scholarly journals Pragmatic inferences with numeral modifiers: Novel experimental data

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Stavroula Alexandropoulou ◽  
Jakub Dotlacil ◽  
Yaron McNabb ◽  
Rick Nouwen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Universal Quantifiers ◽  
Modified Numerals

We present two experiments that probe so-called variation effects of modified numerals that appear in the scope of a universal quantifiers (Geurts & Nouwen 2007; Büring 2008). For example, Every street was guarded by at least three policemen suggests that not every street was guarded by the same number of policemen. This kind of variation is similar to inferences observed with epistemic indefinites. We show, however, that indefinites and modified numerals must differ with respect to the underlying mechanism, or, more specifically, with respect to the structure of the set of alternatives that determines the pragmatic inferences. Results from our experiments indicate that the variation effects of modified numerals include the inference of a witness for the lowest number compatible with the modified numeral. We found the same effects for at least as for more than, but the inferences are weaker for the latter.

scholarly journals Effect of Dissolution and Dispersion Conditions of VC-713 on the Hydrate Inhibition

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren Wang ◽  
Huicui Sun ◽  
Jinsheng Sun ◽  
Yuanzhi Qu ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Structure Characteristics ◽  
Mechanism Of Inhibition ◽  
Mesoscopic Structure

VC-713 is a kind of hydrate kinetics inhibitor, which is widely used because of its strong hydrate inhibition. In this paper, VC-713 was dissolved and dispersed into its solution to various degrees by stirring the solution at the speeds of 600 r·min−1 and 12000 r·min−1. Then, under the condition of normal pressure and temperature change (gradually decreasing from 278.15 K to 273.65 K), the hydrate inhibitory effect of dissolution and dispersion of VC-713 on THF hydrate formation was studied. The variation in the concentration of VC-713 was monitored during the experiments. In addition, the mesoscopic structure characteristics of aqueous solutions were observed, and experimental phenomena in the reactor were recorded along with real time. Then, the experimental data were comprehensively analyzed, and the underlying mechanism of inhibition was revealed. Results showed that VC-713 inhibits hydrate nucleation and growth by adsorbing and binding. When the addition amounts are the same, better dissolution and dispersion of VC-713 can inhibit the hydrate formation more effectively. This is due to more complex skeleton structures formed by the hydrated VC-713 molecule. When the amount of VC-713 is 0.5 wt.%, the induction time, the formation rate, and the degree of supercooling of hydrate formation were extended, mitigated, and increased by 10.30%, 21.43%, and 17.80%, respectively, and changed to values of 8.75%, 14.29%, and 22.50%, respectively, for 1.0 wt.% VC-713.

scholarly journals Terminitor: Cleavage Site Prediction Using Deep Learning Models

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yang ◽  
Chenkai Li ◽  
Ka Ming Nip ◽  
René L Warren ◽  
Inanc Birol
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Cleavage Site ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Library Preparation ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Reference Transcriptome

AbstractAs a widespread RNA processing machinery, alternative polyadenylation plays a crucial role in gene regulation. To help decipher its underlying mechanism and understand its impact, it is desirable to comprehensively profile 3’-untranslated region cleavage and associated polyadenylation sites. State-of-the-art polyadenylation site detection tools are known to be influenced by library preparation artefacts or manually selected features. Moreover, recently published machine learning methods have only been tested on pre-constructed datasets, thus lacking validation on experimental data. Here we present Terminitor, the first deep neural network-based profiling pipeline to make predictions from RNA-seq data. We show how Terminitor outperforms competing tools in sensitivity and precision on experimental transcriptome sequencing data, and demonstrate its use with data from short- and long-read sequencing technologies. For species without a good reference transcriptome annotation, Terminitor is still able to pass on the information learnt from a related species and make reasonable predictions. We used Terminitor to showcase how single nucleotide variations can create or destroy polyadenylated cleavage sites in human RNA-seq samples.Author Summary3’ cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNA is part of RNA maturation process. One gene can be cleaved at different positions at its 3’ end, namely alternatively polyadenylation, thus identifying the correct polyadenylated cleavage site (poly(A) CS) is essential to unveil its role in gene regulation under different physiological and pathological conditions. The current poly(A) CS prediction tools are either heavily influenced by RNA-Seq library preparation artefacts or have only been designed and tested on ad hoc datasets, lacking association with real world applications. In this study, we present a deep learning model, Terminitor, that predicts the probability of a nucleotide sequence containing a poly(A) CS, and validated its performance on human and mouse data. Along with the model, we propose a poly(A) CS profiling pipeline for RNA-seq data. We benchmarked our pipeline against competing tools and achieved higher sensitivity and precision in experimental data. The usage of Terminitor is not limited to genome and transcriptome annotation and we expect it to facilitate the identification of novel isoforms, improve the accuracy of transcript quantification and differential expression analysis, and contribute to the repertoire of reference transcriptome annotation.

