scholarly journals Seeing vs. Seeing That: Children's Understanding of Direct Perception and Inference Reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
E. Emory Davis ◽  
Barbara Landau
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Direct Perception ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Perception Verbs ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
To Come ◽  
Visually Based

Young children can reason about direct and indirect visual information, but fully mapping this understanding to linguistic forms encoding the two knowledge sources appears to come later in development. In English, perception verbs with small clause complements ('I saw something happen') report direct perception of an event, while perception verbs with sentential complements ('I saw that something happened') can report inferences about an event. In two experiments, we ask when 4-9-year-old English-speaking children have linked the conceptual distinction between direct perception and inference to different complements expressing this distinction. We find that, unlike older children or adults, 4-6-year-olds do not recognize that see with a sentential complement can report visually-based inference, even when syntactic and contextual cues make inference interpretations highly salient. These results suggest a prolonged developmental trajectory for learning how the syntax of perception verbs like see maps to their semantics.

scholarly journals The Relative Contributions of Visual and Proprioceptive Inputs on Hand Localization in Early Childhood

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Ratcliffe ◽  
Katie Greenfield ◽  
Danielle Ropar ◽  
Ellen M. Howard ◽  
Roger Newport
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Older Children ◽  
True Location ◽  
Proprioceptive Inputs

Forming an accurate representation of the body relies on the integration of information from multiple sensory inputs. Both vision and proprioception are important for body localization. Whilst adults have been shown to integrate these sources in an optimal fashion, few studies have investigated how children integrate visual and proprioceptive information when localizing the body. The current study used a mediated reality device called MIRAGE to explore how the brain weighs visual and proprioceptive information in a hand localization task across early childhood. Sixty-four children aged 4–11 years estimated the position of their index finger after viewing congruent or incongruent visuo-proprioceptive information regarding hand position. A developmental trajectory analysis was carried out to explore the effect of age on condition. An age effect was only found in the incongruent condition which resulted in greater mislocalization of the hand toward the visual representation as age increased. Estimates by younger children were closer to the true location of the hand compared to those by older children indicating less weighting of visual information. Regression analyses showed localizations errors in the incongruent seen condition could not be explained by proprioceptive accuracy or by general attention or social differences. This suggests that the way in which visual and proprioceptive information are integrated optimizes throughout development, with the bias toward visual information increasing with age.

Taboo language awareness in early childhood

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-107
Author(s):  
Timothy B. Jay
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Language Awareness ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Research With Children ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Taboo Words ◽  
Meaningful Research ◽  
Over Time

This chapter investigates the emergence of English-speaking children’s taboo lexicon (taboo words, swear words, insults, and offensive words) between one and twelve years of age. It describes how the lexicon of taboo words children use shift over time to become more adult-like by age twelve. Less is reported regarding the question of what these taboo words mean to the children who say them. Judgments of ‘good’ words versus ‘bad’ words demonstrate that young children are more likely to judge mild words as bad than older children and adults. The methodological and ethical problems related to research on children’s use of taboo words are outlined as well as suggestions for conducting meaningful research with children in the future.

Prosodic, paralinguistic, and interactional features in parent-child speech: English and Spanish

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben G. Blount ◽  
Elise J. Padgug
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Child Speech ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Interactional Features ◽  
Degree Of Similarity ◽  
Parent Child

ABSTRACTParents employ a special register when speaking to young children, containing features that mark it as appropriate for children who are beginning to acquire their language. Parental speech in English to 5 children (ages 0; 9–1; 6) and in Spanish to 4 children (ages 0; 8–1; 1 and 1; 6–1; 10) was analysed for the presence and distribution of these features. Thirty-four paralinguistic, prosodic, and interactional features were identified, and rate measures and proportions indicated developmental patterns and differences across languages. Younger children received a higher rate of features that marked affect; older children were addressed with more features that marked semantically meaningful speech. English-speaking parents relied comparatively more on paralinguistic and affective features, whereas Spanish-speaking parents used comparatively more interactional features. Despite these differences, there was a high degree of similarity across parents and languages for the most frequently occurring features.

scholarly journals ADHD: Current Questions and Research

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 638-638
Author(s):  
Jeffery Newcorn
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
The One

