The Decision-making and Outcome Evaluation during a Repeated Trust Game

This study modeled spite sensitivity (the worry that others are willing to incur a loss to hurt you), which is thought to undergird suspiciousness and persecutory ideation. Two samples performed a parametric, non-iterative trust game known as the Minnesota Trust Game (MTG). The MTG is designed to distinguish suspicious decision-making from otherwise rational mistrust by incentivizing the player to trust in certain situations. Individuals who do not trust even under these circumstances are particularly suspicious of their potential partner’s intentions. In Sample 1, 243 undergraduates who completed the MTG showed less trust as the amount of money they could lose increased. However, for choices where partners had a financial disincentive to betray the player, variation in the willingness to trust the partner was associated with suspicious beliefs. To further examine spite sensitivity, we modified the Fehr-Schmidt (1999) inequity aversion model, which compares unequal outcomes in social decision-making tasks, to include the possibility for spite sensitivity. In this case, an anticipated partner’s dislike of advantageous inequity (i.e., guilt) parameter could take on negative values, with negative guilt indicating spite. We hypothesized that the anticipated guilt parameter would be strongly related to suspicious beliefs. Our modification of the Fehr-Schmidt model improved estimation of MTG behavior. We isolated the estimation of partner’s spite-guilt, which was highly correlated with choices most associated with persecutory ideation. We replicated our findings in a second sample, where the estimated spite-guilt parameter correlated with self-reported suspiciousness. The “Suspiciousness” condition, unique to the MTG, can be modeled to isolate spite sensitivity, suggesting that spite sensitivity is separate from inequity aversion or risk aversion, and may provide a means to quantify persecution. The MTG offers promise for future studies to quantify persecutory beliefs in clinical populations.

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Basolateral and central amygdala orchestrate how we learn whom to trust

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-02815-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ronald Sladky ◽

Federica Riva ◽

Lisa Anna Rosenberger ◽

Jack van Honk ◽

Claus Lamm

Keyword(s):

Nucleus Accumbens ◽

Choice Behavior ◽

Basolateral Amygdala ◽

Outcome Evaluation ◽

Reward Processing ◽

Trust Game ◽

Central Amygdala ◽

Learning Success ◽

Fmri Study ◽

Human Neuroimaging

AbstractCooperation and mutual trust are essential in our society, yet not everybody is trustworthy. In this fMRI study, 62 healthy volunteers performed a repeated trust game, placing trust in a trustworthy or an untrustworthy player. We found that the central amygdala was active during trust behavior planning while the basolateral amygdala was active during outcome evaluation. When planning the trust behavior, central and basolateral amygdala activation was stronger for the untrustworthy player compared to the trustworthy player but only in participants who actually learned to differentiate the trustworthiness of the players. Independent of learning success, nucleus accumbens encoded whether trust was reciprocated. This suggests that learning whom to trust is not related to reward processing in the nucleus accumbens, but rather to engagement of the amygdala. Our study overcomes major empirical gaps between animal models and human neuroimaging and shows how different subnuclei of the amygdala and connected areas orchestrate learning to form different subjective trustworthiness beliefs about others and guide trust choice behavior.

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Acute effects of alcohol on feedback processing and outcome evaluation during risky decision-making: an ERP study

Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1007/s00213-011-2264-x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 217 (1) ◽

pp. 111-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Anja S. Euser ◽

Catharina S. van Meel ◽

Michelle Snelleman ◽

Ingmar H. A. Franken

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Outcome Evaluation ◽

Risky Decision Making ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Feedback Processing

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Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Are More Averse to Social Than Nonsocial Risk

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797618811877 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 105-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sarah E. Calcutt ◽

Darby Proctor ◽

Sarah M. Berman ◽

Frans B. M. de Waal

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Pan Troglodytes ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Trust Game ◽

Risk Attitudes ◽

Social Risk ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Emotional Factors ◽

Economic Decision Making ◽

Tit For Tat

Social risk is a domain of risk in which the costs, benefits, and uncertainty of an action depend on the behavior of another individual. Humans overvalue the costs of a socially risky decision when compared with that of purely economic risk. Here, we played a trust game with 8 female captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) to determine whether this bias exists in one of our closest living relatives. A correlation between an individual’s social- and nonsocial-risk attitudes indicated stable individual variation, yet the chimpanzees were more averse to social than nonsocial risk. This indicates differences between social and economic decision making and emotional factors in social risk taking. In another experiment using the same paradigm, subjects played with several partners with whom they had varying relationships. Preexisting relationships did not impact the subjects’ choices. Instead, the apes used a tit-for-tat strategy and were influenced by the outcome of early interactions with a partner.

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Morality recruits neural reward circuitry to shape economic decision making

10.1101/2020.01.27.920694 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jie Liu ◽

Xiaoxuan Huang ◽

Chong Liao ◽

Fang Cui

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Functional Connectivity ◽

Investment Decision ◽

Investment Project ◽

Outcome Evaluation ◽

Neural Responses ◽

Economic Decision ◽

Reward Circuitry ◽

Economic Decision Making ◽

Moral Valence

AbstractThe present study combined a novel hypothetical investment game with functional magnetic resonance imaging systemtically examined how morality modulates economic decision making in decision phase and outcome phase. We manipulated the morality of the investments by choosing each investment project based on subjective ratings on their moral valence and social benefits. There were three categories of investment morality: Green (moral), Red (immoral), and Neutral. The behavioral and neural responses during the investment decision and outcome phases were recorded and compared. Results showed that: behaviorally, people are willing to invest a larger amount of money into a moral project that may benefit society than they are into an immoral project that they think will harm society. They also rate gains in moral investments as more pleasant and losses as the most unpleasant. In the brain, we found that the reward system, especially the bilateral striatum, was involved in modulating functional connectivity during both phases, but in different ways. During decision making, the functional connectivity between fusiform gyrus and striatum might underlie the observed investing bias (Green over Red projects), while the covariation of BOLD signals in bilateral striatum with the behavioral tendency might explain the effect observed during the outcome evaluations. Our study provides evidence that morality modulates both the decision making and the outcome evaluation in economic situations.