scholarly journals A Barrierless Pathway Accessing the C9H9 and C9H8 Potential Energy Surfaces via the Elementary Reaction of Benzene with 1-Propynyl

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Thomas ◽  
Srinivas Doddipatla ◽  
Ralf I. Kaiser ◽  
Galiya R. Galimova ◽  
Alexander M. Mebel
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Energy Surfaces ◽  
Molecular Beams ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Stable Isomer ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Energy Surfaces

AbstractThe crossed molecular beams reactions of the 1-propynyl radical (CH3CC; X2A1) with benzene (C6H6; X1A1g) and D6-benzene (C6D6; X1A1g) were conducted to explore the formation of C9H8 isomers under single-collision conditions. The underlying reaction mechanisms were unravelled through the combination of the experimental data with electronic structure and statistical RRKM calculations. These data suggest the formation of 1-phenyl-1-propyne (C6H5CCCH3) via the barrierless addition of 1-propynyl to benzene forming a low-lying doublet C9H9 intermediate that dissociates by hydrogen atom emission via a tight transition state. In accordance with our experiments, RRKM calculations predict that the thermodynamically most stable isomer – the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) indene – is not formed via this reaction. With all barriers lying below the energy of the reactants, this reaction is viable in the cold interstellar medium where several methyl-substituted molecules have been detected. Its underlying mechanism therefore advances our understanding of how methyl-substituted hydrocarbons can be formed under extreme conditions such as those found in the molecular cloud TMC-1. Implications for the chemistry of the 1-propynyl radical in astrophysical environments are also discussed.

scholarly journals Investigation of Velocity Distribution in Open Channel Flows Based on Conditional Average of Turbulent Structures

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Han ◽  
Shu-Qing Yang ◽  
Muttucumaru Sivakumar ◽  
Liu-Chao Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Outer Region ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Streamwise Velocity ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Turbulent Structures ◽  
Navier Stokes Equations ◽  
Inner Region

We report the development of a new analytical model similar to the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations to determine the distribution of streamwise velocity by considering the bursting phenomenon. It is found that, in two-dimensional (2D) flows, the underlying mechanism of the wake law in 2D uniform flow is actually a result of up/down events. A special experiment was conducted to examine the newly derived analytical model, and good agreement is achieved between the experimental data in the inner region and the model’s prediction. The obtained experimental data were also used to examine the DML-Law (dip-modified-log-law), MLW-Law (modified-log-wake law), and CML-Law (Cole’s wake law), and the agreement is not very satisfactory in the outer region.

EXPRESS: Do Promotions Make Consumers More Generous? The Impact of Price Promotions on Consumers’ Donation Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224292098825
Author(s):  
Kuangjie Zhang ◽  
Fengyan Cai ◽  
Zhengyu Shi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Price Promotion ◽  
Price Promotions ◽  
Behavioral Consequence ◽  
Donation Behavior ◽  
Monetary Savings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Despite the growing concerns regarding the increasing consumerism related to promotions, this research documents a positive effect of price promotions on consumers’ donation behavior. Specifically, the authors propose that price promotions increase consumers’ perceived resources, which in turn increase consumers’ donation behavior. A series of seven studies, combining field and experimental data, provide converging support for this proposition and its underlying mechanism of perceived resources. Further, the authors show that the positive effect of price promotions on consumers’ donation behavior is attenuated when consumers focus on the amount of money spent (rather than saved), when consumers feel they have overspent their budget, and when the monetary savings cannot be realized immediately. Finally, the authors show that this effect is stronger when donation solicitation occurs immediately after the price promotion (vs. after a delay). This research documents a novel behavioral consequence of price promotions and uncovers a mechanism by which price promotions can lead to positive social consequences and contribute to a better world.

