women’s rights, family, and religious minorities persuaded him to take scientific action in revising the common jurisprudential method. In the present paper, the necessity of revising the common jurisprudential approach in seminaries from Saanei’s point of view is firstly studied. Afterwards, the foundations, principles, and methods of modern Saanei’s Ijtihad will be investigated to determine the structure and foundations of his jurisprudential method and evaluate its impact on resolving the contradictions between traditional perceptions of religion and human rights.


2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Moh. Asra Maksum

This paper tries to explore the fact that transaction constitutes the most important aspect of Islamic jurisprudence, commonly called <em>fiqh</em>. The paper tries to deal with this aspect in terms of the legal thought of Islam and relates it with the modern concept of egalitarianism. It argues that although egalitarianism becomes the most important value in the legal thought of Islam—as it is clear in the concept of transaction—the tension toward establishing this value has not been easy. This paper hence, does not deal merely with the normative aspect of the value, but also the history behind its establishment. In a way, the paper understands that both the concept of transaction in Islamic legal thought and the concept of egalitarianism share common grounds in that both are about equality, justice, right and obligation. Equality is strongly upheld in Islamic legal thoughts so much so that it is considered as the most driving legal concept in Islamic economics. Hence, the paper partly argues that the characteristic of Islamic economics is equality, nothing else.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Maiza Aissa

<p><em>This study is aimed to figure out  on how current legal device gives legal certainty over the excess of heritage partition (radd) in Algeria. The comparation between Islamic jurisprudence and the Algerian Family Law is used to analyse judicial consideration on which matters regarding the excess of heritage partition are based. The writer used normative law method which consists of statute approach and conceptual approach. The understanding of radd in Islamic scholars’ views differ from one another. Some scholars accept the concept and some do not. Those who disagree with radd consider that the excess of heritage should be given to bayt al mal as muslims representative. On the other hand, scholars who agree with the concept of radd ha</em><em>ve</em><em> also different opinions regarding who </em><em>are entitled</em><em> to receive the excess of heritage</em><em>. Some include spouse (husband or wife) but some exclude him/her. The Algerian Family Law gives provision in this case for a legal certanty, as it’s stated in </em><em>the article number 167 of the Algerian Family Code</em><em> that wife and husband are excluded to receive radd. They can only receive it in the absence of ashaba heirs/residuaries, other fixed share heirs, and  dzaw al arham (</em><em>uterine </em><em>relatives).</em></p><p><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perangkat hukum saat ini memberikan kepastian hukum atas kelebihan bagian warisan (<em>radd</em>) di Aljazair. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan perbandingan antara fikih Islam dan Hukum Keluarga Aljazair. Penulis menggunakan metode hukum normatif yang terdiri dari pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Pemahaman <em>radd</em> dalam pandangan sarjana Islam berbeda satu sama lain. Beberapa sarjana menerima konsep itu dan beberapa tidak. Mereka yang tidak setuju dengan <em>radd</em> menganggap bahwa kelebihan warisan harus diberikan kepada <em>bayt al mal</em> sebagai perwakilan muslim. Di sisi lain, para sarjana yang setuju dengan konsep radd juga memiliki pendapat berbeda tentang siapa yang berhak menerima kelebihan warisan. Hukum Keluarga Aljazair memberikan ketentuan dalam kasus ini untuk kepastian hukum, seperti yang dinyatakan dalam pasal 167 dari Kode Keluarga Aljazair bahwa istri dan suami dikecualikan untuk menerima <em>radd</em>. Mereka hanya dapat menerimanya tanpa adanya ahli waris/<em>ashaba</em><em>h</em>, pewaris bagian tetap lainnya, dan <em>dzaw al arham</em> (kerabat dekat).</em></p>


