Weedy adaptation in Setaria spp. V. Effects of gaseous environment on giant foxtail (Setaria faberii) (Poaceae) seed germination

Butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate), EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate), diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate], CDEC (2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate), and chlorpropham (isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate) at 0.1 kg/ha caused increased velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) populations in field plots. Butylate caused increased populations of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) at rates of up to 1.1 kg/ha. In the laboratory, each of the six herbicides caused increased velvetleaf seed germination, and butylate, EPTC, and CDEC caused increased common lambsquarters germination when seeds were exposed to herbicide vapors prior to germination. Germination of velvetleaf, common lambsquarters, and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiiHerrm.) was also increased by butylate solutions over a wide range of concentrations. Maximum germination stimulation generally occurred between concentrations of 10-5and 10-6M butylate. Seedling injury and death also resulted from these concentrations of butylate. Butylate stimulation of seed germination could not be correlated with light requirements of seeds, but appeared to be an additional promotive factor. Ungerminated common lambsquarters seeds after butylate treatment were viable and responded to KCN and KNO3in the same manner as control seeds which did not initially germinate in water. Butylate in combination with the antidote, R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) stimulated germination of common lambsquarters.

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Differential Seed Germinability in Triazine-Resistant and -Susceptible Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberii)

Asian Journal of Plant Sciences ◽

10.3923/ajps.2002.334.336 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 334-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dean M. Tranel ◽

Jack Dekker .

Keyword(s):

Seed Germinability ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Setaria Faberii

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Foliar and Root Absorption of Atrazine Applied Postemergence to Giant Foxtail

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500031441 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 251-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Lafayette Thompson ◽

F. W. Slife

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Field Studies ◽

Simulated Rainfall ◽

Root Absorption ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Setaria Faberii ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies

In growth chamber studies, high relative humidity and rewetting crystalline spray deposits of 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine) increased absorption by and phytotoxicity to giant foxtail (Setaria faberii Herrm.), but phytotoxicity was restricted to expanded (unrolled) leaves unless some atrazine was absorbed by the roots. Though phytotoxicity was increased by simulated rainfall when root absorption was prevented, an appreciable number of the plants were killed only when atrazine residues were washed into the soil. In field studies, atrazine applied to a wet soil surface was as effective as the same rate of atrazine foliarly applied. In other field experiments, atrazine applied to giant foxtail on a wet soil and followed by simulated rainfall reduced stand and dry weight, but on a dry soil and not followed by simulated rainfall, atrazine reduced dry weight less and did not reduce stand. These results are due to root absorption of atrazine from wet soil. Spray additives increased phytotoxicity.

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Amiben Metabolism and Selectivity

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500047147 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 283-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

E. W. Stoller ◽

L. M. Wax

Keyword(s):

Cucurbita Pepo ◽

Soluble Fraction ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Species Sensitivity ◽

Ipomoea Hederacea ◽

Percentage Composition ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Setaria Faberii ◽

Plant Sensitivity

Absorption and metabolism of 14C-3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben) by six plant species were investigated for correlation with species sensitivity. Plant sensitivity was determined from amiben concentrations required to give 50% reduction of radicle extension of germinating seedlings and shoot dry weight of 10-day-old plants (I50). The I50 values showed that soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr., squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), and ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.) were tolerant, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was intermediate and giant foxtail (Setaria faberii Herrm.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) were susceptible. Neither the amount of amiben absorbed, the transport to shoots, the concentration of radioactivity soluble in methanol, nor the distribution of radioactivity among amiben, N-(3-carboxy-2,5-dichlorophenyl)-glucosylamine (hereinafter referred to as N-glucosyl amiben), and an unidentified amiben conjugate (amiben-X) was associated with species sensitivity in 11-day-old plants. In seedling tissues, neither the concentration of methanol-soluble nor methanol-insoluble radioactivity correlated with sensitivity. Highly significant correlations between the log percentage composition of amiben, amiben-X, and N-glucosyl amiben in the methanol-soluble fraction of seedlings and log I50 for radical elongation were obtained; the correlations were negative for amiben and amiben-X but positive for N-glucosyl amiben.

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Effect of Shade on Giant Foxtail

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500078826 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 588-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Ellery L. Knake

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Field Studies ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Setaria Faberii ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Number Of Stems ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Number Of Seeds

Field studies were conducted with giant foxtail(Setaria faberiiHerrm.) under shade intensities of 0, 30, 60, 70, 80, and 98%. Seed weight, dry weight of plant tops exclusive of seed, and total dry weight per plant decreased linearly with increasing shade intensities. These decreases were due primarily to decreases in number of leaves, number of stems per plant, and number of heads per plant. Height of main culm was less affected than other morphological characteristics. Shading affected the length of internodes but had little influence on number of internodes on the main culm. The amount of shade required to control giant foxtail completely, once it is established, appears to be above 95%. Expressed as 2-year means, plants grew to as much as 135 cm, had as many as 188 leaves, 41 stems, and 31 heads, and produced 73 g of dry matter per plant including 6 g of seed. Maximum number of seeds per head was 1405.

