Determination of the drag coefficient of trawls by the hydraulic-mathematical method

Fisheries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
Nikolay Gaydenok

The paper considers the features of determining the determination of the force and coefficient of water resistance to the movement of trawls and other floating bodies by the hydraulic-mathematical method by inverting the body contour based on the law of conservation of energy in the form of a solution in the special case of the Dido problem and the multi-criteria problem of the cal-culus of variations or optimal control in the general case. The proposed algo-rithm makes it possible to clearly take into account a wide range of hydro-mechanical phenomena that determine this important indicator, which is neces-sary for the development of an optimal trawling strategy.

The mathematical theory of small elastic deformations has been developed to a high degree of sophistication on certain fundamental assumptions regarding the stress-strain relationships which are obeyed by the materials considered. The relationships taken are, in effect, a generalization of Hooke’s law— ut tensio, sic vis . The justification for these assumptions lies in the widespread agreement of experiment with the predictions of the theory and in the interpretation of the elastic behaviour of the materials in terms of their known structure. The same factors have contributed to our appreciation of the limitations of these assumptions. The principal problems, which the theory seeks to solve, are the determination of the deformation which a body undergoes and the distribution of stresses in it, when certain forces are applied to it, and when certain points of the body are subjected to specified displacements. These problems are always dealt with on the assumption that the generalization of Hooke’s law is obeyed by the material of the body and that the deformation is small, i.e. the change of length, in any linear element in the material, is small compared with the length of the element in the undeformed state. Apart from the fact that the generalization of Hooke’s law is obeyed accurately by a very wide range of materials, under a considerable variety of stress and strain conditions, it has the further advantage that it leads to a mathematically tractable theory.


1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Ophir ◽  
Paul Jaeger

In applications requiring a liquid which is acoustically well matched to biological tissues, it is often difficult to find a material which is matched well in terms of both the acoustic impedance and speed of sound propagation in it; changing one parameter invariably affects the other. A three component liquid system is described, which allows independent adjustment of these two acoustic parameters over a wide range. This range encompasses the soft tissues of the body. Results of parameter measurements are presented in the form which allows simple determination of the mixture required to match any combination of acoustic impedance and speed of sound propagation over a given range.


2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska ◽  
Ewa Żurawicz ◽  
Monika Michalska ◽  
Jacek Rynkowski

Homocysteine is an amino acid, which plays several important roles in human physiology. A wide range of disorders, including neuropsychiatric disorders and autism, are associated with increased homocysteine levels in biological fluids. Various B vitamins: B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), and B9 (folic acid) are required as co-factors by the enzymes involved in homocysteine metabolism. Therefore, monitoring of homocysteine levels in body fluids of autistic children can provide information on genetic and physiological diseases, improper lifestyle (including dietary habits), as well as a variety of pathological conditions. This review presents information on homocysteine metabolism, determination of homocysteine in biological fluids, and shows abnormalities in the levels of homocysteine in the body fluids of autistic children.


2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Z. Hu ◽  
D. M. Causon ◽  
C. G. Mingham ◽  
L. Qian

Abstract. In this paper, we use the in-house Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flow code AMAZON-SC as a numerical wave tank (NWT) to study wave loading on a wave energy converter (WEC) device in heave motion. This is a surface-capturing method for two fluid flows that treats the free surface as contact surface in the density field that is captured automatically without special provision. A time-accurate artificial compressibility method and high resolution Godunov-type scheme are employed in both fluid regions (air/water). The Cartesian cut cell method can provide a boundary-fitted mesh for a complex geometry with no requirement to re-mesh globally or even locally for moving geometry, requiring only changes to cut cell data at the body contour. Extreme wave boundary conditions are prescribed in an empty NWT and compared with physical experiments prior to calculations of extreme waves acting on a floating Bobber-type device. The validation work also includes the wave force on a fixed cylinder compared with theoretical and experimental data under regular waves. Results include free surface elevations, vertical displacement of the float, induced vertical velocity and heave force for a typical Bobber geometry with a hemispherical base under extreme wave conditions.


1970 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. McAssey ◽  
Hsuan Yeh

An asymptotic solution has been obtained for the electron heat transfer to a spherical body immersed in a weakly ionized, quiescent plasma. Dimensional analysis of the governing equations shows that the problem can be divided into two regions: charge-separated and quasi-neutral. For the charge-separated region, the equations must be solved numerically, whereas the quasi-neutral solution can be expressed in closed form. From these studies it was found that the extent of the charge-separated region (i.e, sheath) is of the order of Λ2/3. Within the sheath the effects of ionization and recombination are of the order of Λ4/3. The results include the variation of electron flux, electron heat transfer, and current as a function of body potential. The results are presented in a form to permit the easy determination of the electron heat transfer to a body immersed in a quiescent, weakly ionized plasma over a wide range of operating conditions. Furthermore, the electrical characteristics presented here can be used in conjunction with electron heating data to treat the body as a probe for diagnostic purposes.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz A. Francisco ◽  
Paul Nührenberg ◽  
Alex L. Jordan

