scholarly journals The Trend of Trace Elements (Cd, Ni, Pb) from PM2.5 and PM10 Aerosols and its Effect on Human Health in Bucharest, Romania

2001 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Bodor ◽  
Zsolt Bodor ◽  
Robert Szep
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Exposure Pathway ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
One Year ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10

The comprehensive investigation of the elemental characteristics in fine and coarse particles at Bucharest was carried out. The daily samples of PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter were collected at eight monitoring stations for a one-year period, and concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb elements were analyzed. The results show that PMs and trace elements were present in high concentrations in Bucharest. The annual concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were 31.57 μg/m3 and 21.30 μg/m3, respectively. In Bucharest, the average concentration ratio of fine (PM2.5) and coarse particulates (PM10) was 0.67. Trace elements concentration carried by the PM2.5 was higher than the concentration detected from PM10. The Cd, Ni, and Pb accumulation was higher by 55.16%, 37.46% and 29.14% in fine particles than in coarse particles. The annual mean trace element concentration from PM2.5 and PM10 was in the case of Cd 0.22/0.24 ng/m3, for Ni 3.28/3.14 ng/m3 and for Pb 5.61/6.44 ng/m3, respectively. The highest Spearman correlation was found between Cd and Ni with correlation coefficient of 0.62 in PM2.5 and 0.48 in PM10, which suggests that they share common sources. The health risk indexes were estimated for both adults and children thanks to the trace elements from the particulate matter (PM), and the results revealed that inhalation was the major exposure pathway in both cases.

scholarly journals Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution in Mpererwe District, Kampala, Uganda: A Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Schwander ◽  
Clement D. Okello ◽  
Juergen Freers ◽  
Judith C. Chow ◽  
John G. Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Coarse Particles

Air quality in Kampala, the capital of Uganda, has deteriorated significantly in the past two decades. We made spot measurements in Mpererwe district for airborne particulate matter PM2.5(fine particles) and coarse particles. PM was collected on Teflon-membrane filters and analyzed for mass, 51 elements, 3 anions, and 5 cations. Both fine and coarse particle concentrations were above 100 µg/m3in all the samples collected. Markers for crustal/soil (e.g., Si and Al) were the most abundant in the PM2.5fraction, followed by primary combustion products from biomass burning and incinerator emissions (e.g., K and Cl). Over 90% of the measured PM2.5mass can be explained by crustal species (41% and 59%) and carbonaceous aerosol (33%–55%). Crustal elements dominated the coarse particles collected from Kampala. The results of this pilot study are indicative of unhealthy air and suggest that exposure to ambient air in Kampala may increase the burden of environmentally induced cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory diseases including infections. Greater awareness and more extensive research are required to confirm our findings, to identify personal exposure and pollution sources, and to develop air quality management plans and policies to protect public health.

scholarly journals Properties of Particulate Matter in the Air of the Wieliczka Salt Mine and Related Health Benefits for Tourists

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 826
Author(s):  
Karolina Bralewska ◽  
Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska ◽  
Dominika Mucha ◽  
Artur Jerzy Badyda ◽  
Magdalena Kostrzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Salt Mine ◽  
Health Resort ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Internal Sources

This study aimed to evaluate the mass concentration of size-resolved (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, PM100) particulate matter (PM) in the Wieliczka Salt Mine located in southern Poland, compare them with the concentrations of the same PM fractions in the atmospheric air, and estimate the dose of dry salt aerosol inhaled by the mine visitors. Measurements were conducted for 2 hours a day, simultaneously inside (tourist route, passage to the health resort, health resort) and outside the mine (duty-room), for three days in the summer of 2017 using DustTrak DRX devices (optical method). The highest average PM concentrations were recorded on the tourist route (54–81 µg/m3), while the lowest was in the passage to the health resort (49–62 µg/m3). At the same time, the mean outdoor PM concentrations were 14–20 µg/m3. Fine particles constituting the majority of PM mass (68–80%) in the mine originated from internal sources, while the presence of coarse particles was associated with tourist traffic. High PM deposition factors in the respiratory tract of children and adults estimated for particular mine chambers (0.58–0.70), the predominance of respirable particles in PM mass, and the high content of NaCl in PM composition indicate high health benefits for mine visitors.

