The Use and Character of Wood in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 1-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Coles ◽  
S. V. E. Heal ◽  
B. J. Orme
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Stone Age

Wood was one of early man's most valuable and important raw materials. It furnished him with shelter, heat and a range of tools and weapons necessary for his survival. It was perhaps the first material to be employed for tools, even before stone was actively worked, yet wood hardly figures in the minds of many archaeologists, and it plays no part in the traditional, outmoded but convenient Three Age system of European Prehistory: Stone-Bronze-Iron. Yet there is hardly a tool or weapon used by Stone Age, Bronze Age or Iron Age man or woman which did not have a wooden part, and it is the purpose of this paper to point out the wealth of information that is available, or could be obtained, from studies of wooden artifacts.The reason for neglect of such studies is obvious. Wood is perishable; it decays if left exposed, it is easily broken, it burns to nothing, it rots in the soil, it loses its surface in moving water. Its survival for long periods of time is exceptional, and requires certain conditions of deliberate or accidental burial. Yet wood as a fact and a feature of prehistoric economy cannot be disputed. Without the survival of wooden remains, our knowledge of the Neolithic and Bronze Age lake-side settlements in Switzerland would be quartered, and our information about the Iron Age villages at Glastonbury and Biskupin would be substantially reduced. Only in circumstances where conditions are exceptionally favourable has wood survived in an identifiable state, and in these situations it can tell us much about economic life. Grahame Clark expressed the view long ago that ‘less attention (should be) paid to amassing residual fossils from sites unfavourable to the survival of the organic materials which play so important a part in the economy of simple societies, and more to exploring sites where these materials are likely to survive’ (Clark 1940, 58).

scholarly journals Archaeological studies In theIlmeny state reserve, South Urals

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
V.S. Mosin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages

The paper describes two stages of archeological studies at the territory of the Ilmeny State Reserve. Stage 1 is related to expedition of L.Ya. Krizhevskaya in 1961–1970, which resulted in fn-ding of more than 40 settlements and sites of the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Seven settlements were excavated. Stage 2 studies began in 2010 and are continued at present. These works allowed us to fnd about 40 sites and settlements of the Stone Age and to excavate of the Stone Age sites and Bronze Ages burials.

scholarly journals THE OLDEST ROCK ART SITES OF THE KARATAU RANGE: PETROGLYPHS OF KARASUYIR

2022 ◽  
pp. 2-8
Author(s):  
С. С. Мургабаев ◽  
Л. Д. Малдыбекова
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The Bronze Age

Статья посвящена новому памятнику наскального искусства хребта Каратау, открытому в урочище Карасуйир. Приводится краткое описание памятника, публикуются наиболее важные изображения. Сюжеты и стилистические особенности основной чaсти петроглифов памятника Карасуйир связаны с эпохой бронзы, остaльные рисунки отнесены к эпохе рaннего железа и, возможно, к эпохе камня. Для некоторых из них предложена предварительная интерпретация. The article is devoted to a new rock art site of the Karatau Range, discovered in the Karasuyir Area. A brief description of the site is provided, and the most important images are published. Subjects and stylistic features of the main part of Karasuyir petroglyphs are associated with the Bronze Age, and other engravings are related to the early Iron Age and, perhaps, to the Stone Age. A preliminary interpretation is proposed for some of them.

Materials, Humankind and Peace

2010 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Masao Doyama
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
First Century ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Double Helices ◽  
Development And Utilization ◽  
Present World ◽  
The Bronze Age

The ages used by humankind can be divided in the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. In twentieth century instead of one material, a number of diversified materials dominated, and all are diversified. “Right materials in right purposes” was the motto in the last century. In the twenty-first century, the limitation of natural resources and balance of earth have to be considered. Global warming is one of the most important problems in the present world. Materials development and utilization should be done as shown in the model of double helices. Use of comparatively clean nuclear energies is important. Here we discuss the education about the materials from Japanese viewpoint.

scholarly journals Mesolithic Sites in the Upper Tobol

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-910
Author(s):  
E. V. Podzuban
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Arrow Head ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
The Town

The article introduces prehistoric artifacts from the sites of Karasor-5, Karasor-6, and Karasor-7 obtained in 1998. The archaeological site of Karasor is located in the Upper Tobol region, near the town of Lisakovsk. Stone tools, pottery fragments, a ceramic item, and a bronze arrow head were collected from a sand blowout, which had destroyed the cultural layer. The paper gives a detailed description of the pottery. The stone tools were examined using the technical and typological analysis, which featured the primary splitting, the morphological parameters and size of plates, the ratio of blanks, plates, flakes, and finished tools, the secondary processing methods, and the typological composition of the tools. The nature of the raw materials was counted as an independent indicator. The pottery fragments, the bronze arrow head, and the ceramic item belonged to the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The stone industry of the Karasor archeological cluster proved to be a Mesolithic monument of the Turgai Trough. The technical and typological analysis revealed a close similarity with the Mesolithic sites of the Southern and Middle Trans-Urals, as well as the forest-steppe part of the Tobol-Irtysh interfluve. The stone artifacts were dated from the Mesolithic to the Early Iron Age.