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Social Decision Making with Humans and Robots: Trust and Approachability Mediate Economic Decision Making

10.31234/osf.io/4aj8v ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Stephanie Tulk ◽

Eva Wiese

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Ultimatum Game ◽

Humanoid Robots ◽

Trust Game ◽

Social Decision ◽

Economic Decisions ◽

Economic Decision Making ◽

Human Likeness ◽

Social Decision Making

As humanoid robots become more advanced and commonplace, the average user may find themselves in the position of wondering if their robotic companion truly possesses a mind. It is important for scientists and designers to consider how this will likely affect our interactions with social robots. The current paper explores how social decision making with humanoid robots changes as the degree of their human-likeness changes. For that purpose, we created a spectrum of human-like agents via morphing that ranged from very robot-like to very human-like in physical appearance (in increments of 20%) and measured how this change in physical humanness affected decision-making in two economic games: Ultimatum Game (Experiment 1) and Trust Game (Experiment 2). We expected increases in human-like appearance to lead to a higher rate of punishment for unfair offers in the Ultimatum Game, and to a higher rate of trust in the Trust Game. While physical humanness did not have an impact on economic decisions in either of the experiments, follow-up analyses showed that both subjective ratings of trust and agent approachability mediated the effect of agent appearance on decision-making in both experiments. Possible consequences of these findings for human- robot interactions are discussed.

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Interpersonal Cooperation and Conflict Influenced Outcome Evaluation in Social Decision-making

Acta Psychologica Sinica ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1041.2014.01760 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 46 (11) ◽

pp. 1760

Author(s):

Liying BAI ◽

Bo YUAN ◽

Wei ZHANG ◽

Zhen ZHANG ◽

Jiao Lan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Outcome Evaluation ◽

Social Decision ◽

Social Decision Making

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Effect of social distance on outcome evaluation in self–other decision-making

Neuroreport ◽

10.1097/wnr.0000000000001141 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (17) ◽

pp. 1499-1503 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Qi He ◽

Qingzhou Sun ◽

Zuoli Shi ◽

Xiaoning Zhang ◽

Fengpei Hu

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Social Distance ◽

Outcome Evaluation

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Improvement of process-driven work in Dietetics - the development of a standard model of the Unified Dietetic Care Process (IMPECD)

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120002402 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Kathrin Kohlenberg-Müller ◽

Christina Gast ◽

Alexandra Kolm ◽

Andrea M. Werkman ◽

Koen Vanherle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Clinical Status ◽

Outcome Evaluation ◽

Process Models ◽

Care Process ◽

International Level ◽

Unified Framework ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Dietetic Intervention ◽

Clinical Cases

AbstractIntroduction:Different models of frameworks for dietetic care are used in Europe. There is a substantial need for a consistent framework to compare research results and to cooperate on an international level. Therefore, one of the goals of the EU-funded project IMPECD was the development of a unified framework Dietetic Care Process (DCP) in order to foster a shared understanding of process-driven dietetic counselling.Materials and Methods:Based on a literature review and in-depth analysis of different frameworks an iterative and incremental development process of finding solutions for decision-making within the consortium consisting of dietetic experts from 5 European HEI was passed. The developed DCP model was integrated in an online training course including 9 clinical cases (MOOC) to train students. The draft versions and the concluding final version DCP model were evaluated and re-evaluated by teachers and 25 students at two Intensive Study Programmes.Results:The DCP model consists of five distinct, interrelated steps which the consortium agreed on: Dietetic Assessment, Dietetic Diagnosis, Planning Dietetic Intervention, Implementing Dietetic Intervention, Dietetic Outcome Evaluation. A standardized scheme was developed to define the process steps: dedication, central statement, aim and principles, and operationalization.For example, Dietetic Assessment is the first step of the DCP (dedication). It is a systematic process to gather dietetically adequate and relevant information about the client by using state-of-the-art methods (central statement). The aim is to identify nature and cause of dietetic related problems of the client (aim and principles). The gathered information are documented in types of categories (client history, diet history, behavioural-environmental, clinical status) or following the ICF-model (operationalization). The clinical cases used within the MOOC proved that the DCP model is suitable to be put into practice.Discussion:Existing different process models were analyzed to create a new and consistent concept of a unified framework DCP. The variety within the European countries represented by the consortium proved to be both a challenge in decision-making and an opportunity to integrate multinational perspectives and intensify the scientific discourse. The development of a standardized scheme with precise definitions is a prerequisite for planning study designs in health services research. Besides, clarification is essential for establishing process-guided work in practice. The evaluated MOOC is now implemented in study programmes used by 5 European HEI in order to keep approaches and process-driven action comparable. The MOOC promotes the exchange of ideas between future professionals on an international level.

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