AbstractAlthough methods for tracking animals underwater exist, they frequently involve costly infrastructure investment, or capture and manipulation of animals to affix or implant tags. These practical concerns limit the taxonomic coverage of aquatic movement ecology studies and implementation in areas where high infrastructure investment is impossible. Here we present a method based on deep-learning and structure-from-motion, with which we can accurately determine the 3D location of animals, the structure of the environment in which they are moving. Further behavioural decomposition of the body position and contour of animals subsequently allow quantifying the behavioural states of each interacting animal. This approach can be used with minimal infrastructure and without confining animals to to a fixed area, or capturing and interfering with them in any way. With this approach, we are able to track single individuals (Conger Eel,Conger oceanus), small heterospecific groups (Mullus surmuletus, Diplodus sp.), and schools of animals (Tanganyikan cichlidsLamprologus callipterus) in freshwater and marine systems, and in habitats ranging in environmental complexity. Positional information was highly accurate, with errors as low as 1.67% of body length. Tracking data was embedded in 3D environmental models that could be used to examine collective decision making, obstacle avoidance, and visual connectivity of groups. By analyzing body contour and position, we were also able to use unsupervised classification to quantify the kinematic behavioural states of each animal. The proposed framework allows us to understand animal behaviour in aquatic systems at an unprecedented resolution and a fraction of the cost of established methodologies, with minimal domain expertise at the data acquisition or analysis phase required. Implementing this method, research can be conducted in a wide range of field contexts to collect laboratory standard data, vastly expanding both the taxonomic and environmental coverage of quantitative animal movement analysis with a low-cost, open-source solution.


1984 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
J. Dutton ◽  
C. J. Evans ◽  
S. B. Samat ◽  
W. D. Morgan ◽  
A. Sivyer

There has recently been growing interest in various atomic and nuclear techniques for the measurement of elements in the body. This has arisen through the realisation that (a) clinically-important amounts of toxic elements can be absorbed as a result of low-level environmental exposure, and (b) important information about the nutritional status of a patient can be obtained from measurements of major body elements. Where such information can be obtained by taking samples, a very wide range of analytical techniques is available, some capable of a sensitivity measured in parts-per-billion. Sampling is not possible, however, when the whole-body content (e.g. of nitrogen) is required, and is clinically undesirable when the element in question is concentrated in particular organs, for example as lead accumulates in the bones, and cadmium and many other toxic elements accumulate in the kidneys. It is in such cases that the various in vivo techniques are particularly important.


2020 ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
Y.О. Serebryakova

The statutes analyzed the legal representation of the representative of the prosecutor of the interests of the state in the state court proceedings. Respect is accentuated on the fact that the legal representatives of such a representative have a lot of special features, which are enriched by the legal status of the prosecutor’s office in the whole role of the state legal representatives. Voted on the fact that the largest number of discussions is possible in science plots, as well as in the right to practice, the designation of such a warehouse representative and the prosecutor in the court of lawful interests and the possibility of violation of the law. It has been established that, having understood the “Interest Power”, it has a wide range and an estimated character, which is a legacy of an ambiguous legal representation and a representative of the Prosecutor of the Interest State in the state court proceedings. The gown about the primedness of the inclusion of such a representative for the representative of the prosecutor of the Interests State in the State Judicial Commission was destroyed, as well as the threat of the collapse of the Interests State Vіdznacheno scho at vipadku nenalezhnogo zdіysnennya Zahist Reigning іnteresіv State body Vlady, Chi body mіstsevogo samovryaduvannya іnshim sub’єktom vladnih povnovazhen to kompetentsії yakogo vіdnesenі vіdpovіdnі povnovazhennya vimagaє z’yasuvannya supply about kvalіfіkatsіynu vіdpovіdnіst kadrіv such organіv State Vladi abo mіstsevogo samovryaduvannya. Reacting to such lack of authority in organization by way of securing disciplinary disciplines as well as administrative measures to protect the interests of the state with an effective submission. Primed by the general prosecutor before the state court in the interests of the sovereign body, the body of the independent self-determination of the subordinate authority, the independent authority is independent of the authority, it is independent of the authority of the self-dependent authority. competence of a specific presentation of a reprimand є a whole logical group for the knowledge of documented presentation of a factual report.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
S. RETNO DJIWANTI ◽  
SUPRIADI SUPRIADI