Centers of Power, Weapons of Iron

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Douglas Price
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Iron Artifacts ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
City States

The introduction of iron after 1000 BC brought new tools and weapons to Europe. Smelting technology and higher furnace temperatures were likely the key to iron production, which is generally thought to have originated in Anatolia around 1400 BC among the Hittites, but there are a few earlier examples of iron artifacts as old as 2300 BC in Turkey. Iron produced sharper, more readily available implements and was in great demand. In contrast to copper and tin, whose sources were limited, iron was found in a variety of forms in many places across the continent. Veins of iron ore were exploited in Iberia, Britain, the Alps, the Carpathian Mountains, and elsewhere. Bog iron was exploited in northern Europe. Carbonate sources of iron in other areas enabled local groups to obtain the raw materials necessary for producing this important material. At the same time, the collapse of the dominant Bronze Age civilizations of the Aegean changed the flow of raw materials and finished products across Europe. Greece fell into a Dark Age following the demise of the Mycenaean city-states. The Etruscans were on the rise in Italy. Rome was a small town at the border of the Etruscan region. Soon, however, new centers of power in classic Greece and Rome emerged, bringing writing and, with it, history to Europe. Again, we can observe important and dramatic differences between the “classic” areas of the Mediterranean and the northern parts of “barbarian” Europe. The chronology for the Iron Age in much of Europe is portrayed in Figure 6.2. The Iron Age begins earlier in the Mediterranean area, ca. 900 BC, where the Classical civilizations of Greece, the Etruscans, and eventually Rome emerge in the first millennium BC. Rome and its empire expanded rapidly, conquering much of western Europe in a few decades before the beginning of the Common Era and Britain around ad 43, effectively ending the prehistoric Iron Age in these parts of the continent. The Iron Age begins somewhat later in Scandinavia, around 500 BC.

European pre- and protohistory - Paul Pettitt, Paul Bahn & Sergio Ripoll (ed.). Palaeolithic Cave Art at Creswell Crags in European Context. xvi+292 pages, 124 illustrations, 16 tables. 2007. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 978-0-19¬929917-1 hardback £60. - Sophie A. De Beaune (ed.). Chasseurs-cueilleurs: Comment vivaient nos ancêtres du Paléolithique superieur. viii+294 pages, 41 illustrations, 3 tables. 2007. Paris: CNRS; 978-2-271-06509-4 paperback €23. - Karl-Göran Sjögren (ed.). Ecology and Economy in Stone Age and Bronze Age Scania. 218 pages, 50 illustrations. 2006. Lund: Riksantikvarieambetet; 978-91-7209-445-1 hardback. - F.J. Gonzalez Garcia (ed.). Lospueblos de la Galicia ceéltica. 622 pages, 132 illustrations, 6 tables. 2007. Madrid: Akal; 978-84-460-2260-2 paperback. - Colin Haselgrove & Rachel Pope (ed.). The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the near Continent. vi+430 pages, 145 illustrations, 24 tables. 2007. Oxford: Oxbow; 978-1-84217-253-0 hardback £75. - Colin Haselgrove & Tom Moore (ed.). The Later Iron Age in Britain and beyond. vi+530 pages, 193 illustrations, 27 tables. 2007. Oxford: Oxbow; 978-1-84217-252-0 hardback £90. - Jorn Schuster. Die Buntmetallfunde der Grabung Feddersen Wierde: Chronologie — Chorologie — Technologie (Probleme der Küstenforschung im südlichen Nordseegebiet Band 30, Feddersen Wierde Band 6). 278 pages, 69 illustrations, 24 tables, 31 plates. 2006. Oldenburg: Isensee; 978-3-89995-391-6 hardback €45.

