scholarly journals DETERMINASI NEMATODA PARASIT Aphelenchoides sp. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT HAWAR DAUN SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
S. RETNO DJIWANTI ◽  
SUPRIADI SUPRIADI
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Body Contour ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Aphelenchoides Fragariae

ABSTRAK<br />Nematoda hawar daun Aphelenchoides sp. telah dilaporkan<br />menyerang dan menyebabkan gugur daun pada sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) (Acanthaceae). Penelitian yang<br />bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi spesies Aphelenchoides sp. tersebut<br />telah dilakukan di laboratorium, rumah kaca dan kebun percobaan Balai<br />Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik pada tahun 2005-2006.<br />Identifikasi dilakukan dengan mengamati gejala khas pada tanaman sakit<br />dan karakteristik morfologi nematoda secara mikroskopik pada preparat<br />semi-permanen Aphelenchoides sp. yang difiksasi dengan larutan<br />triethanolamine formaldehyde (TAF). Gejala khas hawar daun merupakan<br />bercak klorotik yang meluas yang kemudian berubah berwarna kehitaman<br />atau kadang-kadang keunguan yang dibatasi tulang-tulang daun. Secara<br />mikroskopik bentuk tubuh betina Aphelenchoides sp. ramping dengan<br />panjang tubuh berkisar 0,46 – 0,70 mm dan lebar tubuh rata-rata 15 µm;<br />daerah vulva terletak 2/3 dari panjang tubuh diukur dari bagian anterior;<br />stilet ramping, panjangnya 10 µm dengan “basal knobs” kecil tetapi jelas;<br />metakorpus besar, menempati ¾ atau lebih dari lebar esophagus; daerah<br />bibir tampak halus, menonjol, dan bagian depannya rata, dengan kontur<br />hampir menyatu/bersambung dengan kontur tubuh; ujung ekornya<br />berbentuk kerucut tajam memanjang dengan ujung meruncing seperti duri<br />tumpul. Bentuk tubuh jantan pada dasarnya sama dengan ukuran dan<br />bentuk betinanya; ekor agak melengkung kearah 45º - 90º ketika dalam<br />keadaan relaks dan bentuk ujungnya meruncing seperti duri tumpul; spikul<br />berbentuk duri mawar (“rose-thorne”). Persentase jumlah jantan dalam<br />satu populasi umumnya banyak berkisar 34,7 – 38,9% dari populasi<br />seluruhnya (jantan dan betina). Karakter-karakter gejala serangan,<br />morfologi nematoda, dan ratio jantan-betina tersebut merupakan karakter<br />spesies Aphelenchoides fragariae (RITZEMA BOS, 1891) CHRISTIE<br />1932. Deteksi adanya spesies nematoda A. fragariae merupakan yang<br />pertama kali dilaporkan di Indonesia, dan sambiloto sebagai inang A.<br />fragariae juga pertama kali dilaporkan baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia.<br />Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrographis paniculata, Aphelenchoides<br />fragariae, identifikasi, nematoda parasit<br />ABSTRACT<br />Determination of parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides sp.<br />causing leaf blotch disease of sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata)<br />Leaf blotch disease by parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides sp. have<br />been reported infected and causedleaf drops on sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) (Acanthaceae). Experiments of<br />species determination of the nematode have been carried out in<br />laboratorium, greenhouse and fields of IMACRI during the year 2005-<br />2006. Identification were done by observing its typical symptoms of the<br />infected plants caused by the nematode and its nematode morphological<br />characteristics microscopically on the semi-permanent preparats fixed by<br />TAF (triethanolamine formaldehyde) solution. Typical symptoms of leaf<br />blotch were began as chlorotic vein-deliminated areas which later changed<br />to light brown, then dark brown and finally black; or sometimes purplish<br />under field condition. Microscopically, the female was slender, 0.46 –<br />0.70 mm long and 15 µm width in average, the vulval region cited about<br />2/3 of the body length sized from anterior part; spear slender, 10 µm long<br />with small and distinct basal knobs; large metacorpus occupying ¾ or<br />more of the width of the esophagus; lip region almost continuous with<br />body contour; the tail tip was elongate-conoid ending in a simple blunt<br />spike. The male was abundant and essentially similar to size and shape of<br />the female; tail arcuate through 45º to 90 when relaxed, with a simple<br />blunt terminal spine; spicules rose-thorn shaped. Those described<br />symptoms and morphological characters mentioned above were the typical<br />characters of the species Aphelenchoides fragariae (RITZEMA BOS,<br />1891) CHRISTIE 1932. Detection of species A. fragariae was the first<br />report in Indonesia; and sambiloto as the natural host of A. fragariae was<br />the first report in Indonesia and internationally.<br />Key words: King of bitter, Andrographis paniculata, Aphelenchoides<br />fragariae, parasitic nematode, identification

