scholarly journals Phonemic restoration of interrupted locally time-reversed speech

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Ueda ◽  
Valter Ciocca
Keyword(s):  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Pink Noise ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Phonemic Restoration ◽  
Degraded Speech ◽  
Interrupted Speech ◽  
High Level ◽  
Speech Segments ◽  
Segment Duration

AbstractIntelligibility of temporally degraded speech was investigated with locally time-reversed speech (LTR) and its interrupted version (ILTR). Control stimuli comprising interrupted speech (I) were also included. Speech stimuli consisted of 200 Japanese meaningful sentences. In interrupted stimuli, speech segments were alternated with either silent gaps or pink noise bursts. The noise bursts had a level of − 10, 0 or + 10 dB relative to the speech level. Segment duration varied from 20 to 160 ms for ILTR sentences, but was fixed at 160 ms for I sentences. At segment durations between 40 and 80 ms, severe reductions in intelligibility were observed for ILTR sentences, compared with LTR sentences. A substantial improvement in intelligibility (30–33%) was observed when 40-ms silent gaps in ILTR were replaced with 0- and + 10-dB noise. Noise with a level of − 10 dB had no effect on the intelligibility. These findings show that the combined effects of interruptions and temporal reversal of speech segments on intelligibility are greater than the sum of each individual effect. The results also support the idea that illusory continuity induced by high-level noise bursts improves the intelligibility of ILTR and I sentences.

scholarly journals Intelligibility of English Mosaic Speech: Comparison between Native and Non-Native Speakers of English

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 6920
Author(s):  
Santi ◽  
Yoshitaka Nakajima ◽  
Kazuo Ueda ◽  
Gerard B. Remijn
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Linguistic Information ◽  
Mosaic Block ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Degraded Speech ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
New Information ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Speech Segments

Mosaic speech is degraded speech that is segmented into time × frequency blocks. Earlier research with Japanese mosaic speech has shown that its intelligibility is almost perfect for mosaic block durations (MBD) up to 40 ms. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the intelligibility of English mosaic speech, and whether its intelligibility would vary if it was compressed in time, preserved, or stretched in time. Furthermore, we investigated whether intelligibility differed between native and non-native speakers of English. English (n = 19), Indonesian (n = 19), and Chinese (n = 20) listeners participated in an experiment, in which the mosaic speech stimuli were presented, and they had to type what they had heard. The results showed that compressing or stretching the English mosaic speech resulted in similar trends in intelligibility among the three language groups, with some exceptions. Generally, the intelligibility for MBDs of 20 and 40 ms after preserving/stretching was higher, and decreased beyond MBDs of 80 ms after stretching. Compression also lowered intelligibility. This suggests that humans can extract new information from individual speech segments of about 40 ms, but that there is a limit to the amount of linguistic information that can be conveyed within a block of about 40 ms or below.

scholarly journals deepNF: Deep network fusion for protein function prediction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Gligorijević ◽  
Meet Barot ◽  
Richard Bonneau
Keyword(s):  
Protein Function ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protein Function Prediction ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Function Prediction ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
High Level ◽  
String Networks

AbstractThe prevalence of high-throughput experimental methods has resulted in an abundance of large-scale molecular and functional interaction networks. The connectivity of these networks provide a rich source of information for inferring functional annotations for genes and proteins. An important challenge has been to develop methods for combining these heterogeneous networks to extract useful protein feature representations for function prediction. Most of the existing approaches for network integration use shallow models that cannot capture complex and highly-nonlinear network structures. Thus, we propose deepNF, a network fusion method based on Multimodal Deep Autoencoders to extract high-level features of proteins from multiple heterogeneous interaction networks. We apply this method to combine STRING networks to construct a common low-dimensional representation containing high-level protein features. We use separate layers for different network types in the early stages of the multimodal autoencoder, later connecting all the layers into a single bottleneck layer from which we extract features to predict protein function. We compare the cross-validation and temporal holdout predictive performance of our method with state-of-the-art methods, including the recently proposed method Mashup. Our results show that our method outperforms previous methods for both human and yeast STRING networks. We also show substantial improvement in the performance of our method in predicting GO terms of varying type and specificity.AvailabilitydeepNF is freely available at: https://github.com/VGligorijevic/deepNF

A Multicomponent Writing Intervention for a College Student With Mild Brain Injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly Dinnes ◽  
Karen Hux
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Written Expression ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Mild Brain Injury ◽  
Semantic Associations ◽  
Line Slope ◽  
High Level

