scholarly journals The Trilemma of 2020: Understanding Higher Education’s Fall 2020 Reopening Decision Amidst the COVID Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-61
Author(s):  
Rob Weitz ◽  
Viswa Viswanathan ◽  
David Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Online Delivery ◽  
Statistical Support ◽  
Teaching Modality

In the summer of 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic continued to spread around the world, institutions of higher education were faced with three options in terms of their teaching modality for fall 2020: resume in-person education, switch to online delivery, or adopt a hybrid approach. This observational research study aims to tease out the variables that explain the decisions announced in summer 2020 by various colleges and universities in the United States for their planned instruction for fall 2020. We propose and test eight hypotheses related to the decision. The study found statistical confirmation that universities with higher financial stability and/or prestige tended to select the online delivery option, while lower financial stability/prestige showed a preference to stay with in-person delivery. We also found public institutions were more likely to go online than private ones. Additionally, we found statistical support for our hypotheses that universities located in Republican leaning states and also those with a religious affiliation would prefer the in-person modality. The results also confirmed our hypothesis that universities offering a higher percentage of humanities degrees would have a greater probability of choosing the in-person modality. Interestingly, we did not find statistical support for our hypothesis that the level of COVID spread in the geographical area of a university’s location would affect its decision.

scholarly journals Vaccine Hesitancy on Social Media: Sentiment Analysis from June 2011 to April 2019

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Hilary Piedrahita-Valdés ◽  
Diego Piedrahita-Castillo ◽  
Javier Bermejo-Higuera ◽  
Patricia Guillem-Saiz ◽  
Juan Ramón Bermejo-Higuera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Opinion Mining ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Opposite Pattern

Vaccine hesitancy was one of the ten major threats to global health in 2019, according to the World Health Organisation. Nowadays, social media has an important role in the spread of information, misinformation, and disinformation about vaccines. Monitoring vaccine-related conversations on social media could help us to identify the factors that contribute to vaccine confidence in each historical period and geographical area. We used a hybrid approach to perform an opinion-mining analysis on 1,499,227 vaccine-related tweets published on Twitter from 1st June 2011 to 30th April 2019. Our algorithm classified 69.36% of the tweets as neutral, 21.78% as positive, and 8.86% as negative. The percentage of neutral tweets showed a decreasing tendency, while the proportion of positive and negative tweets increased over time. Peaks in positive tweets were observed every April. The proportion of positive tweets was significantly higher in the middle of the week and decreased during weekends. Negative tweets followed the opposite pattern. Among users with ≥2 tweets, 91.83% had a homogeneous polarised discourse. Positive tweets were more prevalent in Switzerland (71.43%). Negative tweets were most common in the Netherlands (15.53%), Canada (11.32%), Japan (10.74%), and the United States (10.49%). Opinion mining is potentially useful to monitor online vaccine-related concerns and adapt vaccine promotion strategies accordingly.

scholarly journals Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Spain: higher than previously reported in other countries?

Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 2556-2562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Cortés Verdú ◽  
José M Pego-Reigosa ◽  
Daniel Seoane-Mato ◽  
Mercedes Morcillo Valle ◽  
Deseada Palma Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Medical Visit ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Objectives Prevalence of SLE varies among studies, being influenced by study design, geographical area and ethnicity. Data about the prevalence of SLE in Spain are scarce. In the EPISER2016 study, promoted by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology, the prevalence estimate of SLE in the general adult population in Spain has been updated and its association with sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables has been explored. Methods Population-based multicentre cross-sectional study, with multistage stratified and cluster random sampling. Participants were contacted by telephone to carry out a questionnaire for the screening of SLE. Investigating rheumatologists evaluated positive results (review of medical records and/or telephone interview, with medical visit if needed) to confirm the diagnosis. To calculate the prevalence and its 95% CI, the sample design was taken into account and weighing was calculated considering age, sex and geographic origin. Multivariate logistic regression models were defined to analyse which sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables included in the telephone questionnaire were associated with the presence of SLE. Results 4916 subjects aged 20 years or over were included. 16.52% (812/4916) had a positive screening result for SLE. 12 cases of SLE were detected. The estimated prevalence was 0.21% (95% CI: 0.11, 0.40). SLE was more prevalent in the rural municipalities, with an odds ratio (OR) = 4.041 (95% CI: 1.216, 13.424). Conclusion The estimated prevalence of SLE in Spain is higher than that described in most international epidemiological studies, but lower than that observed in ethnic minorities in the United States or the United Kingdom.

Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies for International Financial Stability: A Proposal

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald I McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Foreign Exchange Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Monetary Reform ◽  
Exchange Rate Fluctuations

What keeps the three major industrial blocs -- Western Europe, North America, and industrialized Asia -- from developing a common monetary standard to prevent exchange-rate fluctuations? One important reason is the differing theoretical perspectives of economic advisers. The first issue is whether or not a floating foreign exchange market -- where governments do not systematically target exchange rates -- is “efficient.” Many economists believe that exchange risk can be effectively hedged in forward markets so international monetary reform is unnecessary. Second, after a decade and a half of unremitting turbulence in the foreign exchange markets, economists cannot agree on “equilibrium” or desirable official targets for exchange rates if they were to be stabilized. The contending principles of purchasing power parity and of balanced trade yield very different estimates for the “correct” yen/dollar and mark/dollar exchange rates. Third, if the three major blocs can agree to fix nominal exchange rates within narrow bands, by what working rule should the new monetary standard be anchored to prevent worldwide inflation or deflation? After considering the magnitude of exchange-rate fluctuations since floating began in the early 1970s, I analyze these conceptual issues in the course of demonstrating how the central banks of Japan, the United States, and Germany (representing the continental European bloc) can establish fixed exchange rates and international monetary stability.

Religion and Spiritual Advice as Surrogate Care Provision for Mental Health Problems in the ESEMED Survey

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
V. Kovess ◽  
R. de Graaf ◽  
J.M. Haro ◽  
R. Bruffaerts ◽  
F. Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Seeking Help

Objective:To complete missing information on the influence of spiritual and religious advisors as informal providers for mental health problems in Europe.Methods:Recourse to religious practice or belief when coping with mental health problems was evaluated using data from the ESEMED survey. This was a stratified, multistage, clustered-area probability sample survey of mental health carried out in six European countries which included 8796 subjects. Between countries differences in sociodemographic characteristics, religious affiliation, and prevalence of mental disorders and management of mental disorders were evaluated.Results:Religion appears to play a limited role in coping with mental health problems in Europe. Only 7.9% of individuals seeking help for such problems turned to a religious advisor. This proportion differed between countries from 13% in Italy, 12.5% in Germany, 10.5% in the Netherlands, 5.8% in France, 4.7% in Belgium to 4% in Spain. In addition, seeking help exclusively from religion was reported by only 1.3% of subjects. Practicing religion at least once a week and considering religion as important in daily life were predictors of using religion versus conventional health care only. Use of religion was not influenced by gender and age. Non-Christian respondents and individuals with alcohol disorders were more likely to use religion. In Spain, the use of religion is much lower than average.Conclusions:Unlike the situation in the United States, organised religion does not provide alternative informal mental health care in Europe. At best, it could be considered as an adjunct to conventional care.

