Culture Reproduction or Value Conflict? The Morally Fraught Experience of Chinese Christians in Virtual Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Yan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Verbal Abuse ◽  
Religious Fundamentalism ◽  
Open Society ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
Chinese Christians ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Exclusive Group ◽  
Discursive Power

Based on Robbins' understanding that both Durkhcimian and Weberian approaches could help the study of social morality, this paper explores the dynamics of cultural reproduction and value conflicts in Chinese Christians' communication on the WcChat platform. It evaluates ten religious WeChat groups' norms and activities and categorizes them into four typologies according to their group inclusiveness and interactivity. It collects group chats from the WeChat platform and reveals the forming dynamics of group verbal abuse, and further explores the Chinese Christians' morally fraught experience in the virtual communities, ‘『his research shows that Christian values as an external force encourage Christians to fulfill their gospel mission and seek their group identity. Christians exhibit their discursive power through group norms and group behaviors. Cultural authoritarianism and religious fundamentalism arc the ideological factors that underline the exclusive group behaviors of the Christian virtual comm unities. The contradiction between exclusive and inclusive group cultures reflects the incompatibility between Chinese authoritarian tradition and the call for a more open society. Under the current social structure and cultural environment, particularistic ethics and exclusive practices would still be dominant in Chinese Christian virtual communities for a comparatively long time.

Conspiracy Theory

2018 ◽  
pp. 62-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McKenzie-McHarg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Conspiracy Theory ◽  
Karl Popper ◽  
Open Society ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Exact Answer ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Moment

Conspiracy theories have been around for a long time, though how long is a matter of debate. As for the concept of conspiracy theory, it might seem reasonable to expect a more exact answer about the moment of its emergence. When do we first find people talking and writing about conspiracy theories? While much of the literature points to the twentieth-century philosopher Karl Popper and his famous work The Open Society and Its Enemies (1st edition: 1945), newspaper databases allow us to locate earlier occurrences of “conspiracy theory.” They reveal that the term proliferates in newspapers from the 1870s onward, particularly after the assassination of President Garfield in July 1881. What can this discovery then tell us about the modern-day phenomenon of conspiracy theories?

scholarly journals Ethical guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence and the challenges from value conflicts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Søbirk Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Ethical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
Life Decision

The aim of this article is to articulate and critically discuss different answers to the following question: How should decision-makers deal with conflicts that arise when the values usually entailed in ethical guidelines – such as accuracy, privacy, non-discrimination and transparency – for the use of Artificial Intelligence (e.g. algorithm-based sentencing) clash with one another? To begin with, I focus on clarifying some of the general advantages of using such guidelines in an ethical analysis of the use of AI. Some disadvantages will also be presented and critically discussed. Second, I will show that we need to distinguish between three kinds of conflict that can exist for ethical guidelines used in the moral assessment of AI. This section will be followed by a critical discussion of different answers to the question of how to handle what we shall call internal and external values conflicts. Finally, I will wrap up with a critical discussion of three different strategies to resolve what is called a ‘genuine value conflict’. These strategies are: the ‘accepting the existence of irresolvable conflict’ view, the ranking view, and value monism. This article defends the ‘accepting the existence of irresolvable conflict’ view. It also argues that even though the ranking view and value monism, from a merely theoretical (or philosophical) point of view, are better equipped to solve genuine value conflicts among values in ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence, this is not the case in real-life decision-making. Keywords: AI; ethical guidelines; algorithm-based sentencing; value conflicts

scholarly journals The Discursive Constructions in School: A Qualitative Assessment of Value Conflicts Between School Ethos and Everyday Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afia Misri ◽  
Muhammad Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Education System ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
Medium Education ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
School Socialization

