scholarly journals Tensile Properties of 3D-printed Continuous-Fiber-Reinforced Plastics

2022 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-282
Author(s):  
Nicolae Florin Cofaru ◽  
Adrian Pascu ◽  
Mihaela Oleksik ◽  
Radu Petruse
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Maximum Tensile Stress ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Reinforced Plastics

Obtaining parts made of composite materials through 3D Printing Additive manufacturing have fully proved their usefulness due to a number of advantages such as: the possibility to directly create complex shapes without going through the classic process of transforming the semi-finished products into finished parts through technologies which consume resources and energy and are totally unfriendly to the environment. The main disadvantage of the parts made by 3D Printing technologies is that they are less resistant from a mechanical point of view. This was solved with the emergence of the 3D printers capable of printing composite parts consisting of a plastic matrix reinforced with continuous fibers. This research focuses on studying 4 types of composite materials from the point of view of their mechanical properties: Onyx - a rigid nylon in which micro carbon fibers are inserted and Onyx reinforced with carbon, fiber glass or kevlar. Standardized specimens were made for the uniaxial tensile test and the experimental program was designed evaluating: the Elastic modulus [GPa], the Maximum Tensile stress [MPa], the Tensile strain at maximum Tensile stress [mm/mm]. The principal strains were also determined, by means of the digital image technique made using the Aramis system from GOM. The experimental tests confirm that these new materials will be serious candidates to be used in the engineering applications in various fields.

scholarly journals TFP Technology As Theadvanced Method Of Manufacture Of 3D Reinforced Preforms Frompolymer Composite Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
Nelyub Vladimir Aleksandrovich Et al.
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Prospective Research ◽  
Further Development

This paper contains an overview of world trends in the development of the TFP technologyenabling 3D printing of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. The review of the equipment used for the automated preformpatching is included. Primary factors restraining the large-scale implementation of the TFP technology in the manufacture are identified, and prospective research trends for further development of the technology are proposed.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Suitability of Elastomeric Bearings Modeling Using the Hyperelasticity and the Finite Element Method

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7665
Author(s):  
Marcin Daniel Gajewski ◽  
Mikołaj Miecznikowski
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Elastomeric Bearings ◽  
Element Method

The paper presents modeling of bridge elastomeric bearings using large deformation theory and hyperelastic constitutive relations. In this work, the simplest neo-Hookean model was compared with the Yeoh model. The parameters of the models were determined from the elastomer uniaxial tensile test and then verified with the results from experimental bearing compression tests. For verification, bearing compression tests were modeled and executed using the finite element method (FEM) in ABAQUS software. Additionally, the parameters of the constitutive models were determined using the inverse analysis method, for which the simulation results were as close as possible to those recorded during the experimental tests. The overall assessment of the suitability of elastomer bearings modeling with neo-Hookean and Yeoh hyperelasticity models is presented in detail.

Measuring and Testing Composite Materials Used in Aircraft Construction

2021 ◽  
Vol 904 ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
Tomasz Lusiak ◽  
Andrej Novák ◽  
Michal Janovec ◽  
Martin Bugaj
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Maximum Tensile Stress ◽  
Aircraft Structure ◽  
Strength Limit ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Composite Samples

This paper is focused on the use of special composite materials for the construction of aircraft components. It focuses on measuring and testing the strength of reinforced composite materials used in damaged aircraft parts repairs. To determine the layer required to repair a part of the aircraft, it is necessary to know the strength limit of the material and its parts. The article describes experimental measurements of manufactured composite samples that have been subjected to tensile stress. Aim of the performed tensile tests was to determine the maximum tensile stress that the composite materials are able to transmit until they are damaged. Measurement determining the maximum stress level is important to ensure the required safety of the aircraft structure on which the composite structure was repaired.

scholarly journals Numerical Modeling and Experimental Characterization of Elastomeric Pads Bonded in a Conical Spring under Multiaxial Loads and Pre-Compression

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Debora Francisco Lalo ◽  
Marcelo Greco ◽  
Matias Meroniuc
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Initial Guess ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Multiaxial Loading ◽  
Fitting Procedure

