Marjaʿiyya between law and laity: The requirements of jurists as imagined by their followers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Cameron Zargar
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Lay People ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of

A marjaʿ must fulfil both the minimum conditions outlined in Islamic law and the unstated requirements of his position. The latter consist of practical concerns as well as fulfilling the expectations of the very people who provide him with legitimacy. In the context of Iran, these expectations are, in a way, similar to the legal conditions of Marjaʻiyya; both demand that the marjaʿ be exceedingly knowledgeable and devout. They diverge, however, in terms of definition. My research demonstrates that lay people in Iran do not merely expect that a marjaʿ has a mastery over legal sources but that he also understands how to apply the law to his particular society. Furthermore, it is not sufficient in the eyes of these followers for a marjaʿ to observe Islamic law. Rather, they expect him to exceed them in practice and earn their approval. The ideas articulated by these individuals corresponds with the writings of marājiʿ outside the mainstream in Iran. This indicates that the marājiʿ are aware of such concerns yet intentionally decide to restrict the legal conditions for becoming a marjaʿ, perhaps in an effort to avoid confusion over the definition of Marjaʻiyya.

scholarly journals Indonesian Jurisprudence: Islamic Law Transformation In Law System Of Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-318
Author(s):  
Ahmad Edwar
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Law System ◽  
The Third ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Islamic Marriage

INDONESIAN JURISPRUDENCE: ISLAMIC LAW TRANSFORMATION IN LAW SYSTEM OF INDONESIA.: This study discusses about the idea of Islamic law renewal in Indonesia, as well as the figures, and it makes the term of Indonesian Jurisprudence and its formalization into the law system of Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to find the answer of these following points: Firstly, the interpretation or definition of Indonesian Jurisprudence concept; secondly, the figures who proposed Indonesian Jurisprudence and the result of their thoughts; and the third, the formalization of Jurisprudence concept with Indonesian nuance in the law system Indonesia. This study was a library research with a content analysis method. The results of this study are: (1) Indonesian Jurisprudence could be interpreted as a Jurisprudence concept that is more Indonesian local-based; (2) Hasbi As-Shiddiqi and Hazairin are two figures who proposed Indonesian Jurisprudence model, apart from other intellectuals. Hasbi is one of modernists who offered his ideas comprehensively, started from his “Indonesian Jurisprudence” concept until the law renewal including its principle and method. Meanwhile Hazairin offered the development of a new heritage system which interpreted and elaborated based on Al-Qur’an scriptural perception and Sunnah which is not a patrilineal system but bilateral (family model); and (3) formalization of Indonesian Jurisprudence concept produces some ordinance regulation products which are important formally and materially, such as Ordinance of Islamic Marriage Law, and also other rules under the Ordinance, such as Government Law, President Instruction, and Supreme Court Law, as well as Islamic Law Compilation and Sharia Economic Law Compilation

scholarly journals "المقاصد الشرعية لمنتج رهن الذهب لأغراض التمويل الأصغر "دراسة تأصيلية تحليلية (Maqāsid Shari’ah in the Product of Rahn Gold for Micro Finance: Structural & Analytic Study)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-142
Author(s):  
أحلام عبد الرحمن خيرالله ◽  
غالية بوهدة
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Analytic Study ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of