The debate of quality education in Pakistan revolves around three basic systems of education – Elite English Medium Education System, State Urdu Medium Education System and Madrassa Education System. However, the history and discourse of educational planning and development in Pakistan demonstrate that role of school socialization has largely been ignored when addressing the development issues of children. While focussing on the psychological and cultural incongruences in the socialization experiences of children, this paper asks that what are the major realms where school going children experience conflicts between the school ethos and real-life practices? The ethnographic study was conducted in Chakwal city, located in Punjab Province, involving participant observation in private and public schools. In-depth interviews were also conducted to acquire a holistic understanding of emerging trends of school ethos among students. The sample was selected through purposive sampling which includes students, parents and teachers belonging to different educational levels and diverse socio-economic backgrounds. The findings suggest that discordance between school socialization and what children experience in wider society engenders conflicting worldviews eventually creating everyday value-conflicts and identity crisis among children.Keywords: school ethos, socialization, value-conflict, identity, Pakistan

The Vulnerability of Integrity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. K. Ing
Keyword(s):  
Social Value ◽  
The Self ◽  
Moral Action ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Confucian Self ◽  
The Way

This chapter begins with a description of the Confucian self and then discusses the porous nature of this self with regard to the connections and boundaries that are seen to exist between the individual and others. The majority focuses on integrity, which is explained in terms of de德‎. The notion of de德‎ highlights the charismatic aspects of integrity such that integrity in an early Confucian context is understood as a power to motivate others to perform their roles in relationships. This power is obstructed or weakened in situations of irresolvable value conflict. De德‎ is a social value associated with the way in which moral actions enable the realization of the self, which is partially constituted by relationships. Integrity, as such, is vulnerable to irresolvable value conflicts and unfortunate situations because in those circumstances moral action is impeded such that meaningful relations cannot be maintained.

Do Negotiation Interventions Matter? Resolving Conflicting Interests and Values

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fieke Harinck ◽  
Daniel Druckman
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
Resource Conflict ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
Mediating Variables ◽  
Conflicting Interests

This study compared the effects of three interventions and a no-intervention control on the settlement of resource and value conflicts. These variables were arranged in a two (conflict issue: resources vs. values) by four (no intervention vs. other affirmation vs. shared identity vs. transaction costs) between-dyads design in which 127 dyads engaged in a negotiation task. Negotiators reached generally lower joint outcomes in the value conflict compared to the resource conflict, but after the other-affirmation intervention, this pattern was reversed. The shared-identity intervention did not result in higher joint outcomes for value conflicts. Stressing positive concern for the other negotiator may be a more effective strategy than stressing commonalities between the parties: increased concern for self and decreased defense of own opinions may account for this result. Forcing and logrolling behavior are shown to be mediating variables between the type of conflict and outcomes.

Value conflicts between local government and private sector in stock public-private partnership projects

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 907-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangwei Zhu ◽  
Mouxuan Sun ◽  
Linzhuo Wang ◽  
Xiuxia Sun ◽  
Miao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The complexity caused by conflicting values of stakeholders is a critical issue influencing the performance and sustainability of stock public–private partnership (SPPP) projects, which is a special type of public–private partnership (PPP) project in China. The purpose of this paper is to focus on value conflicts between local government and private sector, which are two major stakeholders in SPPP projects, and investigate exchange rules to resolve value conflicts. Design/methodology/approach Using a mixed method approach, 55 semi-structured interviews were conducted for 15 stakeholders involved in a representative SPPP project. Social network analysis was then adopted to outline the value conflict network based on data drawn from focus group discussions. Finally, 24 value conflicts between local government and private sector were analyzed through another 13 semi-structured interviews in an abductive approach. Findings Results show that value conflicts between local government and private sector are dynamic and intertwined within and across three project phases, based on which six exchange rules, rationality, Altruism, power consistency, competition, group gain and reciprocity, are identified. Two sets of situational factors which potentially influence exchange rules adopted by the two parties are revealed, namely, urgency and professionality for local government and short-term interests and long-term interests for private sector. A summary of paired exchange rules is provided to predict if value conflicts between the two major stakeholders will be resolved or not. Research limitations/implications Theoretical implications are twofold. First, the results provide a contribution to PPP project management by investigating value conflicts between local government and private sector, which deepen the understanding on the unique characteristics of SPPP projects. Second, the findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of social exchange theory by suggesting a summary of condition-based and pair-based exchange rules. Originality/value One strength of the study is in the concentrated analysis of a single case which allows for a deep understanding of value complexity between local government and private sector in SPPP projects from a dynamic and networked perspective. A guideline is provided for both parties when a value conflict is found hard to resolve. Besides, this study is also among the first that addresses value issues in SPPP projects.