scholarly journals Airborne Carcinogenic Trace Elements Distribution Associated with Long Term Exposure in Makkah Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Heba M. Adly ◽  
Saleh A. K. Saleh ◽  
Abdulla A. Saati ◽  
Samir H. Fatani
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Air Dispersion ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
One Year

Background: More than 4 million international pilgrims visit Makkah each year during the Hajj and Umrah seasons. Since trace elements are natural ingredients that endure general biogeochemical cycling, conversion functions between environmental loadings, mass levels, and exposed receptors. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of carcinogenic trace element levels related to long term exposure. Methods: Particulate Matter (PM10) sampling was conducted at six locations (Al-Haram, Arafat, Muzdalifah, Aziziyah, Al Nuzhah, and Al Awali). On-site measurement parameters included ambient temperature, wind speed, and direction over 37 weeks. Samples were investigated for Cd, Cr, As, Be, and Ni levels with inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Quality assurance measures were achieved separately by analyzing a control sample to certify reliability, reproducibility, and linearity for each analysis. Results: Average particulate matter concentration for a one-year period presented significant variability, which exceeded the WHO guidelines for average exposure (25.0 µgm-3). PM10 average concentrations during round-1 (Spring), round-2 (Summer), round-3 (Autumn) and round-4 (Winter) were 120.1 ± 52.2 µgm-3, 223.4 ± 30.4 µgm-3, 77.6 ± 36.72, and 89 ± 62.7 µgm-3, respectively. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, As, Be, and Ni were found to be 0.098, 0.008, 0.26, 0.03, and 0.012 µgm-3, respectively. Conclusion: PM10 concentration was highly correlated (p-value <0.005) with Cd, Cr, As, Be, and Ni; thereby indicating the influence of manufacturing discharges and pollutants transported over long-distances. Higher ambient air temperatures may cause atmospheric instability in low air dispersion around Makkah. This highlights the importance of continuous air monitoring and calculation of dose exposure levels of both PM10 and trace elements.

scholarly journals Inhalation exposure to respirable particulate matter among workers in relation to their e-waste open burning activities in Buriram Province, Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarasanant Bungadaeng ◽  
Tassanee Prueksasit ◽  
Wattasit Siriwong
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Open Burning ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Respirable Particulate ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract The mass concentrations of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5–10) particulate matter were determined directly from breathing zones of e-waste dismantling workers during the primitive open burning processes using a Personal Modular Impactor connected to a personal air sampler. The average concentration of PM2.5–10 was 441 ± 496 μg m− 3 (N = 33), and for PM2.5, the average concentration was 2774 ± 4713 μg m− 3 (N = 33). Additionally, the concentrations of PM10, which were the summation of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 concentrations, had an average concentration of 3215 ± 4858 μg m− 3 (N = 33). The average PM2.5 mass concentrations accounted for 75 ± 18% from those of PM10, suggesting that PM2.5 was the main component of particulate matter that the workers were exposed to during the burning activity. The study also found that increased amounts of burnt e-waste significantly influenced the concentrations of coarse and fine particles emitted. Moreover, the Pearson’s correlation showed a positive relationship between each type of PM mass concentrations and their own total weighted scores of activity patterns. The results indicated that the activity that most increased the exposure concentration of PM2.5 was mixing e-waste on fire. In contrast, the activities that influenced the exposure of PM2.5–10 are mechanical activities, such as compiling and sweeping of e-waste, which are processes that emit and spread larger sizes of particulate matter into the air around the working environment.