يعتبر مقصد حفظ المال من حيث أهميته مقصدا ضروريا خادما للمقاصد الضرورية الأخرى: الدين والنفس والعقل والنسل. ولقد شُرّعت كثير من الأحكام لحفظها من جانب الوجود بمقاصد خاصة لتنميتها؛ ومن جانب العدم لدفع ما يفسدها وبتوفير وسائل الأمان لها في استدامة نفعها في تدوير عجلة الاقتصاد. وتتناول هذه الدراسة منتج "الرهن" بالذهب كوسيلة في تنمية المال - وهو من صيغ التمويل الأصغر- وذلك بتقييمه في ضوء مقاصد أربعة خاصة بالمال، وهي: النماء، التداول، الشفافية والعدالة. تتم الدراسة من خلال عدّة مباحث؛ تتناول التعريف بالرهن وأحكامه. والتعريف بمقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية والمالية منها، والتعريف بالمنتج وآليته في التجربة الماليزية؛ مع تقييمه من خلال أصول مقاصد الشريعة في التمويل. تستند الدراسة إلى المنهج الاستقرائي في تتبع وجمع المادة العلمية والمنهج التحليلي في شرحها وتقييمها. ثم نختم بخاتمة تتضمن نتائج مهمة؛ أهمها الإفادة بتأصيل مقاصدي مناسب للمنتج وإظهار أهميته في توسيع التمويلات للشرائح الفقيرة من المجتمع والتي لاتتوفر فيها مؤهلات الاقتراض من المصارف. يوصي البحث بالاستفادة من هذا المنتج وتوسيع تجربته في بلدان أخرى تعرف كثيرا من التقاليد التي تكنز فيها ثروة كبيرة من الذهب. الكلمات المفتاحيّة: التمويل الأصغر، رهن الذهب، التجربة الماليزية، مقاصد الشريعة. Abstract The higher objectives of Shariah are defined as those underlying meanings and salient thresholds behind the rulings and wisdom of the law giver (Allah SWT), namely, the preservation of religion, soul, mind, progeny, and wealth. The higher objective of protection of wealth is the utilization through developmental investment, and to avoid any corruption against the wealth by providing safety and sustainability means of investment for successful economic growth. This study examines the product “Ar- rahnu gold” through the use of gold as a means of wealth development -as one of the microfinance tools- by evaluating it in light of the four the purposes of money, namely: development, trading, transparency and fairness. It also explains the definition of the purposes of Islamic law and objective protecting the wealth, the definition of the product and its mechanism based Malaysian experience; with an evaluation through the principles of the purposes of Shariah in financing. The researchers conclude most importantly the essential intent of establishing appropriate purposes for the product and to demonstrate the importance wealth expanding and redistribution for the poor segments of society that do not have the qualifications to borrow from banks. The research recommends exploring the advantages of this product and expanding its application in other countries that that commonly hold a huge wealth in form of gold. Keywords: Microfinance, Islamic pawn broking, Ar-rahnu, Malaysian experience, Maqāsid Shari’ah.

scholarly journals The Jurisprudential Maxim (Translator’s Statement is Absolutely Accepted) Between Islamic Law and Civil Procedures Law in the Sultanate of Oman And Contemporary Applications: القاعدة الفقهية: (يُقبل قول المترجم مطلقا) دراسة مقارنة بين الفقه الإسلامي وقانون الإجراءات المدنية والتجارية في سلطنة عمان

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Khamis Ahmad Al-Fahdi
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Judicial Ruling ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Education Courses ◽  
Civil Procedures ◽  
Single Statement

This research aims at clarifying the significance of and studying and establishing the jurisprudential maxims, especially those related to the judiciary so that they help judges in their work, muftis in their understanding and students in their memorization. The maxim of (Translator’s Statement is Absolutely Accepted) is a great maxim since it represents a principle in the judicial ruling. This research is a new addition to the comparative jurisprudential literature, an approach between Islamic jurisprudence and contemporary law, and a manifestation of the greatness of Islamic Sharia that cares for all aspects of life. This research is divided into two subjects: First: the definition of terms such as maxim, jurisprudence and law in three sections. Second: the explanation and establishment of the maxim and the legal status in four sections, as well as the judicial applications. The researcher concludes the study with the most important results, that of the jurisprudential maxims combine different issues in simple eloquent phrases, and that the procedures law has noble Sharia purposes, represented in caring for the interests of people and achieving the highest meanings of integrity and justice. The Islamic jurisprudence pays attention to the maxims of the rules of procedures more than the positive laws do. The law considers the Islamic Jurisprudence regarding the translator issue, unless in oath-taking. Translators shall be fair, familiar with both languages, and accepts a single statement. Among the most important recommendations: the provisions of jurisprudential maxims shall be contained in bills, and the judges shall consider the maxim in all filed cases. In addition, education courses should be held for translators so that they know the procedures of the progress of cases in courts, and the criticality of accuracy.