Description of Ektaphelenchus taiwanensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Ektaphelenchinae) found in packaging wood from Taiwan

Nematology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Gu ◽  
Jiangling Wang ◽  
Xianfeng Chen
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Feeding Habit ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Contour ◽  
Lateral Field ◽  
Male Tail

Ektaphelenchus taiwanensis sp. n. is described and figured. The new species was isolated from pine packaging wood from Taiwan and inspected in Ningbo harbour, China, in 2009. Ektaphelenchus taiwanensis sp. n. is characterised by the lip region lacking a clear constriction separating it from the body contour, stylet relatively short (12-17 μm) and without basal knobs, and presence of three lines in the lateral field. The female post-uterine sac is less than a body diam. long, the rectum and anus are absent and the tail is conoid with a sharply pointed terminus. The male tail is conoid and has a hair-like mucron (0.5-2.5 μm), the spicules are mitten-shaped, 12.5-14.4 μm long (chord) and are smoothly curved with a prominent rounded condylus, prominent pointed rostrum, and broadly rounded distal end. There are three pairs of subventral caudal papillae. Ektaphelenchus taiwanensis sp. n. is similar to E. betulae, E. josephi, E. joyceae, E. prolobos, E. propora and E. tuerkorum from which it can be separated by a combination of various morphometric and morphological characters. The D2D3 LSU and partial SSU region sequences were analysed and aligned using ClustalW implemented in MEGA version 4.0. Phylogenetic trees were generated with the Neighbour Joining (NJ) method using the Tajima-Nei distance option. The feeding habit of the new species is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Use of genitalia preparations in the species determination of Leafminers (Agromyzidae: Diptera)

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Ram Bahadur Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Small Variation ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Intraspecific Variations ◽  
Leguminous Host

Morphological characters are not sufficient in the species determination of leaf miners. Preparing genitalia slides, making illustrations and their studies were used in the present investigation. 15 species of flies were redescribed and 13 more species were described and named as new, associated with leguminous host. Many species of leaf miners were also reared on various non-leguminous hosts from eastern Nepal. About 1500 genitalia slides were prepared for this work. Interspecific and intraspecific variations were illustrated. More variations were found in the interspecific group. Small variation was found in causing speciation.

scholarly journals Metamorphosis of whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri (Pisces, Sciaenidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-182
Author(s):  
Mara Braverman ◽  
Daniel Brown ◽  
E. Marcelo Acha
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Micropogonias Furnieri

Fish metamorphosis is an important ontogenetic process with a key role on early stages survival and on successful recruitment to adult populations. The whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) is an important commercial resource for the coastal fisheries of Argentina and Uruguay. Metamorphosis, using morphometric and morphological analyses during larval development was studied. Changes in morpho-meristic characters before and after metamorphosis were employed to determine the length interval of this transition by employing Principal Component Analysis. Individuals (n=430) from 4 to 41 mm standard length (SL) were collected in the Río de la Plata estuary (35.45º S, 56.35º W) in March 2006. Length ranges of individual´s developmental stages were associated with the presence of key morphological characters. During early life stages, M. furnieri changes from a big-headed, robust shape larva to a slender and more elongated body form. Most of the morphometric variables showed an inflexion point at 15.2 mm SL, with a 95% confidence interval of 14.0 – 16.4 mm. The anterior part of the body grows faster during early stages, probably related to an intense feeding activity strategy. The completion of pectoral fin rays and the onset of squamation determine the beginning of metamorphosis at 11-12 mm SL. At around 18 mm SL, squamation ends, first barbels develop and the sagittae otolith primordium is closed. The length-at-metamorphosis for M. furnieri was established between 9 to 18 mm SL, since all developmental characters studied highly overlapped at that interval. All those processes are indicative of the beginning of the juvenile period associated to the settlement and the start of a bottom-oriented life-style.

