scholarly journals La Obra del Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros en las Fortalezas de Portobelo y d e La Boca del Chagres en el siglo XVIII.

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-109
Author(s):  
Leonardo Casini
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
Military Engineer ◽  
New Models ◽  
Caribbean Area ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Military ◽  
Real Academia

Las obras defensivas de Portobelo y del Chagre en la costa caribeña panameña representan un testimonio importante sobre la aplicación en el Nuevo Mundo, de modelos de fortificaciones desarrolladas en Eu-ropa entre los siglos XVI y XVIII.Las fortificaciones de Panamá fueron proyectadas por el ingeniero italiano Battista Antonelli a finales del siglo XVI, en el ámbito de un amplio plan estratégico de defensa regional para el área del Caribe. Las obras que se ejecutaron están entre las primeras aplicaciones en América de la tipología de la “Fortificazione alla Moderna”, así como, se realizaron en Italia y seguidamente, se perfeccionaron en el teatro bélico Europeo. Después del ataque inglés llevado a cabo por el almirante Vernon en 1740, la Corona Española decide proceder a un nuevo y detallado plan de redefinición de sitios que contará en la obra, principal-mente, con los ingenieros del Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros, Ignacio Sala y Manuel Hernández, quienes actualizarán los sitios de Portobelo y el Chagre de acuerdo con los nuevos modelos planteados en Francia a finales del siglo XVII, por Vauban.La comparación de las soluciones adoptadas permite observar la evolución de los modelos de fortifica-ciones dentro de un lapso de tiempo de casi ciento cincuenta años. En paralelo, el análisis de los acon-tecimientos proyectuales y constructivos permiten recorrer el crecimiento de la figura del ingeniero mi-litar en España y la evolución de su retrotierra cultural y formativo que culmina con la fundación del “Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros” en 1711 y de la “Real Academia Militar de Matemáticas de Barcelona”.   Abstract The defensive works of Portobelo and Chagre on the Caribbean coast of Panama represent an important testimony of the application in the New World of models of fortifications developed in Europe between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries.The fortifications of Panama were designed by the Italian engineer Battista Antonelli at the end of the 16th century, within the framework of a comprehensive regional defense strategic plan for the Caribbean area. The works that were executed are among the first applications in America of the typology of the "Fortificazione alla Moderna", as well as, they were developed in Italy and later, perfected in the European war theater. After the English attack carried out by admiral Vernon in 1740, the Spanish Crown decides to proceed to a new and detailed plan of redefinition of sites that will have in the work, mainly with the engineers of the “Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros”, Ignacio Sala and Manuel Hernández, who will update the sites of Portobello and Chagre according to the new models developed in France in the late 17th century by Vauban.The comparison of the adopted solutions allows to observe the evolution of the models of fortifications within a temporal arc of time of almost one hundred and fifty years. At the same time, the analysis of the projective and constructive events allows to traverse the development of the figure of the military engineer in Spain and the evolution of its cultural and formative background culminating with the foun-dation of the “Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros” in 1711 and the “Real Academia Militar de Matemáticas de Barcelona”.

scholarly journals DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN ACEH AND TURKEY DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN ALAUDDIN MANSUR SHAH (1577-1585 / 1586)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-142
Author(s):  
Khairul Nizam Bin Zainal Badri
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The Military

Aceh is regarded as the strongest ally of the Ottomans in the east, in the 16th century and 17th century AD. At that time, the two governments exchanged gifts with each other, and benefited together; whether in the form of trade, or in the form of technology and the military. The historical record notes that Aceh started making official relations with the Ottomans during the reign of Sultan Salahuddin, which is the 2nd in the Sultanate of Aceh. Yet to be studied in this paper is that the establishment of diplomatic relations between Aceh and Turkey during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Mansur Shah. Remarkably, Sultan Alauddin Mansur Shah hailed from Perak, but was crowned the 8th Ruler of Aceh. This qualitative study uses the library approach entirely to highlight the role and contribution of Sultan Alauddin Mansur Shah in efforts to strengthen cooperation between Aceh and Turkey. With the help of the Ottomans, he launched an attack on the Portuguese in Melaka. Aceh’s strength even feared by the Portuguese authorities in Goa, India, forcing them to seek assistance from Lisbon. In conclusion, Sultan Alaudin Mansur Shah not only gained recognition from the Ottoman government but also succeeded in upholding the greatness of Islam; when reviving the trade routes of Muslims and looking after the welfare of Muslims in the archipelago.