Legal Maxims as a Genre of Islamic Law

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-365
Author(s):  
Khadiga Musa
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of

Al-qawāʿid al-fiqhiyya are legal maxims or principles that are usually expressed in the form of terse adages, such as: al-umūr bi-maqāṣidihā (acts are [judged according] to the objectives behind them); and al-mashaqqa tajlub al-taysīr (hardship brings about facilitation). Most of al-qawāʿid (sg. al-qāʿida) are specific to individual schools of law, although some of them are acknowledged by all schools. The most accepted definition of al-qāʿida al-fiqhiyya is: “A predominantly valid legal determination (ḥukm aktharī) that applies to most of its particular cases (juzʾiyyāt) so that their legal determinations will be known from it”. Another designation of the genre is al-ashbāh wa’l-naẓāʾir (similitudes), referring to the similarities between cases included under the rubric of each qāʿida. The schools of law (madhāhib, sg. madhhab) are agreed on two types of qawāʿid fiqhiyya: general qawāʿid that apply to all or most fields of the law, which are therefore known as kulliyya (universal), and specific (khāṣṣa) qawāʿid that apply to one or more, rather than all, fields of fiqh; the latter are also known as ḍawābiṭ (sg. ḍābiṭ, regulators).


scholarly journals ANALISIS PASAL 284 KUHP TENTANG TINDAK PIDANA ZINA

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
M. Aunul Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Legal Realism ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Islamic Values

<p class="Bodytext60">Indonesia is a state with a Criminal Code named KUHP. The regulation draft about adultery is especially mentioned at paragraph 284. According to this paragraph, the definition of adultery is sexual intercourse conducted by a man/woman who has valid marriage with another woman/man who is not his/her wife/husband and it is conducted based on the wish of each of them. In Criminal Code, it is stated that such deed may be imposed as a crime if there is a plea from the wife/husband who is harmed. Adultery crime is called as offense that warrants complaint, and punishment is nine months. It is different from the meaning of adultery according to Islamic Law which has meaning a sexual intercourse conducted by a man and woman who are not a valid pair of marriage. Besides, the criminal code was established based on rationale consideration. While the objective of legal realism is to construct the law which is more responsive toward the social need. Therefore KUHP regulation on adultery should be revisited to accomodate the Islamic values held by moslem as the dominant citizen in Indonesia.    </p><p class="Bodytext60"> </p><p class="Bodytext60">Indonesia adalah negara dengan KUHP yang bernama KUHP. Rancangan peraturan tentang perzinahan terutama disebutkan pada paragraf 284. Menurut paragraf ini, definisi perzinahan adalah hubungan seksual yang dilakukan oleh seorang pria / wanita yang memiliki pernikahan yang sah dengan wanita / pria lain yang bukan isteri / suami dan istrinya. dilakukan berdasarkan keinginan masing-masing. Dalam KUHP, dinyatakan bahwa akta tersebut dapat dikenakan sebagai tindak pidana jika ada permintaan dari istri / suami yang dirugikan. Kejahatan perzinahan disebut sebagai pelanggaran yang menjamin pengaduan, dan hukuman sembilan bulan. Hal ini berbeda dengan makna perzinahan menurut Hukum Islam yang memiliki arti hubungan seksual yang dilakukan oleh pria dan wanita yang bukan pasangan perkawinan yang sah. Selain itu, kode pidana didirikan berdasarkan pertimbangan rasional. Sedangkan tujuan realisme hukum adalah membangun undang-undang yang lebih responsif terhadap kebutuhan sosial. Oleh karena itu peraturan KUHP tentang perzinahan harus ditinjau kembali untuk mengakomodasi nilai-nilai Islam yang dimiliki umat Islam sebagai warga negara yang dominan di Indonesia.</p>

