scholarly journals APPLIED ASPECTS OF THE THEORY OF REDUCTION ANALYSIS OF STONE INDUSTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
A.V. Kolesnik ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Depth Of Processing ◽  
Entire Complex ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
Intended Use ◽  
Choice Of Technology

In the process of manufacturing of stone tools and their subsequent intended use, they were intensively transformed and subjected to reduction. They sequentially changed their shape and decreased in their size. This technologically determined process applied equally to both lithic cores and tools. Regardless of the goals, stadium splitting (with changes in the cleavage technique, according to E. Giria) and permanent splitting were used. During the reduction, morphology of stone tools changed significantly. In many cases, this led to appearance of new types of lithic cores and tools. The genetic relationship between these types is revealed on the base of morphometric analysis and refitting-model data. Based on empirical observations, it is possible to determine a steady trend of changes in the types of stone tools during their intensive processing. The type of reduction should be understood as a stable vector of changes in shape of stone tools during sequential splitting or cyclical renewal of their working properties. The method of reduction analysis is applicable to stone industries not only of the Stone Age, but also of the Early Iron Age. Reduction analysis of stone industries is associated with two levels of generalization. The first of them concerns reduction sequences in splitting of lithic cores and making-renewal of stone tools. The second one is related to the degree of transformation of structure of entire complex of stone tools, depending on the depth of processing of stone raw materials. The type of reduction reflects not only the technological, but also the cultural context, i.e. the stylistic features of stone industry. They appeared in the case when there is a variable choice of technology or technique for solving the task of stone tools producing. Reduction analysis of stone industry provides additional arguments for functional diagnostics of Stone Age sites.

scholarly journals Mesolithic Sites in the Upper Tobol

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-910
Author(s):  
E. V. Podzuban
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Arrow Head ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
The Town

The article introduces prehistoric artifacts from the sites of Karasor-5, Karasor-6, and Karasor-7 obtained in 1998. The archaeological site of Karasor is located in the Upper Tobol region, near the town of Lisakovsk. Stone tools, pottery fragments, a ceramic item, and a bronze arrow head were collected from a sand blowout, which had destroyed the cultural layer. The paper gives a detailed description of the pottery. The stone tools were examined using the technical and typological analysis, which featured the primary splitting, the morphological parameters and size of plates, the ratio of blanks, plates, flakes, and finished tools, the secondary processing methods, and the typological composition of the tools. The nature of the raw materials was counted as an independent indicator. The pottery fragments, the bronze arrow head, and the ceramic item belonged to the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The stone industry of the Karasor archeological cluster proved to be a Mesolithic monument of the Turgai Trough. The technical and typological analysis revealed a close similarity with the Mesolithic sites of the Southern and Middle Trans-Urals, as well as the forest-steppe part of the Tobol-Irtysh interfluve. The stone artifacts were dated from the Mesolithic to the Early Iron Age.

scholarly journals Karasor-3 Site in the Upper Tobol

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61
Author(s):  
E. V. Podzuban
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
The West ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
The Town ◽  
Archeological Site ◽  
Independent Indicator

The paper introduces a collection of prehistoric artifacts from Karasor-3 archeological site (1999). The Karasor cluster is located in the Upper Tobol region near the town of Lisakovsk, in the northern part of the Turgai depression, which connects the West Siberian and Turan plains. The Turgai depression borders on the Trans-Ural Plateau on the west and on the Kazakh hummocks and the Ulutau Mountains on the east. This environment does not contribute to the preservation of the cultural layer. As a result, the pottery and stone fragments found at the Karasor 3 site were collected from the surface. The article contains a detailed description of the pottery. The stone tools underwent a technical and typological analysis based on the products of primary splitting, morphological parameters and size of plates, the ratio of blanks and tools made of plates and flakes, methods of secondary processing, and typological composition of the tool kit. The nature of the raw materials was considered as an independent indicator. The stone industry of the Late Eneolithic era proved similar to the Tersek culture. The pottery ranged from the Late Eneolithic to the Early Iron Age.