Test Set-Up for Irregular Vertical Hydraulic Transport in Deep Ocean Mining

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arno M. Talmon ◽  
Cees van Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Hydraulic Transport ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Set Up

The mining of scarce minerals from the sea-floor at the depths of several kilometers and bringing them to a processing plant at the ocean surface requires new techniques. Seafloor Massive Sulphide (SMS) deposits are known to have an extremely rich mineral content, and are considered technically-economically-environmentally feasible to explore. Vertical hydraulic transport is the link between the sea-floor mining and the maritime vessel where the first processing stage will take place. Clogging of any part of the vertical transport system is an absolute disaster. Fine particles are conveyed faster than coarse particles. High concentrations of fines cannot bypass high concentrations of coarse particles, hence these particle fractions accumulate, potentially blocking the pipe. Fundamental research into yet unexplored physics is necessary. Besides numerical flow simulations, it is necessary to conducted experiments on the transport over large vertical distances. Such tests aim to investigate the dynamic development of density waves consisting of different particle diameters and clogging phenomenon thereof. Different particle size fractions have to be followed in real time as they overtake each other, and change their shape, merge and segregate. It is however impossible to back-scale the prototype riser to a one-pass laboratory test set-up, but the process can be simulated by repeated flow through an asymmetric vertical pipe loop, where slurry flow in the upward leg represent vertical hoist conditions and the slurry is returned quickly via the downward leg. The particle accumulation process is allowed to take place in the upward leg whereas in the downward leg the restoring process is nearly neutralized. The development of accumulations in time (= distance traveled to the ocean surface) can be followed upon multiple passes of the solids batches through the upward leg. The novelty of the described testing method is that the essentials of fundamental processes occurring in long vertical stretches are quantified in a specially designed laboratory setup. Via subsequent implementation of the results in a numerical flow simulation, reliable transport scenarios can be delineated.

Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop in Highly Concentrated Slurries Transportation Pipelines

2011 ◽  
Vol 281 ◽  
pp. 179-182
Author(s):  
Hai Lu ◽  
Jun Yin ◽  
Yi Xing Yuan ◽  
Biao Wang ◽  
Hong Wei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Particle Concentration ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Pipe Wall ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Frictional Losses ◽  
High Concentrations

Flow pattern and pressure drop in highly concentrated slurries transportation pipelines were discussed. The particles are settling, and tend to settle down to the bottom of pipes due to the action of gravity force forming different flow patterns which can be indicated by particle concentration profile. Three distinct flow patterns can be observed for different particle size distribution at different velocities: fully stratified, partially stratified and fully suspended flow patterns. As for pressure drop, it is well known that pressure drops in pipeline flows of slurries are strongly dependent on the flow pattern developed in a pipeline. Furthermore, fine particles suspended in water make the water more viscous, and increase the friction. In case of coarse particles, having larger volume, they have the tendency to contact with the pipe wall and with the other coarse particles more times, which increase the friction of flow. Meanwhile, coarse particles are lifted by the pressure difference generated as they rotate in the liquid preventing the coarse particles from settling down which results in less friction. The mixture of particles of different sizes is helpful to reduce pressure drop in pipeline flow slurries. Narrow grading particles tend to have high frictional losses, while broad grading particles have low frictional losses at high concentrations.

scholarly journals Use of low-cost PM-sensors to determine the infiltration of outdoor particles into indoor environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 02026
Author(s):  
Jan Drzymalla ◽  
Andreas Henne
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Particulate Matter Concentration ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Matter Concentration

Whether due to traffic, industry or private households – particulate matter enters our air every day and pollutes the air we breathe. When the term air pollution is used, hardly anyone ever thinks of the air inside their own home. However, many urban residences are located in the immediate vicinity of busy roads with high concentrations of particulate matter. Consequently, the outside concentration of fine dust has considerable influence on the indoor concentration. Given the fact that many people spend more than 90 % of their lifetime indoors, it is important to measure and understand particle transport from the outside to the inside in order to assess the effects of exposure to outdoor particles on human health. A two-room apartment near a main road in Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany was used in the investigation in this research project. Particulate matter concentrations for PM2.5 and PM10 were measured simultaneously inside and outside of the building. Results are size-specific deposition rates, indoor/outdoor ratios and infiltration factors, which provide information on the relationship between internal and external concentrations and the associated health consequences. The particulate matter concentration was measured using low-cost PM-sensors, which were developed and calibrated within the scope of this research project.