scholarly journals Aproximación a la obra de Andrés Laguna en el Diccionario de Autoridades

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Belén Almeida Cabrejas
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Literary Reading ◽  
The Real ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Real Academia ◽  
Prime Source

The work of the physician and humanist Andrés Laguna was a prime source for the Diccionario de Autoridades (1726-39), the first work composed by the members of the Real Academia Española. The use of this work for the preparation of the dictionary is in many ways the same practiced on other books used as auctoritates, literary as well as non-literary: reading, selection and copy of fragments to be used afterwards as quotations, influence (in same cases) of the sources on the definitions. Nevertheless, the recourse to the work of Laguna differs from others in the regularity with which the book is cited throughout the volumes of the dictionary and the huge influence it had on the definition of many words. These pages also show how the language of the 16th-century work of Laguna is altered in the quotations to suit the new orthographical doctrine of the Real Academia.

Colonial Elites: Planters and Land Nobility in 17th- and 18th-Century Brazil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Fragoso ◽  
Thiago Krause
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
New World ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Manual Labor ◽  
Large Household

Portuguese colonists carried their conceptions of social organization to the Americas. Their ideal was to “live like a gentleman,” that is, to own land and command laborers in order to distance themselves from manual labor and exercise patriarchal authority over a large household. Their property also allowed them the time and resources to be active in local politics and serve the Crown. They intended to reproduce in the New World the lifestyle of the Portuguese provincial nobility. There were, however, huge differences, since in Brazil the elite lorded over enslaved persons instead of peasants. The first elite families made their fortunes through the conquest and enslavement of Native Americans in the second half of the 16th century, but many of them did not manage to maintain their position during the transition to enslaved African labor in the following decades. Especially in the most dynamic areas, such as Pernambuco and Bahia, the first half of the 17th century was a period of flux in elite composition. By mid-century, however, a small number of families controlled most local offices, slowly fashioning themselves into local nobilities and wielding these claims to negotiate with the Crown and its representatives. Planter elites also established broad patron-client networks that included even their enslaved property. Nevertheless, their preeminence was threatened by the rise of merchant power in the 18th century, boosted by the huge demographic and economic expansion derived from gold discoveries in the southeast and the development of the internal market. Nevertheless, the noble ideal did not lose its appeal, and many rich merchants linked themselves to old noble families through marriage and the adoption of an aristocratic lifestyle.

MILITARY CLASS AND MILITARY ORGANIZATION OF TRADITIONAL CIRCASSIAN SOCIETY (15 – MID 19th CENTURY)

Kavkazologiya ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 12-32
Author(s):  
A.S. MIRZOEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Military ◽  
Demographic Potential