Microdiffraction Patterns of Small Metallic Particles II; Theoretical Analysis

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 668-669
Author(s):  
A. Gómez ◽  
P. Schabes-Retchkiman ◽  
M. José-Yacamán ◽  
T. Ocaña
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Splitting Effect

The splitting effect that is observed in microdiffraction pat-terns of small metallic particles in the size range 50-500 Å can be understood using the dynamical theory of electron diffraction for the case of a crystal containing a finite wedge. For the experimental data we refer to part I of this work in these proceedings.

Evidence for ordered Fe3Ni

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
K.B. Reuter ◽  
D.B. Williams ◽  
J.I. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Martensitic Transformation ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Transformation Product ◽  
Iron Meteorites ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ni Content ◽  
Temperature Transformation

In the Fe-Ni system, although ordered FeNi and ordered Ni3Fe are experimentally well established, direct evidence for ordered Fe3Ni is unconvincing. Little experimental data for Fe3Ni exists because diffusion is sluggish at temperatures below 400°C and because alloys containing less than 29 wt% Ni undergo a martensitic transformation at room temperature. Fe-Ni phases in iron meteorites were examined in this study because iron meteorites have cooled at slow rates of about 10°C/106 years, allowing phase transformations below 400°C to occur. One low temperature transformation product, called clear taenite 2 (CT2), was of particular interest because it contains less than 30 wtZ Ni and is not martensitic. Because CT2 is only a few microns in size, the structure and Ni content were determined through electron diffraction and x-ray microanalysis. A Philips EM400T operated at 120 kV, equipped with a Tracor Northern 2000 multichannel analyzer, was used.

EELS white line intensities calculated for the 3d and 4d metals

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
C. C. Ahn ◽  
D. H. Pearson ◽  
P. Rez ◽  
B. Fultz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Line Intensity ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
White Line ◽  
Hartree Fock ◽  
Line Intensities ◽  
Integrated Intensity ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
The Continuum

Previous experimental measurements of the total white line intensities from L2,3 energy loss spectra of 3d transition metals reported a linear dependence of the white line intensity on 3d occupancy. These results are inconsistent, however, with behavior inferred from relativistic one electron Dirac-Fock calculations, which show an initial increase followed by a decrease of total white line intensity across the 3d series. This inconsistency with experimental data is especially puzzling in light of work by Thole, et al., which successfully calculates x-ray absorption spectra of the lanthanide M4,5 white lines by employing a less rigorous Hartree-Fock calculation with relativistic corrections based on the work of Cowan. When restricted to transitions allowed by dipole selection rules, the calculated spectra of the lanthanide M4,5 white lines show a decreasing intensity as a function of Z that was consistent with the available experimental data.Here we report the results of Dirac-Fock calculations of the L2,3 white lines of the 3d and 4d elements, and compare the results to the experimental work of Pearson et al. In a previous study, similar calculations helped to account for the non-statistical behavior of L3/L2 ratios of the 3d metals. We assumed that all metals had a single 4s electron. Because these calculations provide absolute transition probabilities, to compare the calculated white line intensities to the experimental data, we normalized the calculated intensities to the intensity of the continuum above the L3 edges. The continuum intensity was obtained by Hartree-Slater calculations, and the normalization factor for the white line intensities was the integrated intensity in an energy window of fixed width and position above the L3 edge of each element.

Face Inversion Effect Emerges Under Critical Configural Discrepancy

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jisien Yang ◽  
Adrian Schwaninger
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Configural Processing ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Configural Information ◽  
Face Inversion ◽  
The Face

Configural processing has been considered the major contributor to the face inversion effect (FIE) in face recognition. However, most researchers have only obtained the FIE with one specific ratio of configural alteration. It remains unclear whether the ratio of configural alteration itself can mediate the occurrence of the FIE. We aimed to clarify this issue by manipulating the configural information parametrically using six different ratios, ranging from 4% to 24%. Participants were asked to judge whether a pair of faces were entirely identical or different. The paired faces that were to be compared were presented either simultaneously (Experiment 1) or sequentially (Experiment 2). Both experiments revealed that the FIE was observed only when the ratio of configural alteration was in the intermediate range. These results indicate that even though the FIE has been frequently adopted as an index to examine the underlying mechanism of face processing, the emergence of the FIE is not robust with any configural alteration but dependent on the ratio of configural alteration.

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