Information security policies and value conflict in multinational companies

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alper Yayla ◽  
Yu Lei
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Security Risk ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Parent Companies

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine challenges multinational companies face during the diffusion of their information security policies. Parent companies use these policies as their discourse for legitimization of their practices in subsidiaries, which leads to value conflicts in subsidiaries. The authors postulate that, when properly crafted, information security policies can also be used to reduce the very conflicts they are creating.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed framework is conceptualized based on the review of literatures on multinational companies, information security policies and value conflict.FindingsThe authors identified three factors that may lead to value conflict in subsidiary companies: cultural distance, institutional distance and stickiness of knowledge. They offer three recommendations based on organizational discourse, ambidexterity and resource allocation to reduce value conflict.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors postulate that information security policies are the sources of value conflict in subsidiary companies. Yet, when crafted properly, these policies can also offer solutions to minimize value conflict.Practical implicationsThe proposed framework can be used to increase policy diffusion success, minimize value conflict and, in turn, decrease information security risk.Originality/valueThe growing literature on information security policy literature is yet to examine the diffusion of policies within multinational companies. The authors argue that information security policies are the source of, and solution to, value conflict in multinational companies.

The Open Society and Its New Enemies

Diogenes ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Han Goo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Religious Fundamentalism ◽  
Open Society ◽  
Globalized World

This paper elaborates on two classical theories of “Open Society,” i.e. Henri Bergson’s and Karl Popper’s. It outlines their differences, qualities, and limits. It provides some suggestions about the new enemies of open society in a globalized world, that these new enemies are identified in fanaticism which appears as religious fundamentalism, closed nationalism and political populism. Open society is characterized by the critical use of reason, freedom and tolerance.

scholarly journals Tipos de conflicto ético y formas de gestionarlos en la educación social y el trabajo social. Retos en las políticas de formación

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Jesús Vilar Martín ◽  
Gisela Riberas Bargalló
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Ethical Conflict ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Trabajo Social ◽  
The Way

This paper presents the results of an investigation that analyses two important and interrelated issues: firstly, what are the main types of ethical conflict that social education and social work professionals experiment with; and secondly, which are the most prevalent management forms. From the data obtained, the elements that determine the way the professionals tackle value conflicts are identified, and criterion are suggested in order to implement more effective training policies to approach situations of complexity, as in the case of value conflict.

scholarly journals Redefining clinical leadership for team-course development

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Øystein Evjen Olsen ◽  
Sissel Eikeland Husebø ◽  
Sigrun Anna Qvindesland ◽  
Helge Lorentzen
Keyword(s):  
Priority Setting ◽  
Course Development ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
Clinical Leadership ◽  
Value Choices ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Definition Of

Objective: Value choices are rooted in the philosophical deliberations of Aristotle, Levinas and Gadamer. Balancing the needs of “the other” with societal and institutional needs to meet the objectives of “the cause” is core to the modern health systems priority setting debate. These value conflicts present themselves bed-side in the day-to-day decision-making processes. A clinical leadership (CL) framework should present solutions to this challenge.Methods: The definition of CL is redefined to include four key values involved in this value conflict. These are 1) trust, 2) quality, 3) responsiveness and 4) efficiency. A CL in Teams course curriculum and design was developed to link these values to tools and to context in the hospital.Results: A new definition of CL has provided a common formative framework useful in clinical settings for priority setting, evaluation and professional development. By the end of 2015 a total of 82 participants will have completed the course. It has been evaluated to be timely, feasible, flexible, relevant and sustainable.Conclusions: Values influence how clinical leaders operate and have an important impact on their leadership abilities and how they respond to challenges. For clinical leaders and teams to work effectively it is crucial to develop common basic values. Developing a set of tools and reflective practice to understand the inter-relationship between values and how they can conflict or reinforce each other, contributes to improved quality of service, patient-centred care and workforce satisfaction.

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