Description of Hemicycliophora cardamomi sp. n. (Nematoda: Hemicycliophoridae) associated with Amomum longiligulare T.L. Wu and a web-based key for the identification of Hemicycliophora spp.

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.T. Nguyen ◽  
Q.P. Trinh ◽  
M. Couvreur ◽  
T.D. Nguyen ◽  
W. Bert
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Body Contour ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Lateral Field ◽  
Identification Process ◽  
Tail Tip

Abstract During a survey of plant diseases in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, a new plant-parasitic nematode, Hemicycliophora cardamomi sp. n., was discovered in the growing areas of Amomum longiligulare, a valuable medicinal plant with high economical value. The new species is characterized by a cuticular sheath loosely fitting body; a labial region continuous to the body contour bearing 3 annuli; a lateral field frequently marked by a discontinuous single line with indistinct additional short lines in some parts along the body; a modified vulval lip with an anterior lip c. 4 annuli long; and a post-vulval body tapering to a pointed tail tip with an abrupt constriction at the last third of the post-vulval body. Morphology and molecular characterizations of D2-D3 expansion segment of 28S rRNA, ITS, and COI mtDNA gene regions clearly distinguish the new species from all other 133 known species. This study also provides a newly developed web-based key for the identification of Hemicycliophora spp. in order to accelerate the identification process, to minimize the increasing error load associated with larger datasets, and to avoid any dependence on a single starting entry. This key includes both an existing Bray–Curtis similarity measure and a newly developed similarity formula.

Myrcia sect. Calyptranthes (Myrtaceae) from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 460 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-58
Author(s):  
ANA RAQUEL LOURENÇO ◽  
GEORGE P. BURTON ◽  
MARCCUS ALVES ◽  
EVE LUCAS
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Taxonomic Descriptions ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
One New Species

Myrcia sect. Calyptranthes is a section of the Neotropical genus Myrcia ranging from Mexico and the Caribbean to northern Argentina with ca. 260 known species. In Brazil ca. 78 species are known, of which ca. 53 are endemic, occurring mainly in the Atlantic and Amazon domains, with few species in the Caatinga and Cerrado. This paper is a taxonomic revision of 38 species from the Atlantic Forest including one newly described species Myrcia botryophylla. The treatment provides an identification key, taxonomic descriptions, phenology and geographic distribution information, nomenclatural updates, synonymy, and illustrations of the main morphological characters. The main character used for differentiating species is inflorescence pattern, but observation of several further characters including leaf size and shape, flower buds and indument assists in species determination. Of the 38 species recognized 29 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest domain and 9 occur in the Amazon, Cerrado and/or other habitats in South and Central America. Twenty-two new synonyms are proposed, two new combinations are made and 29 lectotypes are designated. One new species is described.

Determination of the drag coefficient of trawls by the hydraulic-mathematical method

Fisheries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
Nikolay Gaydenok
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Method ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Floating Bodies ◽  
Body Contour ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Special Case

The paper considers the features of determining the determination of the force and coefficient of water resistance to the movement of trawls and other floating bodies by the hydraulic-mathematical method by inverting the body contour based on the law of conservation of energy in the form of a solution in the special case of the Dido problem and the multi-criteria problem of the cal-culus of variations or optimal control in the general case. The proposed algo-rithm makes it possible to clearly take into account a wide range of hydro-mechanical phenomena that determine this important indicator, which is neces-sary for the development of an optimal trawling strategy.

scholarly journals STUDI KEKERABATAN IKAN FAMILIA CYPRINIDAE YANG TERTANGKAP DI SUNGAI SERAYU KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Dwi Sekar Putri J ◽  
Muh. Nadjmi Abulias ◽  
Dian Bhagawati
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Fish Diversity ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
The Family ◽  
Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽  
Almost All

Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish that has quite a lot of valuable members and spread almost all over the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the number of fish of the family Cyprinidae in Serayu River and their relationships. This study used survey method with purposive random sampling. Research materials were members of Cyprinidae taken from the River Serayu Banyumas, which was the collection of Mrs. Dian Bhagawati. The sequence of this study included sample collection, sample preservation, sample observation in the laboratory, i.e., identification, determination of morphological characters and species name of fish and their relationships. Observed variables were morphological characters that included body shape, colors, fins specification, the total and standard length of the body, the shape of the lateral line, the shape of the caudal fin, the position of the mouth, body length, the height and width of the caudal peduncle. The data were then computed to get the coefficient of association among species (S), clustered using UPGMA Cluster Analysis as implemented in Numerical Taxonomy System (NTSYS) version 2.02i. The observed data were also descriptively analyzed based on phenogram obtained. The fish diversity recorded were eight species i.e., Puntius orphoides, Barbodes gonionotus, Osteochilus sp., Osteochilus vittatus, Osteochilus hasselti., Labiobarbus leptocheilus, Cyprinus carpio, and Rasbora sp.. The results showed that the closest relationship based on morphological characteristics was between Puntius orphoides and Rasbora sp. which had the greatest association coefficient of 0.8292. The smallest value of the association was followed by P. orphoides and Osteochilus sp. with the value of 0.3000. This study was expected to provide information of Cyprinid fish in Serayu River and their phenetic relationship.

scholarly journals EKOBIOLOGI NEMATODA HAWAR DAUN (Aphelenchoides fragariae) PADA TANAMAN SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
SETYOWATI RETNO DJIWANTI ◽  
SUPRIADI SUPRIADI
Keyword(s):  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Neem Seed ◽  
Ageratum Conyzoides ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Green House ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Aphelenchoides Fragariae

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Nematoda hawar daun (Aphelenchoides fragariae) merupakan salahsatu kendala dalam budidaya tanaman obat sambiloto (Andrographispaniculata). Informasi tentang perilaku dan cara pengendalian nematodapada tanaman sambiloto masih sangat terbatas. Dalam rangka mencari carapengendalian nematoda yang efektif, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui ekobiologi nematoda tersebut seperti kisaran inang, sumberinokulum, dan pestisida. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium, rumah kaca,dan kebun percobaan Balittro pada tahun 2006-2008. Studi kisaran inangalami dilakukan dengan mengamati karakteristik gejala khas penyakit,ekstraksi, dan karakterisasi morfologi nematoda dari sampel daun-daungulma yang tumbuh di pembibitan dan pertanaman sambiloto. Studi sum-ber penularan nematoda dilakukan dengan metode bioassay, yaitu denganmengamati gejala hawar daun dan jenis nematoda pada bibit sambilotoyang ditanam pada beberapa macam media tumbuh (tanah steril dicampurdengan beberapa macam jenis bahan organik seperti pupuk kandang,kompos, pupuk organik, dan potongan daun-daun sambiloto sakit).Sedangkan studi sensitivitas nematoda terhadap pestisida sintetik dannabati dilakukan di rumah kaca dan di lapang. Hasil penelitian menun-jukkan bahwa 6 jenis gulma, yaitu babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides),pulus hayam (Acalypha lanceolata), calincing (Oxalys sepium), gulmaBorreria sp., gulma daun sirih (Lindernia sp.), dan paku (Pleocnemia sp.)merupakan inang pengganti nematoda A. fragariae. Bahan organik sepertipupuk kandang dan serasah daun sambiloto sakit dalam tanah merupakansumber penting inokulum A. fragariae, tetapi penyebaran utama penyakitterjadi melalui bibit terinfeksi dan kontak fisik antara daun sakit dengandaun sehat. Perkembangan penyakit hawar daun berlangsung selama 2-4minggu setelah infeksi pertama. Senyawa karbofuran (2-5 g/tanaman),CNSL (cashew nut shell liquid) (0,5-1,0%), tepung (10,0-15,0 g/tanaman),dan ekstrak biji mimba (0,5-1,0%) efektif menekan populasi A. fragariae.Penanaman bibit sehat, sanitasi kebun, penggunaan pupuk kandang yangbenar-benar matang, dan aplikasi pestisida merupakan faktor pentingdalam pengendalian penyakit hawar daun nematoda pada sambiloto.</p><p>Kata kunci: Andrographis paniculata, sambiloto, nematoda hawar daun,Aphelenchoides fragariae, ekobiologi</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Bioecology of Leaf Blotch Nematode (Aphelenchoidesfragariae) on King of Bitter Plant (Andrographispaniculata)</p><p>Leaf blotch nematode (Aphelenchoides fragariae) is one of the mostimportant constrains on cultivation of king of bitter plant (Andrographispaniculata). Information on the bioecology and control method of thenematode is still limited. In relation to finding an effective control methodof the nematode, this study aimed to evaluate several bioecological factorsof the nematode, such as its host range, inoculums source, and sensitivityof the nematode to several chemicals. The studies were conducted inlaboratory, green house, and experimental station of the IndonesianMedicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute in 2006-2008. Naturalhost range of the nematode was studied by examining the typical diseasesymptoms on leaves of several weeds grown in the nursery and field of theking of bitter plants, followed with extraction and morphologicalexamination of nematodes. Infection source of the nematode was carriedout by bioassay method using healthy king of bitter seedlings grown onsoil planting medium incorporated with suspected infection sources suchas animal manure, compost, organic fertilizer, and diseased leaf cutting ofthe plants. Sensitivity of the nematode to several pesticides (carbofuran,neem seed powder, neem seed extract, and cashew nut shell liquid) wasconducted in the green house and field. The results showed that six weedssuch as Ageratum conyzoides, Acalypha lanceolata, Oxalys sepium,Borreria sp., Lindernia sp., and Pleocnemia sp. grown in the nursery andfield of king of bitter plantation were infected with the nematode; thereforethese plants are natural alternate hosts of A. fragariae. Organic animalmanure and infected fallen leaves of the king of bitter were importantsources of inoculums of A. fragariae, however, main spread of the diseasewas through infected seedlings and direct contact between healthy andinfected leaves. Leaf blotch disease development occurred 2-4 weeks afterfirst infection. Chemicals such as carbofuran (2-5 g/plant), cashew nutshell liquid (0.5-1.0%), neem seed powder (10.0-15.0 g/plant) and extract(0.5-1.0%) were effectively suppressed the nematode. Planting disease-free seedlings, sanitation, and application of well-decomposed animalmanure and certain chemical pesticides are important factors to control theleaf blotch nematode on king of bitter plant.</p><p>Key words: Andrographis paniculata, king of bitter, leaf blotchnematode, Aphelenchoides fragariae, bioecology.</p>