Written expression is a high-level language process susceptible to impairment given mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI); however, minimal research exists about assessing or treating this aspect of language performance. This study’s purpose was to determine the effect of a multicomponent intervention on the written expression of an undergraduate student with mTBI resulting in generalized expressive language impairment. Pretreatment, intervention, and posttreatment sessions extended over 11 weeks. Intervention addressed semantic associations, semantic mapping, proofreading, organization, foundational skills, and goal setting. Data reflected performance on intervention components, writing probes, and pre–posttreatment completion of a standardized writing measure. Calculation and plotting of correct writing sequence percentages revealed substantial improvement. Linear regression analysis confirmed the trend line slope for intervention probes differed significantly from baseline probes. Comparison of pre–posttreatment test results also confirmed substantial improvement. Multicomponent instruction similar to that recommended for other students with writing challenges may be effective for people with mTBI.

scholarly journals RATING OF USERS INVOLVEMENT IN THE RADICAL GROUPS IN SOME SOCIAL NETWORKS

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
N.S. Barabash ◽  
D.S. Zhukov
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Pink Noise ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Self Organized Criticality ◽  
High Level ◽  
Facebook Pages ◽  
Source Of Information

This issue is an enclosure to the theory of self-organized criticality (SOC) for studying of the radical protest groups of people in some social networks. The SOC theory needs for the value of level of the users involvement in Facebook communities which support the protest moves in Hong Kong in 2019. There were studied about 35 Facebook pages. The period of studying 01.03 to 23.03.2019. This article claims that the communities with the high level of users involvement are based on self-organized criticality. This item also explains some SOC theory approaches according to which a method of pink noise identity is one of the SOC attribute. It is necessary to say that some protest communities work in SOC regime. In spite of the seeming polycentric of the protest network the connection of reflection comes to a few number of Facebook pages which are the source of information and intension of the protesters so they can become the event’s drivers.

scholarly journals Relationship between Speech Perception in Noise and Phonemic Restoration of Speech in Noise in Individuals with Normal Hearing

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Srikar Vijayasarathy ◽  
Animesh Barman
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Noise Performance ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Speech Perception In Noise ◽  
Phonemic Restoration ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
Interrupted Speech

Background and Objectives: Top-down restoration of distorted speech, tapped as phonemic restoration of speech in noise, maybe a useful tool to understand robustness of perception in adverse listening situations. However, the relationship between phonemic restoration and speech perception in noise is not empirically clear.Subjects and Methods: 20 adults (40-55 years) with normal audiometric findings were part of the study. Sentence perception in noise performance was studied with various signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) to estimate the SNR with 50% score. Performance was also measured for sentences interrupted with silence and for those interrupted by speech noise at -10, -5, 0, and 5 dB SNRs. The performance score in the noise interruption condition was subtracted by quiet interruption condition to determine the phonemic restoration magnitude.Results: Fairly robust improvements in speech intelligibility was found when the sentences were interrupted with speech noise instead of silence. Improvement with increasing noise levels was non-monotonic and reached a maximum at -10 dB SNR. Significant correlation between speech perception in noise performance and phonemic restoration of sentences interrupted with -10 dB SNR speech noise was found.Conclusions: It is possible that perception of speech in noise is associated with top-down processing of speech, tapped as phonemic restoration of interrupted speech. More research with a larger sample size is indicated since the restoration is affected by the type of speech material and noise used, age, working memory, and linguistic proficiency, and has a large individual variability.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF A COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER TREATMENT ON WEED COMPETITION IN SPRING SOWN WHEAT

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Nakoneshny ◽  
G. Friesen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
High Level ◽  
Weed Removal

Applications of ammonium phosphate fertilizer (11-48-0) at 40 pounds per acre on six farm fields in Manitoba were effective in reducing losses in wheat yields caused by weed competition. Average losses in yield due to weed competition were 20.5 per cent in unfertilized portions of the fields and only 11.7 per cent in fertilized portions of the same fields. Increases in wheat yields resulting from fertilizer treatment were approximately equal to increases resulting from weed removal. However, higher yields resulting from fertilizer treatment were sometimes accompanied by decreases in the protein content of the harvested crop. Increased yields resulting from weed removal were generally accompanied by significant increases in the protein content. The combined effects of fertilizer treatment and of weed removal produced the largest increases in yield of wheat and maintained the protein content at a comparatively high level.

Impact of Interaction With a Partner or Friend on the Exposure Effects of Pornography and Erotica

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene Y. Senn ◽  
Serge Desmarais
Keyword(s):  
Negative Mood ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Female Relationships ◽  
Heterosexual Women ◽  
Sexually Explicit Materials ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
High Level

Past studies on the effects of sexually explicit materials on women have tended to study them alone, in pairs, or in groups of strangers. By contrast, our study randomly assigned women to bring either a same-sex friend or a male partner to reflect more natural viewing conditions. Discussion between the participant and her companion followed exposure to the sexual images. Women who viewed pornography maintained their (quite high) level of negative mood, whereas women who viewed erotica experienced a substantial improvement in mood. The sex of the companion did not have a direct influence on participants’ mood, with discussion improving mood across the board. However, participants’ ratings of their satisfaction with the discussion were significantly influenced by the sex of their companion. We suggest that future research should focus more on the interpersonal aspects of male-female relationships when exploring the effects of sexually explicit materials on heterosexual women.