The past decade has seen an increased focus on the developmental trajectory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with the recognition that ADHD is, for many, a life-long condition akin to many other chronic illnesses. There has been an increase in the extent to which young children, adolescents, and adults receive a diagnosis of ADHD, yet there remain many poorly understood and controversial issues within the scientific community and the lay public. Do ADHD patients of different ages present with similar manifestations of the disorder, and if so, why was this not recognized for so long? Are there alternative clinical presentations among ADHD patients of different ages? What is the nature of comorbidity in ADHD over the course of development, and what are its functional consequences? How can we best measure and define ADHD, differentiating it from normal activity in young children, on the one hand, and other psychiatric disorders in older children and adults on the other? This is a key issue because ADHD has been a controversial diagnostic entity to many nonpsychiatrists because there is no one laboratory task that defines it. Most importantly, how do we understand issues related to risk and resilience in a longitudinal model, and can we identify factors that predict different clinical outcomes or pathways?

The Early Reception of Karl Barth's Theology in Britain: A Supplementary View

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-527
Author(s):  
D. Densil Morgan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Church History ◽  
Karl Barth ◽  
Theological Method ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
To Come ◽  
English Speaking World

One of the axioms of modern church history in Britain is that whereas Anglo-Saxon thought was on the whole impervious to the appeal and achievement of Karl Barth, it was among the Scots alone that the Swiss theologian's theories found any real resonance and creative response. Stephen Sykes in a 1979 volume of studies in Barth's theological method, mentions the somewhat bewildered response to his publications in Britain and the United States between 1925 and the mid-1980s and goes on to say that ‘from now onwards it is in Scotland that Barth is taken with the greatest seriousness in the English speaking world’. In a later volume of centenary essays, R. H. Roberts traced the reception of the theology of Karl Barth ‘in the Anglo-Saxon world’ by quoting the evidence of such late 1920s and early 1930s figures as J. H. Morrison, John McConnachie, H. R. Mackintosh, Norman Porteous and A. J. MacDonald to claim that ‘it is clear from an early stage that enthusiasm for Barth's work … was primarily a Scottish attribute’. In another essay in the same volume, Colin Gunton contrasted the usual English attitude to Barth with that of theologians from other lands: ‘For the most part and despite exceptions’, he claimed, ‘the English find it difficult to come to terms with the theology of Karl Barth’, while in a companion volume Geoffrey Bromiley noted that this was hardly the case for theologians and pastors ‘in such diverse lands as Switzerland, Germany, France, Holland, Hungary, and Scotland’. Again and again, it is Scotland which is emphasised as being the place within the British Isles where Barth's ideals took root.

scholarly journals Functional reorganization in the developing lexicon: separable and changing influences of lexical and phonological variables on children's fast-mapping

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRISTINA MCKEAN ◽  
CAROLYN LETTS ◽  
DAVID HOWARD
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Fast Mapping ◽  
Lexical Knowledge ◽  
Phonotactic Probability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Functional Reorganization ◽  
Phonological Knowledge ◽  
English Speaking

ABSTRACTNeighbourhood Density (ND) and Phonotactic Probability (PP) influence word learning in children. This influence appears to change over development but the separate developmental trajectories of influence of PP and ND on word learning have not previously been mapped. This study examined the cross-sectional developmental trajectories of influence of PP and ND on fast-mapping in thirty-eight English-speaking children aged 3 ; 01–5 ; 02, in a task varying PP and ND orthogonally. PP and ND exerted separable influences on fast-mapping. Overall, low ND supported better fast-mapping. The influence of PP changed across the developmental trajectory, ‘switching’ from a high to a low PP advantage. A potential explanation for this ‘switch’ is advanced, suggesting that it represents functional reorganization in the developing lexicon, which emerges from changes in the developing lexicon, as phonological knowledge is abstracted from lexical knowledge, over development.