scholarly journals Analisis Pentafsiran Mualaf Menurut Islam dan Enakmen Pentadbiran Agama Islam Negeri di Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-37
Author(s):  
Azman Ab. Rahman ◽  
Irwan Mohd Subri ◽  
Mahazan Abdul Mutalib @ Taib ◽  
Nuradli Ridzwan Shah Mohd Dali ◽  
Wan Mohd Fazrul Azdi Wan Razali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Management Model ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Converts is categorised as those entitled to receive zakat in Islam. There are differences in the interpretation of the definition of converts who can influence the distribution of zakat management. The differences that may exist are either non-Muslims that Islam is also likely to be eligible to receive zakat or not. Thus, the objective of this article is to identify the definition of converts by the debate earlier and contemporary scholars of various sects in detail. This article is also analyzes the interpretation of converts in Administration of Islamic Law for every state in Malaysia. This article found that there are some differences in the interpretation of whether the recipient converts the sight of the priests of the sect or the clauses in the Administration of Islamic Law. Scholars agreed to accept the definition of a new converts as individuals who converted to Islam but conflicted opinions in receiving non-Muslims who tends his heart to Islam as part of a convert who is entitled to. This article was expected to present a clearer interpretation of varsiti convert simultaneously triggered a new management model in distribution of zakat assistance. Further research can be done to identify the law using of zakat funds in da’wah of non-Muslims in Malaysia. Keywords: Converts, Administration of Islamic Law, Muslim Scholars, Da’wah of non-Muslim, Malaysia Abstrak Mualaf dikategorikan sebagai golongan yang berhak menerima bahagian zakat dalam Islam. Terdapat perbezaan pentafsiran definisi mualaf yang boleh mempengaruhi pengurusan agihan zakat. Perbezaan yang mungkin wujud adalah sama ada orang bukan Islam yang cenderung kepada Islam juga berhak menerima bahagian zakat ataupun tidak. Justeru, objektif artikel ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti definisi mualaf berdasarkan perbahasan ulama terdahulu dan kontemporari daripada pelbagai madhhab secara terperinci. Artikel ini turut menganalisis pentafsiran mualaf menurut Enakmen Pentadbiran Agama Islam bagi setiap negeri di Malaysia. Artikel ini mendapati bahawa terdapat beberapa perbezaan yang wujud dalam pentafsiran asnaf mualaf sama ada menurut pandangan imam-imam madhhab mahupun klausa-klausa di dalam Enakmen Pentadbiran Agama Islam Negeri. Ulama bersepakat menerima definisi mualaf sebagai individu yang baru memeluk agama Islam tetapi berselisih pendapat dalam menerima orang bukan Islam yang cenderung hatinya kepada Islam sebagai sebahagian daripada mualaf yang berhak ke atas zakat. Artikel ini diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran yang lebih jelas terhadap varsiti pentafsiran mualaf sekaligus mencetuskan model pengurusan baharu dalam agihan bantuan zakat. Kajian lanjutan boleh dilakukan bagi mengenal pasti hukum menggunakan dana zakat dalam dakwah non-Muslim di Malaysia. Kata kunci: Mualaf, Enakmen Pentadbiran Agama Islam, Ulama Mazhab, Dakwah Non-Muslim, Malaysia

scholarly journals ABORTION: AN INFRINGEMENT OF THE FOETUS’ RIGHT TO LIFE IN ISLAMIC LAW

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alhaji Umar Alkali ◽  
Azizah binti Mohd ◽  
Nora Abdul Hak ◽  
Roslina Che Soh Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Under Islamic law, the life of a human being is sacred and as such, no one is allowed to kill or bring an end to the life of another except in accordance with the law. Whether a foetus under Islamic law is entitled to enjoy this protection or not is a subject that is hotly debated by Muslim scholars. Abortion has a direct link to the right to life because when abortion is done, it simply brings an end to the life of the human being in the womb that is in the process of development. Abortion is generally prohibited under Islamic law because it is tantamount to killing a human being that has not fully developed. Muslim jurists are not unanimous on the stage and conditions that can warrant the permissibility of abortion. This study therefore intends to employ a doctrinal analysis in its methodology to examine the respective views of jurists on abortion. The study examines the definition of abortion from the juristic and medical perspectives, the concept of abortion under Islamic law and authorities from the Qur’an, sunnah and scholars’ views concerning abortion, situations under which abortion may be permitted under Islamic law and the position of the law in some Muslim states. The article ends with a conclusion and recommendations on the practical steps that need to be taken in order to ensure that children’s right to life are well protected even before they are born.