Phonetically Trained and Untrained Adults' Transcription of Place of Articulation for Intervocalic Lingual Stops With Intermediate Acoustic Cues

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Mayo ◽  
Fiona Gibbon ◽  
Robert A. J. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Forced Choice ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Listener Behavior ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Listener Training ◽  
High Level ◽  
Disordered Speech

Purpose In this study, the authors aimed to investigate how listener training and the presence of intermediate acoustic cues influence transcription variability for conflicting cue speech stimuli. Method Twenty listeners with training in transcribing disordered speech, and 26 untrained listeners, were asked to make forced-choice labeling decisions for synthetic vowel–consonant–vowel (VCV) sequences “a doe” (/ədo/) and “a go” (/əgo/). Both the VC and CV transitions in these stimuli ranged through intermediate positions, from appropriate for /d/ to appropriate for /g/. Results Both trained and untrained listeners gave more weight to the CV transitions than to the VC transitions. However, listener behavior was not uniform: The results showed a high level of inter- and intratranscriber inconsistency, with untrained listeners showing a nonsignificant tendency to be more influenced than trained listeners by CV transitions. Conclusions Listeners do not assign consistent categorical labels to the type of intermediate, conflicting transitional cues that were present in the stimuli used in the current study and that are also present in disordered articulations. Although listener inconsistency in assigning labels to intermediate productions is not increased as a result of phonetic training, neither is it reduced by such training.

scholarly journals The Combined Effects of Milk Intake and Physical Activity on Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adolescents

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 731
Author(s):  
Jae Hyun Lee ◽  
Ae Wha Ha ◽  
Woo Kyoung Kim ◽  
Sun Hyo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Activity Group ◽  
High Level ◽  
Physical Activity Group

The purpose of this study was to examine the combined effects of milk intake and physical activity on bone mineral density in adolescents. This study was conducted using data from the 2009–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which provided measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) in addition to basic health-related data. This study included 1061 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (557 males and 504 females) whose data on milk intake and participation time in moderate to vigorous physical activity were available. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Milk intake was assessed using the 24-h recall method, and the levels of physical activity were examined using a questionnaire. The physical activity questions of 2009–2011 KNHANES were based on the Korean version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form. The subjects were classified into four groups according to milk intake and physical activity level: no milk intake + low-level physical activity group (MnoPlow), no milk intake + high-level physical activity group (MnoPhigh), milk intake + low-level physical activity group (MyesPlow), and milk intake + high-level physical activity group (MyesPhigh). The results of partial correlation controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), and energy intake showed that the BMD variables were associated significantly with physical activity in both males and females. Among males, the MnoPlow group had the lowest BMD in all BMD variables, showing a significant difference from the high-level physical activity groups (MnoPhigh, MyesPhigh) by multiple logistic regression analysis. Among females, the MyesPhigh group showed a significantly higher lumbar BMD value than the other groups. The MnoPlow group had approximately 0.3 to 0.5 times lower odds ratio for median or higher BMD values, compared to MyesPhigh group. These results show that milk intake and physical activity have a combined effect on BMD, and suggest that to achieve healthy bone growth, it is important to encourage both moderate to vigorous physical activity and milk intake during adolescence.

The development of music competencies in preschool children: Effects of a training program and the role of environmental factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Cohrdes ◽  
Lorenz Grolig ◽  
Sascha Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Language Training ◽  
Music Training ◽  
Musical Skills ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Home Musical Environment ◽  
High Level

The present study investigated the development and training of music competencies in children in transition from kindergarten to school. In an intervention study with three experimental groups (music training, language training, no training) we investigated music performances of N = 202 5-year-old children before and after a period of 6 months. Results indicate substantial improvement in several low- and high-level musical competencies independent of children’s participation in one of the training groups. In addition, the music training group improved significantly more in their tonal discrimination, rhythm repetition, and synchronization skills compared to the no-training group. Results show that children in the language training group also improved in their music skills, which indicates noticeable overlap between these two domains. By contrast, interindividual differences in potentially relevant environmental factors, such as home musical environment and their socioeconomic status, did not affect children’s musical skills. By disentangling music training effects from musical experience based on informal exposure, the present findings contribute to the understanding of the development of various music competencies and to the effects of musical trainings in preschool.

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