Elastomeric components are widely used in the engineering field since their mechanical properties can vary according to a specific condition, enabling their applications under large deformations and multiaxial loading. In this context, the present study seeks to investigate the main challenges involved in the finite element hyperelasticity simulation of rubber-like material components under different cases of multiaxial loading and precompression. The complex geometry of a conical rubber spring was chosen to deal with several deformation modes; this component is in the suspension system placed between the frame and the axle for railway vehicles. The framework of this study provides the correlation between axial and radial stiffness under precompression obtained by experimental tests in prototypes and virtual modeling obtained through a curve fitting procedure. Since the material approaches incompressibility, different shape functions were adopted to describe the fields of pressure and displacements according to the finite element hybrid formulation. The material parameters were accurately adjusted through an optimization algorithm implemented in Python program language which calibrates the finite element model according to the prototype test data. However, as an initial guess, the proper constitutive model and its parameters were first defined based only on the uniaxial tensile test data, since this test is easy to perform and well understood. The validation of the simulation results in comparison with the experimental data demonstrated that care should be given when the same component is subjected to different multiaxial loading cases.

scholarly journals 3D Mesoscale Finite Element Modelling of Concrete under Uniaxial Loadings

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4585
Author(s):  
Tiago Forti ◽  
Gustavo Batistela ◽  
Nadia Forti ◽  
Nicolas Vianna
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Numerical Test ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Uniaxial Compression Test ◽  
Interface Elements ◽  
Softening Behavior ◽  
Cracking Process

Concrete exhibits a complex mechanical behavior, especially when approaching failure. Its behavior is governed by the interaction of the heterogeneous structures of the material at the first level of observation below the homogeneous continuum, i.e., at the mesoscale. Concrete is assumed to be a three-phase composite of coarse aggregates, mortar, and the interfacial transitional zone (ITZ) between them. Finite element modeling on a mesoscale requires appropriate meshes that discretize the three concrete components. As the weakest link in concrete, ITZ plays an important role. However, meshing ITZ is a challenging issue, due to its very reduced thickness. Representing ITZ with solid elements of such reduced size would produce very expensive finite element meshes. An alternative is to represent ITZ as zero-thickness interface elements. This work adopts interface elements for ITZ. Damage plasticity model is adopted to describe the softening behavior of mortar in compression, while cohesive fractures describe the cracking process. Numerical experiments are presented. First example deals with the estimation of concrete Young’s modulus. Experimental tests were performed to support the numerical test. A second experiment simulates a uniaxial compression test and last experiment simulates a uniaxial tensile test, where results are compared to data from the literature.

Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM): A New Italian Guideline under Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 624 ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Ascione ◽  
Geminiano Mancusi ◽  
Anna D'Aponte
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Constitutive Behavior ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Aramid Fibers ◽  
Cementitious Matrix ◽  
Glass Carbon ◽  
Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix ◽  
Inorganic Matrix

In addition toFibre-Reinfocedcomposite materials, which are made of long glass/carbon/aramid fibers embedded in a polymer matrix (FRP), the use ofFRCMcomposites (Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix) is becoming more and more widespread. As far as this specific case, the inorganic matrix guarantees many advantages, especially when dealing with masonry substrates, including a good compatibility from both a physical and a chemical point of view and the possibility of wet lay-up application. Despite their wide use in technical applications, the constitutive behavior and the failure mechanisms of FRCMs have not been adequately studied. As a consequence, a final assessment upon which criteria have to be used for verification and qualification ofFRCMsis still missing. In the context of a recent experimental program-still under development-cooperated by many Italian academic laboratories, that is aimed at detecting the main features of the constitutive behavior of these materials, a discussion seems to be appropriate on the initial experimental results obtained at Salerno University on manyFRCMspecimens tested under uniaxial tensile loads.

scholarly journals Study of Size Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlSi10Mg Samples Made by Selective Laser Melting

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhichao Dong ◽  
Xiaoyu Zhang ◽  
Wenhua Shi ◽  
Hao Zhou ◽  
Hongshuai Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Selective Laser Melting ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Laser Melting ◽  
Geometrical Imperfection

The macroscopic mechanical performance of additive manufactured structures is essential for the design and application of multiscale microlattice structure. Performance is affected by microstructure and geometrical imperfection, which are strongly influenced by the size of the struts in selective laser melting (SLM) lattice structures. In this paper, the effect of size on microstructure, geometrical imperfection, and mechanical properties was systemically studied by conducting experimental tests. A series of AlSi10Mg rod-shaped samples with various diameters were fabricated using SLM. The uniaxial tensile test results show that with the decrease in build diameter, strength and Young’s modulus of strut decreased by 30% more than the stable state. The main reasons for this degradation were investigated through microscopic observation and micro X-ray computed tomography (μ-CT). In contrast with large-sized strut, the inherent porosity (1.87%) and section geometrical deviation (3%) of ponysize strut is greater because of the effect of thermal transform and hydrogen evolution, and the grain size is 0.5 μm. The discrepancy in microstructure, geometrical imperfection, and mechanical properties induced by size effect should be considered for the design and evaluation of SLM-fabricated complex structures.