The subject of research in the article is the evolution of the structure, social composition, number, mobilization capabilities, principles of the formation of the military class of Circassia in the period from the 15th to the 60s of the 19th century. The study of these issues contributes to the understanding of the historical-political and socio-economic processes that took place in the Central and North-Western Caucasus during the period from the Late Middle Ages to the New Age. These goals are considered using the principle of historicism, historical-comparative, retrospective, comparative and other methods. The article analyzes the state of sources and historiography, various assessments of researchers on the indicated problem, and expresses its own point of view. The scientific novelty of the proposed article lies in the fact that it defines the main factors that influenced the evolution of the military class of Circassia: the spread in the 17th century. firearms in the form of wick guns and a change in the armament complex during the 18th century, which was the result of the appearance of guns with a rifled barrel and a flint lock. The article deals with the growth of the military class in the 17th century. at the expense of the peasant classes; formation in the 18th century. from the peasant militia, previously used exclusively in the infantry, mounted armless troops; increase in the proportion of the nobility in the structure of the population of the feudal possessions of Circassia. The specifics and differences in the composition of the military class, methods of mobilization, principles of the formation of troops and military organization in the aristocratic and democratic polities of Circassia are noted. On the basis of the analysis of sources, the real and potential military resource of the aristocratic and democratic politicians of Circassia, the demographic potential and their evolution during the period of the 17–19th centuries are determined. In the 15–16th centuries the basis of the armed forces of all the polities of Circassia was a small, professional equestrian army of the nobility. In the period of the 17–19th centuries, the military class of Circassia increased at the expense of various categories of the peasantry. The real military resource of Circassia for the 17th century estimated at 70 thousand people, for the 18 and 19th centuries – about 90 thousand people. The general demographic potential of Circassia in the 18 – mid 19th centuries is estimated at 900 thousand people.

scholarly journals Holisme: Die herowering van ’n ou wysheid in ’n moderne konteks

1990 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Schoeman
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
New World ◽  
World View ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
Intimate Connection ◽  
The World ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Modern Era

Holism: Recovering an old wisdom in a modem context The modern epoch can be described as a progressive disenchantment of the world, leaving heavy traces in the structure of society and the psychological constitution of man. The Scientific Revolution of the 17th century and the rise of the mechanistic world view led to the destruction of the holistic, animistic tradition which viewed man as a participant in the cosmos, not as an isolated observer. Arguing that the holistic world view must be revived in some credible form before we destroy ourselves and our environment, this essay explores some possibilities for a holistic, participating consciousness appropriate to the modern era. Ecological rather than animistic, this new world view would be grounded in the real and intimate connection between man and nature.

Antrodia pini-cubensis, a new polypore from the Caribbean area.

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Vampola ◽  
František Kotlaba ◽  
Zdeněk Pouzar
Keyword(s):  
Caribbean Area ◽  
The Caribbean

Rīgā 17. gadsimtā sacerētās latīņu kāzu dzejas komponentes

2020 ◽  
pp. 212-226
Author(s):  
Anna Strode
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Latin Poetry ◽  
Julius Caesar ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Occasional Poetry ◽  
Pseudo Dionysius

Soon after the Protestant Reformation took place in Livonia in the 16th century, the currents of European humanism came to Livonia. As a result of the historical and religious impact, the level of education increased, enabling an environment for the development of the literature. Soon various Latin poetry texts int. al. 17th-century occasional poetry written by the humanists of Riga started to appear. The aim of the article is to bring to light the components of nuptial (epithalamium, ὑμέναιος/hymenaeus, carmen nuptialis, etc.) poetry written in Riga in the 17th century, as well as by exploring the specific features of occasional poetry to capture readers’ and researchers’ interest in the previously undiscovered cultural heritage. At the beginning of the article, the tradition of nuptial poetry is explained. Then, by examining the basic principles one must take into account in composing occasional poetry based on works of the ancient rhetors – Menander (Μένανδρος Ῥήτωρ, c. 3rd century), pseudo-Dionysius (pseudo-Dionysius/Διονύσιος), Himerius (Ἱμέριος, c. 315–c. 386) and the book “Seven Books on Poetry” (Poetices libri septem, 1561) written by Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558) – a table of the most used topics in nuptial poetry is formed. Afterwards, the poetry written in Riga and its most typical components (didactics, laudation, inducement, foresight, wishes/congratulations and prayers) is compared to the topics offered by previously mentioned theoreticians. Fragments of Latin nuptial poetry written in Riga are included to portray the components of poetry more clearly. All translations of poetry included in the article are made by the author of the article.

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