Clinical Management Updates for Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 5449-5456
Author(s):  
Yogesh Chand Yadav ◽  
Ramakant Yadav ◽  
Sushant Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Management ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
The World ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness ◽  
Droplet Transmission

The SARS-CoV-2 virus was first detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and was known to produce acute severe respiratory illness in humans which rapidly spread almost throughout the world within a few months. This human coronavirus has seven strains and they commonly produce illness in the nervous system, respiratory system and hepato- intestinal systems. This present review is an attempt to illustrate recent reports pertaining to the management of SARS-CoV-2. Further, it also highlights the diagnosis and clinical management of COVID-19. Various search engines like Scopus, Pubmed and WHO databases were accessed and literature on current advances about COVID-19 including structural features, replication, possible pathogenic, symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis, methods of prevention and possible therapeutic agents used for treatment of patients was reviewed. Current studies indicate that COVID-19 is very infectious with droplet transmission potential. The key modalities to prevent the infection is by keeping social distancing, respiratory/hand hygiene, detection of infection and subsequent quarantine of the infected persons. Presently, either no vaccine for prevention or specific treatments available, however, COVID-19 patients may be managed by using some repositioned drugs and symptomatic treatment.

scholarly journals Severe Respiratory Illness Outbreak Associated with Human Coronavirus NL63 in a Long-Term Care Facility

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1964-1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Hand ◽  
Erica Billig Rose ◽  
Andrea Salinas ◽  
Xiaoyan Lu ◽  
Senthilkumar K. Sakthivel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Term Care Facility ◽  
Long Term Care Facility ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

scholarly journals HIV and Human Coronavirus Coinfections: A Historical Perspective

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 937
Author(s):  
Palesa Makoti ◽  
Burtram C. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Disease Pattern ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are known to infect humans. The most recent one, SARS-CoV-2, was isolated and identified in January 2020 from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness in Wuhan, China. Even though viral coinfections have the potential to influence the resultant disease pattern in the host, very few studies have looked at the disease outcomes in patients infected with both HIV and hCoVs. Groups are now reporting that even though HIV-positive patients can be infected with hCoVs, the likelihood of developing severe CoV-related diseases in these patients is often similar to what is seen in the general population. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge of coinfections reported for HIV and hCoVs. Moreover, based on the available data, this review aimed to theorize why HIV-positive patients do not frequently develop severe CoV-related diseases.

scholarly journals MERS-CoV: Understanding the Latest Human Coronavirus Threat

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aasiyah Chafekar ◽  
Burtram C. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness ◽  
Diagnosis Of Infection

Human coronaviruses cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections in humans. In 2012 a sixth human coronavirus (hCoV) was isolated from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness. The 60-year-old man died as a result of renal and respiratory failure after admission to a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The aetiological agent was eventually identified as a coronavirus and designated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS-CoV has now been reported in more than 27 countries across the Middle East, Europe, North Africa and Asia. As of July 2017, 2040 MERS-CoV laboratory confirmed cases, resulting in 712 deaths, were reported globally, with a majority of these cases from the Arabian Peninsula. This review summarises the current understanding of MERS-CoV, with special reference to the (i) genome structure, (ii) clinical features, (iii) diagnosis of infection and (iv) treatment and vaccine development.

There was a simultaneous outbreak of the zoonotic Nipah henipavirus in Wuhan - 4 out of 5 patients have the virus in Jinyintan Hospital , along with SARS-Cov2, in their metagenome - which seems to have resolved by itself

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Full Genome ◽  
The World ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness ◽  
Biosafety Level

‘Nipah virus is a biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) pathogen that causes severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans’ [1] that orginates in bats [2]. It was first isolated in Malaysia and Singapore in 1999 - ‘late September 1998 and by mid-June 1999, more than 265 encephalitis cases, including 105 deaths, had been reported in Malaysia, and 11 cases of encephalitis or respiratory illness with one death had been reported in Singapore’ [3]. It keeps recurring in Bangladesh [4]. There was a 2018 outbreak in Kerala, India [5]. There seems to have been a simultaneous outbreak in Wuhan during Covid19 - which never got reported, and apparently resolved by itself.Metagenome from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of 5 Covid19 [6–8] patients from Wuhan (Accid:PRJNA605983) which showed very little SAR-Cov2 viral load (in the tens per million reads) in my analysis earlier [9].The metagenome also shows the co-infection with Nipah henipavirus virus in 4 out of 5 patients. The sequences are in SI:Nipah.fa - 167 reads in all.One can almost assemble the full genome (about 18kbps) from it. It seems to have originated from Bangladesh, though I have not done the phylogeny. Most reads are 100% identical, but some are (97% - 145/150).Maybe, we have looking for the wrong virus in the rest of the world - since Nipah is endemic to Southeast Asia, which seems to have been the least affected in Covid19.

scholarly journals MERS-CoV: Understanding the Latest Human Coronavirus Threat

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aasiyah Chafekar ◽  
Burtram C. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness ◽  
Diagnosis Of Infection