The Use and Character of Wood in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 1-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Coles ◽  
S. V. E. Heal ◽  
B. J. Orme
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Stone Age

Wood was one of early man's most valuable and important raw materials. It furnished him with shelter, heat and a range of tools and weapons necessary for his survival. It was perhaps the first material to be employed for tools, even before stone was actively worked, yet wood hardly figures in the minds of many archaeologists, and it plays no part in the traditional, outmoded but convenient Three Age system of European Prehistory: Stone-Bronze-Iron. Yet there is hardly a tool or weapon used by Stone Age, Bronze Age or Iron Age man or woman which did not have a wooden part, and it is the purpose of this paper to point out the wealth of information that is available, or could be obtained, from studies of wooden artifacts.The reason for neglect of such studies is obvious. Wood is perishable; it decays if left exposed, it is easily broken, it burns to nothing, it rots in the soil, it loses its surface in moving water. Its survival for long periods of time is exceptional, and requires certain conditions of deliberate or accidental burial. Yet wood as a fact and a feature of prehistoric economy cannot be disputed. Without the survival of wooden remains, our knowledge of the Neolithic and Bronze Age lake-side settlements in Switzerland would be quartered, and our information about the Iron Age villages at Glastonbury and Biskupin would be substantially reduced. Only in circumstances where conditions are exceptionally favourable has wood survived in an identifiable state, and in these situations it can tell us much about economic life. Grahame Clark expressed the view long ago that ‘less attention (should be) paid to amassing residual fossils from sites unfavourable to the survival of the organic materials which play so important a part in the economy of simple societies, and more to exploring sites where these materials are likely to survive’ (Clark 1940, 58).

scholarly journals Investigation of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Sites in the Don Basin on the Territory of Volgograd Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-187
Author(s):  
Stanislav Remizov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Volga Basin ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Russian Plain ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The locations of the Stone Age on the Volgograd region territory have been known since the beginning of the XIX century. However, purposeful Stone Age sites explorations had only started after the Sukhaya Mechetka site was discovered by A.P. Koptev and M.N. Grischenko in 1951. The data accumulated on series of stratified sites in Volgograd Region makes it possible to outline two significant groups of them. One of the groups belongs to the Lower Volga basin. The other group is associated with the ramified network of gullies and ravines and multiple tributaries of the Don. The Don is the fourth longest river on the Russian Plain; its basin taken in the Volgograd Region is several times larger than the Volga basin taken in the area. The relatively flat landscape of the Don plain, saturated with small rivers, gullies and ravines, as well as stone raw materials available for mining, have been creating favorable conditions for human habitation since the Middle Paleolithic. The well-known Paleolithic and Mesolithic sites are found both in the watersheds and in the floodplain-terrace areas of the Middle Don. The near-mouth section of the Kurmoyarsky Aksai river – the Don tributary in Kotelnikovo District – and the surroundings of Kremenskaya village in Kletskaya District are standing out in terms of being studied. The stone industry detected in the lower layers of the multilayered site Schlyakh indicates that the Don plain was inhabited by people during the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic transition. The prospects of further searches for Stone Age sites in the Middle Don Basin had already been proven by the discovery of at least forty sites in previous decades. Further archaeological research will help to discover new stratified sites with impressive collections of stone and bone items, which will make it possible to draw analogies with synchronous sites in the territories adjacent to the Volgograd region.

scholarly journals Lithic Industry of the Itomiura Site in the Lower Angara Region (Neolithic and Bronze Ages): Spatial Organization and Key Characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Gurulev ◽  
Liliya A. Maksimovich ◽  
Polina O. Senotrusova ◽  
Pavel V. Mandryka
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Industry Dynamics ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Lithic Industry ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article presents the results of the analysis of the collection of the Itomiura site located in the Lower Angara region. As for today, no markers or concepts of stone industry dynamics in the Neolithic and Bronze Age have been described for the territory of the Lower Angara region. The materials of the Itomiura site allow us to define some of these concepts. Based on the spatial distribution of findings in the cultural layer of the site, we identified 12 areas of concentration of stone pieces (clusters). The areas differ in their composition and types of economic and production activities held. Knapping areas with large amounts of debitage, unfinished items and used microcores predominate. There are also areas that are likely to be more associated with the use of stone tools and their rejuvenating. The combined occurrence of stone pieces with pottery fragments made it possible to distinguish several cultural and chronological complexes. The most clearly identifiable complexes are one with net-impressed pottery, previously dated to the late – final Neolithic period (4th – first half of the 3rd millennium BC), and another with “pearl-ribbed” pottery of the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC). The Neolithic complex is characterized by the use of various siliceous raw materials. The Bronze Age complex is marked by a wide use of purple-burgundy sedimentary rocks, the specificity of the industry in this period is also created by a series of bifacial items and thinned preforms. Stone industries of both assemblages include a variety of expedient flake tools and microblade production products, represented by different prismatic and edge-faceted cores. The data obtained, with their further correlation with the materials of other sites, can be used for the further study of stone industries of the Lower Angara region and the development of the concept of regional paleocultural dynamics