Identifying Discrete Subgroups of Chronically Homeless Frequent Utilizers of Jail and Public Mental Health Services

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney S. Harding ◽  
Caterina G. Roman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Public Mental Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Homeless Shelters ◽  
Mental Health Systems ◽  
Discrete Subgroups ◽  
Public Mental Health Services ◽  
Current Mood

A sizable group of individuals in the United States cycle in and out of jails, prisons, mental health hospitals, homeless shelters, and other expensive public institutions over time. This little-studied population represents significant unmet need and the inadequacy of services for complex consumers. The current study examined a sample ( N = 161) of chronically homeless frequent utilizers of jail and mental health systems in Chicago, Illinois. Cluster analysis was used to differentiate the sample into four reliable subgroups based on measures for prior homelessness, jail incarcerations, mental health hospitalizations, poor current mood, and limitations due to physical health. Logistic regression revealed that clusters differed significantly on reincarceration at 6 months postrelease. Implications for programming and policy for each cluster are discussed, including suggestions for targeting services to distinguishing characteristics for each subgroup. These findings argue for the importance of coordinating efforts across services systems to better identify and serve shared clients.

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kryveshko ◽  
◽  
Galina Kynditska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
General Management ◽  
Administrative Management ◽  
Commercial Organizations ◽  
Type Of Management

In the article the essence of administrative management as an economic category is considered. Found that the current interpretation of this concept in Western Europe and Ukraine are different. Administrative management as a scientific concept originated in the late nineteenth century in the United States and Europe as a way of managing government agencies and organizations. However, in the process of evolution of this concept, administrative management is transformed into type of management activity in business. According to the analysis of domestic publications, in Ukraine, mainly administrative management is perceived as public administration, and its objects are employees and processes in government agencies and organizations. The analysis of modern publications and observation of the activities of enterprises made it possible to make the statement about necessity of implementation the principles of administrative management for business representatives. There are three main approaches to understanding the essence of administrative management: as a school of management, as public administration, as a special type of management in commercial organizations. It was found that Western scientific thought understands administrative management as the process of managing information through people or as a general management of the organization. The existing interpretations of administrative management for commercial organizations in domestic researches are grouped in two types: 1) as management at the institutional level; 2) as general management of the organization. As a result of the analysis, the conclusion that the essence of administrative management for business and government agencies is different is made. It is noted that administrative processes are typical for auxiliary (support) departments of enterprises. It is proposed to identify administrative management in the profitable organizations as management of the processes in auxiliary departments to achieve the basic purposes of the enterprise and maintenance of uninterrupted functioning of operational area. The essence of administrative managing for public institutions is much broader. It is proposed to define it as any managing in public institutions, aimed at both its internal environment and society.

Why Is There So Much Christianity in the United States? A Reply to Sommerville

2002 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hollinger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Church History ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
Secular Culture ◽  
The North ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

If we are going to explain the slow pace of de-Christianization for the United States relative to other industrialized societies in the North Atlantic West, we might well begin with the church-state relationship. The absence of an established church in the United States has enabled religious affiliation to function, like other voluntary organizations in “civil society,” as mediators between the individual and the nation. I conimented on this rather old idea in a book C. John Sommerville is kind enough to cite in another connection, Science, Jews, and Secular Culture, but since he does not take up this point, I will develop it a bit further here, before reacting to Sommerville's other concerns as expressed in his refreshingly fair-minded rejoinder to my essay in the March 2001 issue of Church History.

scholarly journals The Impact of the US Financial Crisis on How Students Pay for College

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Hauptman
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Federal Financial Aid ◽  
For Profit ◽  
American Students ◽  
The Us ◽  
Home Values ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Private Loan ◽  
Us Financial Crisis

The 2008 failure of major financial institutions in the United States may have dramatic ramifications on American students and whether/where they attend college. Several sources of funding may be at risk, including potential decreases in federal financial aid, the tightening of private loan availability, lowered home values impinging on equity-based lending, and stock market losses in college-fund savings. Public institutions, whose tuition is much lower than private or for-profit institutions, may see an increase in enrollment.

scholarly journals Specifics of COVID-19 in Siberia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Tikhonov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Patterns ◽  
Harsh Climate

The geographical area of Siberia is about 13,100,000 sq. km, which is more than the territories of the United States, China, Canada, Brazil, Australia, and India, but its total population as of January 1, 2021 is only 31,140,697 people [1]. Due to its harsh climate, many diseases, including infectious ones, have their own specific development patterns in this territory.

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