ABSTRAK<br />Nematoda hawar daun Aphelenchoides sp. telah dilaporkan<br />menyerang dan menyebabkan gugur daun pada sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) (Acanthaceae). Penelitian yang<br />bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi spesies Aphelenchoides sp. tersebut<br />telah dilakukan di laboratorium, rumah kaca dan kebun percobaan Balai<br />Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik pada tahun 2005-2006.<br />Identifikasi dilakukan dengan mengamati gejala khas pada tanaman sakit<br />dan karakteristik morfologi nematoda secara mikroskopik pada preparat<br />semi-permanen Aphelenchoides sp. yang difiksasi dengan larutan<br />triethanolamine formaldehyde (TAF). Gejala khas hawar daun merupakan<br />bercak klorotik yang meluas yang kemudian berubah berwarna kehitaman<br />atau kadang-kadang keunguan yang dibatasi tulang-tulang daun. Secara<br />mikroskopik bentuk tubuh betina Aphelenchoides sp. ramping dengan<br />panjang tubuh berkisar 0,46 – 0,70 mm dan lebar tubuh rata-rata 15 µm;<br />daerah vulva terletak 2/3 dari panjang tubuh diukur dari bagian anterior;<br />stilet ramping, panjangnya 10 µm dengan “basal knobs” kecil tetapi jelas;<br />metakorpus besar, menempati ¾ atau lebih dari lebar esophagus; daerah<br />bibir tampak halus, menonjol, dan bagian depannya rata, dengan kontur<br />hampir menyatu/bersambung dengan kontur tubuh; ujung ekornya<br />berbentuk kerucut tajam memanjang dengan ujung meruncing seperti duri<br />tumpul. Bentuk tubuh jantan pada dasarnya sama dengan ukuran dan<br />bentuk betinanya; ekor agak melengkung kearah 45º - 90º ketika dalam<br />keadaan relaks dan bentuk ujungnya meruncing seperti duri tumpul; spikul<br />berbentuk duri mawar (“rose-thorne”). Persentase jumlah jantan dalam<br />satu populasi umumnya banyak berkisar 34,7 – 38,9% dari populasi<br />seluruhnya (jantan dan betina). Karakter-karakter gejala serangan,<br />morfologi nematoda, dan ratio jantan-betina tersebut merupakan karakter<br />spesies Aphelenchoides fragariae (RITZEMA BOS, 1891) CHRISTIE<br />1932. Deteksi adanya spesies nematoda A. fragariae merupakan yang<br />pertama kali dilaporkan di Indonesia, dan sambiloto sebagai inang A.<br />fragariae juga pertama kali dilaporkan baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia.<br />Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrographis paniculata, Aphelenchoides<br />fragariae, identifikasi, nematoda parasit<br />ABSTRACT<br />Determination of parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides sp.<br />causing leaf blotch disease of sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata)<br />Leaf blotch disease by parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides sp. have<br />been reported infected and causedleaf drops on sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) (Acanthaceae). Experiments of<br />species determination of the nematode have been carried out in<br />laboratorium, greenhouse and fields of IMACRI during the year 2005-<br />2006. Identification were done by observing its typical symptoms of the<br />infected plants caused by the nematode and its nematode morphological<br />characteristics microscopically on the semi-permanent preparats fixed by<br />TAF (triethanolamine formaldehyde) solution. Typical symptoms of leaf<br />blotch were began as chlorotic vein-deliminated areas which later changed<br />to light brown, then dark brown and finally black; or sometimes purplish<br />under field condition. Microscopically, the female was slender, 0.46 –<br />0.70 mm long and 15 µm width in average, the vulval region cited about<br />2/3 of the body length sized from anterior part; spear slender, 10 µm long<br />with small and distinct basal knobs; large metacorpus occupying ¾ or<br />more of the width of the esophagus; lip region almost continuous with<br />body contour; the tail tip was elongate-conoid ending in a simple blunt<br />spike. The male was abundant and essentially similar to size and shape of<br />the female; tail arcuate through 45º to 90 when relaxed, with a simple<br />blunt terminal spine; spicules rose-thorn shaped. Those described<br />symptoms and morphological characters mentioned above were the typical<br />characters of the species Aphelenchoides fragariae (RITZEMA BOS,<br />1891) CHRISTIE 1932. Detection of species A. fragariae was the first<br />report in Indonesia; and sambiloto as the natural host of A. fragariae was<br />the first report in Indonesia and internationally.<br />Key words: King of bitter, Andrographis paniculata, Aphelenchoides<br />fragariae, parasitic nematode, identification


Author(s):  
Dr. G. Kaemof

A mixture of polycarbonate (PC) and styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymer (SAN) represents a very good example for the efficiency of electron microscopic investigations concerning the determination of optimum production procedures for high grade product properties.The following parameters have been varied:components of charge (PC : SAN 50 : 50, 60 : 40, 70 : 30), kind of compounding machine (single screw extruder, twin screw extruder, discontinuous kneader), mass-temperature (lowest and highest possible temperature).The transmission electron microscopic investigations (TEM) were carried out on ultra thin sections, the PC-phase of which was selectively etched by triethylamine.The phase transition (matrix to disperse phase) does not occur - as might be expected - at a PC to SAN ratio of 50 : 50, but at a ratio of 65 : 35. Our results show that the matrix is preferably formed by the components with the lower melting viscosity (in this special case SAN), even at concentrations of less than 50 %.


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