Author(s):  
علي عارف

ملخّص يرمي هذاالبحث إلى بيان القضايا الشرعية التي تتعلق بالسر المهني، وبيان ما أبداه الفقه الإسلامي المعاصر من اهتمام بأحكامها، مع ذكر المسوغات والاستثناءات الشرعية في إفشائه، وتأصيل ذلك تأصيلاً شرعياً. ولقد جمع الباحث بين المنهج الاستقرائي في تتبع النصوص الشرعية، وجمع آراء الفقهاء القدامى منهم والمعاصرين، ثم تحليلها والمقارنة بينها ثم ترجيح ما يراه الباحث راجحاً، مع الإشارة إلى أحكام القوانين الوضعية في مثل هذه الحالات. ولقد توصل الباحث إلى أن السر الطبي حق للمريض لا يحق للطبيب إفشاؤه إلا برضا المعني حفاظاً على الأمانة أو في حالات استثنائية محدودة، كما أنه جريمة يعاقب عليها تعزيراً في الفقه الإسلامي، مع إيجاب التعويض في حالة لحوق الضرر المادي. الكلمات الرئيسة: إفشاء السر، السر الطبي، خيانة الأمانة، كتمان السر، التعويض المالي. Abstract This research aims to explain Islamic legal issues related to professional secrecy, and state the views from the contemporary Islamic Jurisprudence on the matter. It also mentions Islamic legal rationale and exceptions to reveal secrecy, grounded on legitimate arguments. In doing so, the researcher combines between inductive approach in finding the relevant religious texts, and the opinions of classical and modern scholars, and analyzing them and comparing among them in order to arrive at the more proper opinion among them, with reference to the provisions found in current civil laws for such cases. The researcher found that medical secrecy is the right of the patient and in order to preserve the trustworthiness, the doctor may not disclose it without his (patient’s) prior consent, or he is allowed to disclose it only in certain exceptional cases. It is also found that it could become an offence under the Islamic law, which is punishable through discretionary judgment, and obligation of compensation in cases of physical damages to the patient. Key Words: Revealing Secrecy, Medical Secrecy, Betrayal of Trust, Hiding Secret, Monetary Compensation. Abstrak Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan isu perundangan yang berkaitan dengan kerahsiaan dalam amalan profesional seterusnya menjelaskan pandangan dari Fiqah Islam kontemporari mengenai isu ini. Ia juga menyatakan sebab-sebab dan keadaan-keaadaan yang dikecualikan untuk melakukannya berdasarkan kepada hujah-hujah yang perundangan yang muktamad. Untuk tujuan  ini, penyelidik menggabungkan antara pendekatan induktif dalam mendapatkan teks-teks agama yang relevan dan juga pendapat ulama lama dan moden. Analisa dan perbandingan di antara pendapat-pendapat ini akan dibuat untuk melihat yang manakah di antaranya yang lebih kukuh berdasarkan juga kepada apa yang boleh didapati daripada undang-undang sivil semasa untuk kes-kes tersebut. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa kerahsiaan perubatan adalah hak pesakit dan pegawai perubatan berkenaan tidak boleh mendedahkan perkara tersebut tanpa persetujuannya untuk menjaga apa yang telah diamanahkan kepadanya atau atau dalam keadaaan-keaadaan tertentu yang dikecualikan. Ia juga didapati bahawa pendedahan yang dilakukan boleh menjadi satu kesalahan yang boleh dihukum berdasarkan Undang-undang Islam, serta boleh dituntut ganti ruginya sekiranya ia melibatkan kemudaratan berbentuk fizikal yang mungkin dialami oleh pesakit. Kata Kunci: Penyebaran Rahsia, Rahsia Perubatan, Khianat, Menyimpan Rahsia, Gantirugi Harta.


Author(s):  
Fajar Rachmadani

After critically analyzing and comparing the thoughts of Islamic legal scholars on authority of unrestricted interest (maṣlaḥah al-mursalah) and its competence in juristic inference, the author concludes that both can be evidence for reasoning. Moreover, in new problems in which religious texts have not dealt with. This paper concludes that Muhammadiyah as a renewal Islamic movement has a certain council for issuing fatwās, namely Mejelis Tarjih dan Tajdid (The Council of Tarjih and Tajdid). It considers unrestricted interest as one of the evidences in juristic inference and issuing fatwās. This appears from fatwās issued by the council which are based on al-Ijtihād alistiṣlāḥī or so called unrestricted interest, including fatwā on unregistered marriage, fatwa on divorce not through the court, rely on al-ḥisāb al-falakī for determining early hijri months, fatwā on smoking, and fatwā on charity of profession. This paper is using inductive approach and its primary sources are the principles Islamic jurisprudence books. In addition, its secondary sources are the compilation of Majelis Tarjih’s fatwā, articles, journals, and all information on this topic. Furthermore, this article also considers the books on comparative school of Islamic jurisprudence.


Author(s):  
Muhammad Siddiq Armia

In the begining, Sect of Shiah was born from political background, then became part of Islamic Jurisprudence. The sect of Shiah has emerged from the differen perspective of seeing Chalif of Ali Bin Abi Thalib. From the extrem perspective of Shia, they claim that Jibril as the angel revealition has made a serious mistake, because of delivering revealition to Muhammad instead of Chaliph Ali bin Abi Thalib. Thus, not all of Sect of Shiahs’ are misleading, some of them still have a right path. This article will explore the Islamic legal thought in the perpective of Shia sects, to get a clear point of view on them and to prevent misunderstanding of Shia sects in the Islamic society. Keywords: Sects, Shia, Misleading Thought


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