Criteria development for sustainable construction manufacturing in Construction Industry 4.0

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faham Tahmasebinia ◽  
Samad M.E. Sepasgozar ◽  
Sara Shirowzhan ◽  
Marjo Niemela ◽  
Arthur Tripp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Maximum Tensile Stress ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
House Construction ◽  
Recycled Waste

Purpose This paper aims to present the sustainable performance criteria for 3D printing practices, while reporting the primarily computations and lab experimentations. The potential advantages for integrating three-dimensional (3D) printing into house construction are significant in Construction Industry 4.0; these include the capacity for mass customisation of designs and parameters for functional and aesthetic purposes, reduction in construction waste from highly precise material placement and the use of recycled waste products in layer deposition materials. With the ultimate goal of improving construction efficiency and decreasing building costs, applying Strand7 Finite Element Analysis software, a numerical model was designed specifically for 3D printing in a cement mix incorporated with recycled waste product high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and found that construction of an arched truss-like roof was structurally feasible without the need for steel reinforcements. Design/methodology/approach The research method consists of three key steps: design a prototype of possible structural layouts for the 3DSBP, create 24 laboratory samples using a brittle material to identify operation challenges and analyse the correlation between time and scale size and synthesising the numerical analysis and laboratory observations to develop the evaluation criteria for 3DSBP products. The selected house consists of layouts that resemble existing house such as living room, bed rooms and garages. Findings Some criteria for sustainable construction using 3DP were developed. The Strand7 model results suggested that under the different load combinations as stated in AS1700, the maximum tensile stress experienced is 1.70 MPa and maximum compressive stress experienced is 3.06 MPa. The cement mix of the house is incorporated with rHDPE, which result in a tensile strength of 3 MPa and compressive strength of 26 MPa. That means the house is structurally feasible without the help of any reinforcements. Investigations had also been performed on comparing a flat and arch and found the maximum tensile stress within a flat roof would cause the concrete to fail. Whereas an arch roof had reduced the maximum tensile stress to an acceptable range for concrete to withstand loadings. Currently, there are a few 3D printing techniques that can be adopted for this purpose, and more advanced technology in the future could eliminate the current limitation on 3D printing and bring forth this idea as a common practice in house construction. Originality/value This study provides some novel criteria for evaluating a 3D printing performance and discusses challenges of 3D utilisation from design and managerial perspectives. The criteria are relied on maximum utility and minimum impact pillars which can be used by scholars and practitioners to measure their performance. The criteria and the results of the computation and experimentation can be considered as critical benchmarks for future practices.

scholarly journals Characterization tests for predicting the mechanical performance of SFRC floors: design considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Martinelli ◽  
Matteo Colombo ◽  
Albert de la Fuente ◽  
Sergio Cavalaro ◽  
Pablo Pujadas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Test ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Double Edge ◽  
Wedge Splitting Test ◽  
Splitting Test

AbstractThe paper presents an experimental program carried out to check the load bearing capacity of a steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) floor in northern Italy. The extensive mechanical characterization focused on the suitability of 3 non-standardized test methods for quality control and tensile constitutive curve assessment was performed, this consisting of: uniaxial tensile test (UTT), double edge wedge splitting test (DEWST) and double punching test (DPT) to characterize the post-cracking mechanical properties of the material. The joint experimental programme, carried out at the Politecnico di Milano and at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, included the flexural characterization of four shallow beams (1.5 × 0.5 × 0.25 m3) and six standard notched beams (0.55 × 0.15 × 0.15 m3). All the samples were produced from the same batch and with the same SFRC mix which was applied for the floor. After that, 192 cores were drilled from the shallow beams and subjected to either UTTs, DEWSTs or DPTs. The stress level, the scatter and the constitutive curves derived from the non-standardized tests were identified and analysed. The calculated constitutive curves were used to predict the behaviour of the shallow beams.

Aging of polymer composite materials under loading. (See Beginning in #10-2020)

2020 ◽  
pp. 2-12
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Polymer Composite Materials ◽  
Cyclic Loads ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Water Exposure ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Bending Loads ◽  
Moisture Conditions

A study review of aging polymer composite materials (PCM) under different heat-moisture conditions or water exposure with the sequential or parallel influence of static or cyclic loads in laboratory conditions is presented. The influence of tension and bending loads is compared. Conditions of the different load influence on parameters of carbon-reinforced plastics and glass-reinforced plastics are discussed. Equipment and units for climatic tests of PCM under loading are described. Simulation examples of indices of mechanical properties of PCM under the influence of environment and loads are shown.

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