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Effect of Time of Giant Foxtail Removal from Corn and Soybeans

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450005400x ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 281-283 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Ellery L. Knake ◽

Fred W. Slife

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Reproductive Stage ◽

Competitive Effect ◽

Early Season ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Setaria Faberii ◽

Better Than

With a corn (Zea mays L.) yield of 144 bu/A on weed-free plots, giant foxtail (Setaria faberii Herrm.) reduced corn yields 1, 2, 5, 7, and 18 bu/A, respectively, when removed when 3, 6, 9, and 12 inches high and at maturity. With a soybean (Glycine max L.) yield of 30 bu/A on weed-free plots, the same treatments reduced soybean yields 0, 0, 1, 2, and 18 bu/A, respectively. Giant foxtail competing with corn delayed tassel emergence but had little effect on moisture of grain or on shelling percent at harvest. The total dry matter produced per acre remained relatively constant whether the dry matter was made up of corn alone or corn and weeds. The greatest competitive effect of giant foxtail with soybeans occurred after the reproductive stage of soybeans began or after the weeds became sufficiently dense to reduce the light which soybeans received. Early-season competition had greater effect on corn than on soybeans. However, the taller growing corn competed better than soybeans with giant foxtail later in the season.

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Differential Phytotoxicity of an Amiben Metabolite

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500047457 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 384-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. W. Stoller

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Plant Species ◽

Growth Response ◽

Hydrolytic Activity ◽

Ipomoea Hederacea ◽

Radicle Elongation ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Setaria Faberii

The differential phytotoxicity of an unidentified amiben conjugate (hereinafter referred to as amiben-X), obtained from giant foxtail (Setaria faberii Herrm.) treated with 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben) was tested in several plant species. Concentrations of amiben-X up to 10 ppm had no effect on radicle elongation in seedlings of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) or ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.). Giant foxtail radicles were inhibited about 35% at 10 ppm. Amiben, amiben-X, and N-(3-carboxy-2,5-dichlorophenyl)-glucosylamine (hereinafter referred to as N-glucosyl amiben) were detected in seedling tissues of the three above species treated for 24 hr with 20 ppm amiben-X. The growth response of the plants to amiben-X probably resulted from the action of the amiben released by plant hydrolytic activity on amiben-X; amiben-X itself is considered to be relatively nonphytotoxic.

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Effects of Field Applications of Nitrate on Weed Seed Germination and Dormancy

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500064626 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 594-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

R. S. Fawcett ◽

F. W. Slife

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Nitrate Concentration ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Datura Stramonium ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Setaria Faberi ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Population Numbers

Application of 112 to 336 kg/ha N as ammonium nitrate [NH4(NO−3)] failed to affect population numbers of common lambsquarters(Chenopodium albumL.), giant foxtail(Setaria faberiHerrm.), velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), jimsonweed(Datura stramoniumL.), or redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexusL.). Common lambsquarters seeds harvested from NO−3-treated plots were less dormant than control seeds. Seed germination in the laboratory increased from 3.0% for control seeds to 34.0% for seeds harvested from plots treated with 280 kg/ha N as NH4(NO−3). Nitrate concentration in common lambsquarters seeds increased as nitrogen fertilization increased. Seeds from nonfertilized plots contained 18.7 μg/g NO−3, while seeds from plots fertilized with 280 kg/ha N contained 126.3 μg/g. Adding exogenous NO−3to the germination medium brought the germination of most seed lots to a similar level, except for control seeds which germinated at a lower rate. In contrast to common lambsquarters, nitrogen fertilization did not greatly affect dormancy or NO−3accumulation in velvetleaf seeds. Exogenous NO−3failed to stimulate velvetleaf germination because dormant velvetleaf seeds did not imbibe.

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Species Differences in Site of Root Uptake and Tolerance to EPTC

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500047962 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 534-537 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

L. R. Oliver ◽

G. N. Prendeville ◽

M. M. Schreiber

Keyword(s):

Species Differences ◽

The Other ◽

Differential Sensitivity ◽

Sorghum Vulgare ◽

Major Site ◽

Root Zones ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Setaria Faberii ◽

Root Exposure ◽

Pot Technique

We studied the uptake of ethyl N,N-dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), and giant foxtail (Setaria faberii Herrm.) using a double plastic pot technique that allowed separate exposure of the shoot and root zones to treated soil. Barley was more tolerant than wheat, whereas oats, sorghum, and giant foxtail were the most susceptible to EPTC at 1/4 to 1 1/2 lb/A-inch. The roots were the major site of uptake in barley, but injury to the other species from root exposure was equal to or slightly less than that from shoot exposure. The seed, or first 2 to 4 mm of shoot or both, were more sensitive in wheat than in barley. Such differential sensitivity was not evident in the shoot zone of the other species. These experiments, coupled with 14C-EPTC studies, indicated that differences in tolerance can be associated with the sites of uptake.

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Effect of temperature on the germination of common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/p2002-172 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 67-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Ramon G. Leon ◽

Allen D. Knapp ◽

Micheal D. K. Owen

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Common Waterhemp ◽

Setaria Faberi ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Germination Temperature ◽

Percent Germination ◽

Amaranthus Tuberculatus ◽

Response To Temperature

Common waterhemp, giant foxtail, and velvetleaf seed germination in response to temperature was studied with a two-way thermogradient plate. Seeds were maintained under dark and wet conditions at 4 C for 12 wk, and velvetleaf seeds were scarified before the experiments were conducted. The seeds were germinated at 25 different temperature treatments. Minimum and optimum temperatures for velvetleaf germination were approximately 8 and 24 C, respectively. Temperature alternation did not affect the germination of this species. The minimum germination temperature was 10 C for common waterhemp and 14 C for giant foxtail. The optimum germination of giant foxtail occurred at approximately 24 C, but common waterhemp optimum germination was variable depending on temperature alternation. Increased amplitude of the diurnal temperature alternation increased percent germination of these two species, and this was more evident at lower temperatures. In the case of common waterhemp, the temperature required to reach specific germination percentages was reduced by increasing the amplitude of the temperature alternation.

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