scholarly journals Indoor and Outdoor Concentrations of Particulate Matter in an Airport Terminal Building: A Pilot Study at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Indonesia

Buildings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Amy Kim ◽  
Lysandra Medal ◽  
Shuoqi Wang ◽  
Timothy Larson
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Airport Terminal ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

The air quality inside airport terminal buildings is a lesser studied area compared to ambient air quality at the airport. The contribution of outdoor particulate matter (PM), aircraft traffic, and passenger traffic to indoor PM concentration is not well understood. Using the largest airport in Southeast Asia as the study site (extends 17.9 square kilometers), the objective of this paper is to conduct a preliminary analysis to examine the mass concentrations of fine particles, including PM1 and PM2.5, and coarse particles PM2.5–10 inside a four-story terminal building spanning 400,000 square meters in Jakarta, Indonesia. The results showed the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of 0.42 for PM1 with 15-min time lag and 0.33 for PM2.5 with 30-min time lag. The aircraft traffic appeared to have a significant impact on indoor PM1 and PM2.5, whereas the passenger traffic showed an influence on indoor PM2.5–10.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF LOW-COST OPTICAL PM SENSOR FOR MONITORING OF PARTICULATE MATTER AIR POLLUTION IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT: A CASE STUDY IN ESPLANĀDE HOUSING ESTATE, DAUGAVPILS CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 223-229
Author(s):  
Juris Soms ◽  
Haralds Soms
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Housing Estate ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10

The harmful health effects of airborne particulate matter (PM) pollutants are well-known. However, the spatial coverage of automated air quality observation stations of Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre (LEGMC) is sparse. Therefore the capability for PM concentration detection was examined by using the low-cost optical PM sensor to improve the spatial resolution of environmental data. The aim of the study was to perform 24h/7d measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations during a period of one year and to identify air quality in Esplanāde housing estate, Daugavpils city. For data obtaining on the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 particles measurements have been performed by optical sensor Nova SDS011; meteorological data were obtained using the database of LEGMC; for processing, analysis and visualization of obtained data statistical methods were applied. Evaluation of PM2.5 and PM10 daily average concentration variability in 2020 indicates that air quality in the urban environment could be assessed as good. A well-expressed statistical correlation between meteorological factors (t°C, relative humidity) and the average concentration of PM particles was not found. It highlights the necessity of further research.

The Concentration of Environmentally Important Trace Elements in Permian Coals in Xinan Coalfield, Henan, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 2215-2219
Author(s):  
Xiao Mei Wang ◽  
Yang Quan Jiao ◽  
Xiao Ming Wang ◽  
Li Qun Wu ◽  
Lei Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Potentially Hazardous Elements ◽  
Reflectance Analysis ◽  
Lean Coal ◽  
High Concentrations

The concentration of fourteen environmentally important trace elements (Be, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Ba, Tl, Pb, Th and U) was studied in thirteen coal samples from Xinan coalfield, Henan province. In addition, virtrinite reflectance analysis, proximate analysis and elemental analysis were also conducted on these samples. The vitrinite reflectance values (Ro) ranges from 2% to 2.35%, revealing that these samples are lean coal. The coals have low moisture content, with Madvalue ranging from 0.57 to 0.95%. The ash and volatile matter content vary between 8.11-22.61% and 10.36-14.64%, respectively. Carbon, hydrogen, sulphur and nitrogen content vary between 71.51-83.54%, 3.068-3.879%, 0.494-2.326% and 0.953-1.38%, respectively. In comparison with the crustal average (Clarke value), some potentially hazardous elements are moderately enriched in the coals from Xinan coalfield, such as Pb, Th, U, Sn and Mo. The average concentration of most of the elements in Xinan coalfield coals is in the range of Chinese coals and world coals. No elements with the abnormally high concentrations analyzed are found.

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