TINJAUAN HUKUM FIKIH TERHADAP HADIAH TABUNGAN DAN GIRO DARI BANK SYARI'AH

ALQALAM ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadratuzzaman Hosen ◽  
Deden Misbahudin Muayyad
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law

This article explains about the Islamic law of gift from Bank to customers related to saving and gyro accounts of Islamic Bank. The Islamic Banks give gift directly  and  indirectly  to  new  ettstomers  and  old  customers  through drawing  (qur'ah) or lottery and non-drawing. There are disputes (ikhtilaf) among Islamic Law  Experts (Fuqaha’) about the status of law when Islamic Banks give the gift. Hanafi and  Syafi'i  Schools  of thought  opined  that  the gift  can  be given  to  the customers as long as there is no agreement between bank and costomers meanwhile the banks still have a debt to consumers, this is permissible. Maliki and Hanbali schools opined that the gift is not permissible during the time of borrowing and lending. Majority Islamic Exsperts allow to give gift after banks have already paid­ back the debt to consumers as long as there is no agreement between bank and cusiomers, but Maliki School do not allow lo give gift at that condition. Also, for giving gift should free from gambling or elements of gambling (muqamarah).  The method of this article is using literature reviews from classical Islamic Law's books and contemporary Islamic law's books related to drawing or lottery and gambling, meanwhile the aims if this mticle are to investigate the law status if gift from bank to new customers and old customers with direct and indirect ways.   Keywords : gift, saving and gyro accounts, disputes, drawing and elements of gambling

NIKAH SIRI DALAM TINJAUAN HUKUM TEORITIS DAN SOSIOLOGI HUKUM ISLAM INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-78
Author(s):  
Aidil Alfin ◽  
Busyro Busyro
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
The Law

The differences of laws in marriage registration have generated argumentative conflicts among the ulama. Some of them agree and the others disagree. Ulama who agree say that proscribing secretly marriage (nikah siri) is in accordance to Islamic law. Even though the regulation about marriage registration has been written in The Indonesian Act No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage and in the Compilation of Islamic Law in Indonesian, the practice of secret marriage is still existed among Indonesian Muslim society. They base their practices on what some of local ShafiiyahUlema say all the time that this kind of marriage is in accordance to shari’ah. It is common to say that Shafi’ischool of law is the largest shari’ahschool of law in Indonesia. In the sociology of Islamic law, most of the scholars in Indonesia who adhere to the Shafi'i school and also most of the Indonesian Muslim community adhere to the same school, may have a significant influence on the constraints of reform of Islamic law related to the registration of marriages in particular and other matters about marriage in general contained in the Law No. 1 of 1974 and the Compilation of Islamic Law in Indonesia.

Hukum Perubahan Status Harta Benda Wakaf: Studi Kasus Perubahan Status Kepemilikan Tanah Wakaf di Desa Keniten Kecamatan Kedungbanteng Kabupaten Banyumas

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-250
Author(s):  
Sarmo Sarmo
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The Law

This article discusses the practice of changing waqf for socio-educational purposes. The jurists of the fiqh schools argue over the permissibility of exchanging waqf land. As a country where the majority of the population is Muslim, Indonesia has made the guidelines for waqf which are stated in the law. No. 41 of 2004 concerning Waqf, Government Regulation Number 42 of 2006 concerning the implementation of law number 41 of 2004, and the Compilation of Islamic Law in Indonesia. This study is field research conducted in Keniten Village, Kedungbanteng District, Banyumas Regency. This study concluded that the exchange of waqf land in this village was in accordance with the purpose of the waqf and in accordance with the law. No. 41 of 2004 Article 41 paragraph (3). The process of changing donated land for TK Diponegoro 136 is in accordance with Government Regulation Number 42 of 2006 concerning the implementation of law number 41 of 2004. Meanwhile, the relation of Islamic law to the exchange of waqf land in Keniten Village, Kedungbanteng District, Banyumas Regency is debated in accordance with the rules used by each jurisprudence school. Referring to the argument of jalb al-maṣāliḥ wa dar 'al-mafāsid, the exchange of waqf land in Keniten Village, Kedungbanteng District, Banyumas Regency is not against Islamic law because it brings more benefits.

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