Learning Tool Use: Body Scheme Recalibration and the Development of Hand Skill

1981 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Schwartz ◽  
Marie A. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Body Scheme ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Accuracy Test ◽  
Motor Accuracy ◽  
Better Than

Skill at using tools depends on somatosensory and visual information being integrated into a body schema. “Calibration,” defined as the ability to accurately localize a limb in space, and “recalibration,” the ability to accurately localize a limb plus tool in space, are proposed as intermediate stages between the development of manipulative prehension and the acquisition of skilled tool usage. Each of these depends upon body scheme information. The ability to recalibrate muscular output for different weights and lengths of tools was investigated. It was hypothesized that such recalibration is an intermediate stage of skill that should be developed prior to extensive practice with tools themselves. A total of 48 normal children, ranging in age from 4.0 to 8.11 years, served as subjects. Test instruments included the Southern California Motor Accuracy Test (MAC) and three tests of recalibration skills. These three tests involved touching a target with the tip of the index finger and with the tips of both a short and a long tool. Results were as hypothesized. Older children performed significantly better than younger children on all tests of hand and tool skill. Ability to use a tool appears to increase with increased ability to recalibrate. Skill in using the hand as a tool appears to develop earlier than skill in recalibrating for short / light tools, which precedes skill at recalibrating for longer / heavier tools.

scholarly journals Acquisition of generic noun phrases in Chinese: learning about lions without an ‘-s’

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
TWILA TARDIF ◽  
SUSAN A. GELMAN ◽  
XIAOLAN FU ◽  
LIQI ZHU
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Chinese Learning ◽  
English Speaking

ABSTRACTEnglish-speaking children understand and produce generic expressions in the preschool years, but there are cross-linguistic differences in how generics are expressed. Three studies examined interpretation of generic noun phrases in three- to seven-year-old child (N=192) and adult speakers (N=163) of Mandarin Chinese. Contrary to suggestions by Bloom (1981), Chinese-speaking adults honor a clear distinction between generics (expressed as bare NPs) and other quantified expressions (‘all’/suo3you3 and ‘some’/you3de). Furthermore, Mandarin-speaking children begin to distinguish generics from ‘all’ or ‘some’ as early as five years, as shown in both confirmation (Study 2) and property-generation (Study 3) tasks. Nonetheless, the developmental trajectory for Chinese appears prolonged relative to English and this seems to reflect difficulty with ‘all’ and ‘some’ rather than difficulty with generics. Altogether these results suggest that generics are primary, and that the consistency of markings affects the rate at which non-generic NPs are distinguished from generics.

The Theory of Risk Perception Geared to Tourism and Hospitality Fields

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
To Come ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
Fresh Insight ◽  
Post Disaster ◽  
Alternative Theories ◽  
Anthropology Of Tourism

In this chapter, the author lays the foundations to a new debate about risk perception and the securitization process within the constellations of tourism fields. The chapter represents not only a critical insight on the already-established paradigms but also to the ethnocentrism of English-speaking scholars who have developed an economic-based paradigm of risk perception. The chapter explores the dichotomies and differences among risk, threat, danger, security, and fear while gives a new fresh insight to forge a new sub discipline in tourism: the anthropology of tourism security. While the economic-based theories enthusiastically accept quantitative-related methods, this position reached a state of stagnation. Qualitative-led methodologies as ethnography and analysis content would fill the gap in the years to come. Today, the emergence of some alternative theories as post disaster or post-conflict theories evinces that the doctrine of precautionary principles rested on shaky foundations.

Distort, Deflect, Deny: Appraising European Colonialism at Empire’s End, 1956–63

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Hastings
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Third World ◽  
English Language ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
To Come ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Cultural Theorist

With an emphasis on the British Empire Commonwealth, this article explores how English-speaking Canadians understood European colonialism – its historical purpose, legacies, and demise – and the anti-colonial nationalism that ranged against it in the years bracketing the United Nations’ adoption of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960. An extensive survey of opinion in the mainstream English-language press, supplemented by the perspectives of intellectuals, diplomats, and parliamentarians, suggests that empire apologism, contempt for anti-colonial nationalism, and the misrepresentation of colonial liberation struggles were pervasive. Building on recent scholarship that explores how race thinking shaped Canada’s international relations, and drawing from cultural theorist Kuan-Hsing Chen’s concept of “deimperialization,” the author argues that the preponderance of these phenomena evinced and abetted a failure to come to terms with colonialism’s deleterious imprint on the Third World.

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