Textiles and perishable materials

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Banck-Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
Funerary Rituals ◽  
The Status

This chapter challenges traditional views on Iron Age dress. Recent research has greatly enhanced our understanding of how textiles were manufactured in Iron Age Europe. The variety of qualities, textures, techniques, raw materials, colours, and cuts give insights into the detailed knowledge of the craftspeople involved. Textiles used for dress, blankets, or furniture fittings were appreciated not only for their appearance, but also for the quality of the work. In everyday life, their optical qualities were used to express and signal gender, social roles and status, while the labour expended on textiles found in wealthy burials underlines both the status of the deceased and the extent of conspicuous consumption in funerary rituals—for instance, for wrapping grave furniture and goods. The chapter also looks at experimental data showing how labour-intensive textile production was, and the types of clothing and accessories found in different archaeological contexts or depicted in visual representations.

Edges and interactions beyond Europe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Wells ◽  
Naoise Mac Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The North ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
The North Atlantic

Iron Age Europe, once studied as a relatively closed, coherent continent, is being seen increasingly as a dynamic part of the much larger, interconnected world. Interactions, direct and indirect, with communities in Asia, Africa, and, by the end of the first millennium AD, North America, had significant effects on the peoples of Iron Age Europe. In the Near East and Egypt, and much later in the North Atlantic, the interactions can be linked directly to historically documented peoples and their rulers, while in temperate Europe the evidence is exclusively archaeological until the very end of the prehistoric Iron Age. The evidence attests to often long-distance interactions and their effects in regard to the movement of peoples, and the introduction into Europe of raw materials, crafted objects, styles, motifs, and cultural practices, as well as the ideas that accompanied them.

scholarly journals Archaeological studies In theIlmeny state reserve, South Urals

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
V.S. Mosin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages

The paper describes two stages of archeological studies at the territory of the Ilmeny State Reserve. Stage 1 is related to expedition of L.Ya. Krizhevskaya in 1961–1970, which resulted in fn-ding of more than 40 settlements and sites of the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Seven settlements were excavated. Stage 2 studies began in 2010 and are continued at present. These works allowed us to fnd about 40 sites and settlements of the Stone Age and to excavate of the Stone Age sites and Bronze Ages burials.

scholarly journals THE OLDEST ROCK ART SITES OF THE KARATAU RANGE: PETROGLYPHS OF KARASUYIR

2022 ◽  
pp. 2-8
Author(s):  
С. С. Мургабаев ◽  
Л. Д. Малдыбекова
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The Bronze Age

Статья посвящена новому памятнику наскального искусства хребта Каратау, открытому в урочище Карасуйир. Приводится краткое описание памятника, публикуются наиболее важные изображения. Сюжеты и стилистические особенности основной чaсти петроглифов памятника Карасуйир связаны с эпохой бронзы, остaльные рисунки отнесены к эпохе рaннего железа и, возможно, к эпохе камня. Для некоторых из них предложена предварительная интерпретация. The article is devoted to a new rock art site of the Karatau Range, discovered in the Karasuyir Area. A brief description of the site is provided, and the most important images are published. Subjects and stylistic features of the main part of Karasuyir petroglyphs are associated with the Bronze Age, and other engravings are related to the early Iron Age and, perhaps, to the Stone Age. A preliminary interpretation is proposed for some of them.

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