Antiquity ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (313) ◽  
pp. 822-823
Author(s):  
Madeleine Hummler
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
European Context ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Paléolithique Supérieur ◽  
Ecology And Economy ◽  
Cave Art ◽  
Oxford University Press

The Application of New Materials in the Design

2011 ◽  
Vol 368-373 ◽  
pp. 399-404
Author(s):  
Fen Wu ◽  
Wei Ping Hu
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Synthetic Material ◽  
Reasonable Description ◽  
Vivid Description ◽  
Selection Of

We named the Prehistoric and primitive times by materials--- the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age are just the vivid description of the importance of the material. Some experts called the present “Synthetic material times”, the future “Allergenic material times”. In product design, new materials, as an important element of component performance, plays an important role in improving the product's features and enriching the product’s content. In this paper, I will make a reasonable description on the performance of new materials and functional requirements of products, providing designers with a selection of ideas.

scholarly journals Emerging Concerns about Microplastic Pollution on Groundwater in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heejung Kim ◽  
Jin-Yong Lee
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Human History ◽  
Modern Times

If human history has thus far been divided into the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age, then modern times can be considered the Plastic Age [...]

Strategies for future success: Remembering the Hittites during the Iron Age

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 203-216
Author(s):  
Lynn Swartz Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
East Side ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Ceramic Vessel ◽  
Distinct Site

AbstractThe Maraş and Sakçagözü valley surveys on the east side of the Amanus mountains provide new data regarding patterns of Hittite territorial management and administration. Sites dating to the Late Bronze Age II period were identified by the presence of burnished pottery, drab ware and, occasionally, by animal-shaped ceramic vessel fragments. The standardised drab ware pottery is emblematic of mass production and rigid control of labour sources and raw materials through systems designed to support the economic and political strategies of the Hittite court and to serve its interests. The settlement pattern is linked to Hittite regional needs for agricultural production, raw materials and territorial security. The distinct site location pattern indicates a strategic, restrained use of space by the Hittites. This left room for beneficial integrative features that local élites might emphasise for their own purposes, which comprise a foundation for the prestige later accorded to the Hittite legacy.

scholarly journals Results of petrographic research of new finds from the archaeological monument Tokivske-1

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-527
Author(s):  
I. S. Nikitenko ◽  
O. V. Starik ◽  
V. A. Marchenko
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Middle Stream ◽  
Abrasive Stone ◽  
The Village ◽  
Archaeological Monument

The purpose of the work was to determine the provenance of the raw materials of ancient stone products, found during the excavations of the Bronze-Early Iron Age monument Tokivske-1, with the aim to establish connections of the ancient population of the area with residents of other regions. The archaeological monument Tokivske-1, located in the northern outskirts of the village Tokivske, Apostolove Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, has been explored by the expedition of Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum named after D.I. Yavornytskyi since 2012. The authors of this article already carried out petrographic study of stone artefacts from this monument, which had been found during the first five years of excavations. However, over the past two years, a number of stone and other items were found that could expand our knowledge of the links of Tokivske-1 with ancient industrial centers of other regions. To carry out the petrographic analysis, six artefacts were taken, mainly those made from macroscopically different rocks. Most of them can be related to metalworking. The analyzed samples are represented by an amphibolite hammer for forging jewels or peening sheet copper, a dolerite anvil-prop for a specified hammer, a fragment of an abrasive stone made of ferruginous quartzite, a quartz tile, which is a fragment of an altar, and fragments of an anvil and a scepter-pestle made of sandstone. Petrographic analysis of artefacts allowed determining the probable provenance of their raw materials. Amphibolites are quite common in the territory of the Middle Dnipro area, but by the color of the hornblende, the predominance of epidotization processes over sericitization and macrostructural features, the studied rock is more similar to the amphibolites from the middle stream of the Bazavluk River. Dolerites, similar to the raw material of the anvil-prop, are also common in the area of excavations, and by  the presence of the micropegmatite in its composition, its origin can be localized in the middle stream of the river Bazavluk or in the valley of the river Mokra Sura. Magnetite quartzite – the raw material of the abrasive stone – most likely comes from the territory of the city of Kryvyi Rih. Quartz tile – a fragment of an altar – is a quartz vein, similar to those that intersect granites of the Tokivskyi massif directly near the village Tokivske. Sandstones, from which the anvil and the scepter-pestle were produced, appeared to be very similar in their petrographic features. They are represented by quartz sandstones with fragments of rocks and polymineral cement with the predominance of quartz regenerative and porous sericite cement. Also, the relic chalcedony and, more rarely, clay cement are present in the pores. In the territory of Ukraine, the most similar to them, according to petrographic characteristics, are the sandstones of the Carboniferous system, which crop out in the Donbas. Thus, the obtained data testifies to the connection of the Tokivske-1 archaeological complex with other parts of the Middle Dnipro area, such as the middle stream of the Bazavluk River and the Kryvyi Rih area, as well as with more distant regions such as the Donbas. It should be noted that scepter-pestles, similar to the one studied by us, are associated with metalworking, and the Donetsk basin, where the raw material of the indicated tool originates from, was the copper production center of the Late Bronze Age.

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