Lenisaphelenchus ulomae n. gen., n. sp. (Rhabditida: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from the body cavity of Uloma marseuli Nakane (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Japan

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 961-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Keiko Hamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Contour ◽  
Tenebrionid Beetle ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Dome Shape ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae ◽  
Male Genital

Summary A new aphelenchoidid entomoparasitic nematode was isolated from the body cavity of overwintering individuals of a tenebrionid beetle, Uloma marseuli, collected at Shiga, Japan. The nematode is characterised by its six equal-sized lips forming a dome shape continuous with body contour. It has a moderately thick stylet, with wide lumen, a long two-part long (conus + conophore) and elongate oval or pear-shaped metacorpus with glandular anterior part. The male spicules are separate with a well-developed condylus, triangular rostrum and smoothly and strongly curved calomus-lamina complex. A gubernaculum or apophysis is absent. There are two pairs of papilliform male genital papillae. Females lack a post-vulval uterine sac, have a seemingly vestigial rectum and anus, and conical tail. The combination of the typological characters of the species does not fit any currently accepted aphelenchoidid genus and is somewhat intermediate between the Ektaphelenchinae and Entaphelenchinae. The molecular phylogenetic analysis also suggested that the nematode is close to both Ektaphelenchoides (Ektaphelenchinae) and Peraphelenchus (Entaphelenchinae). Thus, the nematode is described and illustrated as Lenisaphelenchus ulomae n. gen., n. sp. and tentatively placed in the Ektaphelenchinae.

Gender determination of caucasoid hair using image analysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
T.B. Ball ◽  
W.M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Scalp Hair ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Morphological Differences

It has been demonstrated that cross sections of bundles of hair can be effectively studied using image analysis. These studies can help to elucidate morphological differences of hair from one region of the body to another. The purpose of the present investigation was to use image analysis to determine whether morphological differences could be demonstrated between male and female human Caucasian terminal scalp hair.Hair samples were taken from the back of the head from 18 caucasoid males and 13 caucasoid females (Figs. 1-2). Bundles of 50 hairs were processed for cross-sectional examination and then analyzed using Prism Image Analysis software on a Macintosh llci computer. Twenty morphological parameters of size and shape were evaluated for each hair cross-section. The size parameters evaluated were area, convex area, perimeter, convex perimeter, length, breadth, fiber length, width, equivalent diameter, and inscribed radius. The shape parameters considered were formfactor, roundness, convexity, solidity, compactness, aspect ratio, elongation, curl, and fractal dimension.

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