Human coronaviruses cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections in humans. In 2012 a sixth human coronavirus (hCoV) was isolated from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness. The 60-year-old man died as a result of renal and respiratory failure after admission to a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The aetiological agent was eventually identified as a coronavirus and designated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS-CoV has now been reported in more than 27 countries across the Middle East, Europe, North Africa and Asia. As of July 2017, 2040 MERS-CoV laboratory confirmed cases, resulting in 712 deaths, were reported globally, with a majority of these cases from the Arabian Peninsula. This review summarises the current understanding of MERS-CoV, with special reference to the (i) genome structure, (ii) clinical features, (iii) diagnosis of infection and (iv) treatment and vaccine development.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic: The deadly respiratory disease of 21st century

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-18
Author(s):  
Shweta Jain ◽  
◽  
Pankaj Kumar Jain ◽  
Ramakant Yadav ◽  
Surendra Kumar Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

The sudden outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated from Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory illness and becomes a major threat for humanity. Recently the entire scientist, researchers and physicians all over the countries focused to find the treatment of this pandemic disease. Numerous drugs and or vaccines have been trialed for prevention and treatment against 2019-nCoV but no therapy has been shown effective to date. Currently, numerous vaccines are under clinical investigation and mRNA-1273 vaccine (LNP- encapsulated mRNA vaccine encoding S protein) from Moderna is ahead. Although chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir and many other drugs had recommended against SARS-CoV-2, but still they are not the guarantee treatment of COVID-19. Recently, India, America, Russia and China introduced vaccines against COVID-19 in the market, however assurance of their 100% effectiveness are doubtful. The speed of daily new cases threatens the world and urges the scientist to crack this pandemic condition. KEYWORDS: 2019-nCoV; Chloroquine; COVID-19; Moderna; Respiratory disease; Remdesivir.

scholarly journals Bioinformatic Analysis of Antiviral Medicinal Compounds Against Sars Cov-2 Proteases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Hassan Shah ◽  
◽  
Kyeong Ho Lim ◽  
Song Ja Kim ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Antiviral Compounds ◽  
Medicinal Compounds ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Viral Proteases ◽  
The World ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness ◽  
Probable Interaction

The world is under siege from a global pandemic caused by a novel class of coronaviruses called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2). These viruses cause severe respiratory illness leading to death. Molecular studies reveal that SARS CoV-2 proteases are involved in the processing of viral polyproteins. This study was conducted to obtain antiviral agents for SARS CoV-2 proteases. An extensive library of antiviral medicinal compounds was scrutinized to determine the probable interaction with both main and 3-chymotrypsin like proteases. Six antiviral compounds (Abietic Acid, Gallic Acid, Piceatannol, Piperine, Sinomenine, and Triptolide) were capable of establishing hydrogen bonds with the active pocket residues of the viral proteases, with appreciable binding energy. These compounds were subjected to root mean square analysis and tested not only for acute toxicity, but also for absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity properties. Results were favourable for use in the treatment of SARS COV-2 infection.

scholarly journals HIV and Human Coronavirus Coinfections: A Historical Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palesa Makoti ◽  
Burtram C. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Disease Pattern ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are known to infect humans. The most recent one, SARS-CoV-2, was isolated and identified in January 2020 from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness in Wuhan, China. Even though viral coinfections have the potential to influence the resultant disease pattern in the host, very few studies have looked at the disease outcomes in patients infected with both HIV and hCoVs. Groups are now reporting that even though HIV-positive patients can be infected with hCoVs, the likelihood of developing severe CoV-related diseases in these patients is often similar to what is seen in the general population. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge of coinfections reported for HIV and hCoVs. Moreover, based on the available data, this review aimed to theorize why HIV-positive patients do not frequently develop severe CoV-related diseases.

scholarly journals Insights into the Recent 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Light of Past Human Coronavirus Outbreaks

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossam M. Ashour ◽  
Walid F. Elkhatib ◽  
Md. Masudur Rahman ◽  
Hatem A. Elshabrawy
Keyword(s):  
Genome Organization ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are RNA viruses that have become a major public health concern since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002. The continuous evolution of coronaviruses was further highlighted with the emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2012. Currently, the world is concerned about the 2019 novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2) that was initially identified in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019. Patients presented with severe viral pneumonia and respiratory illness. The number of cases has been mounting since then. As of late February 2020, tens of thousands of cases and several thousand deaths have been reported in China alone, in addition to thousands of cases in other countries. Although the fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is currently lower than SARS-CoV, the virus seems to be highly contagious based on the number of infected cases to date. In this review, we discuss structure, genome organization, entry of CoVs into target cells, and provide insights into past and present outbreaks. The future of human CoV outbreaks will not only depend on how the viruses will evolve, but will also depend on how we develop efficient prevention and treatment strategies to deal with this continuous threat.

scholarly journals HIV and Human Coronavirus Coinfections: A Historical Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palesa Makoti ◽  
Burtram C. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Disease Pattern ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Seven human coronaviruses are known to infect humans. The most recent one, SARS-CoV-2, was isolated and identified in January 2020 from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness in Wuhan, China. Even though viral coinfections have the potential to influence the resultant disease pattern in the host, very few studies have looked at the disease outcomes in patients infected with both HIV and hCoVs. Groups are now reporting that even though HIV-positive patients can be infected with hCoVs, the likelihood of developing severe CoV-related diseases in these patients is often similar to what is seen in the general population. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge of coinfections reported for the HIV and hCoVs. Also, based on the available data, this review aimed to theorize why HIV-positive patients do not frequently develop severe CoV-related diseases.

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