scholarly journals A Brief Review of Sickle-Cell Haemoglobin, β-Thalassaemia and G-6-PD Deficiency Genes among Tribals of Scheduled Area of Rajasthan, India: Focus on Tribal Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 1187-1196
Author(s):  
Shanti Lal Choubisa ◽  
Anurag Choubisa
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Tribal People ◽  
Tribal Health ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

Rajasthan, situated at the north-western part of India is the biggest state in the country of India and has total of 33 districts. By merging eight tribal dominating districts namely, Banswara, Chittourgarh, Dungarpur, Pali, Pratapgarh, Rajasamand, Sirohi, and Udaipur of these, the government has created a special area called the ‘schedule area” in which >70% of the people are tribal. This area is mostly backward and underdeveloped where malaria is also hyperendemic. In this area, Bhil, Damor, Meena, Garasiya, Kathudia and Sahariya are the most dominating and major endogamous tribes. Besides the several communicable and non-communicable diseases in this area, certain erythrocyte genetic disorders, Sickle-Cell Haemoglobin (Hb-S), β-thalassaemia and G-6-PD deficiency (Gd) are also deteriorating the tribal health and causing morbidity and mortality in them. Genes of these red cell genetic disorders are more prevalent and widely distributed among tribal people. The maximum prevalence of these blood genetic disorders in tribes was found as 31.14%, 9.00% and 22.00%, respectively. Since the groundwater of this tribal area contains a high amount of Fluoride (F), drinking it poses a high risk of premature death of tribal people who already have homozygous state of sickle-cell and β-thalassaemic genes. In present communication, besides the focus on tribal health, the status of genes of sickle-cell haemoglobin, β-thalassaemia and G-6-PD deficiency in different tribal ethnic groups of scheduled area, the correlation of these blood genetic disorders with malaria, impact of F intoxication in tribal subjects possessing red cell genetic disorders and the prevention and control of these erythrocyte genetic disorders in tribal people have been critically reviewed. The results of this review are significant and advantageous in making and execution of prevention and control programme of these blood genetic disorders in tribals of scheduled area of Rajasthan, India. Moreover, in this review, research gaps are also highlighted for further research work.

Study to Evaluate Efficacy of Vajravatakmaņdura in Iron Deficiency Anemia in Adolescent Girls: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashmi Pareek Ayatullah Hosne Asif ◽  
Nisha Kumari Ojha
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Government ◽  
Trial Drug ◽  
And Control

Background: Anemia in adolescent girls possess greatest burden on their health as it leads to poor cognitive development, poor reproductive health and if not treated may lead to intrauterine growth retardation in their developing fetus. The prevalence of anemia among adolescent is 27% in developing country and 6% in developed country. The Government of India has launched National Anemia Control Programme, to prevent and control anaemia in children and adolescents. But the problem is still persisting because of many issues like - poor palatability, intolerance to the drug used, poor absorption of the drugs used, constipation, discoloration of stool, unpleasant odor and taste etc. result in poor compliance and therefore non adherence to the therapy which finally results in poor improvement. By looking at the magnitude of the problem, an Ayurveda drug Vajravatakmandura has been selected for the study and the present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of the trial drug in iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls. Material and methods: 100 subjects satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and were randomly divided in two groups. In group A, the trial drug Vajravatakmaņdura was administered and in group B, IFA tablets were given for two month of duration with follow up at every fortnight. Result: Both the trial and control groups showed extremely significant result over subjective parameters. Trial drug Vajravatakmaņdura in group A was found more effective over the subjective parameters - weakness, palpitation, pallor and loss of appetite with % gain of 39.77%, 39.39%, 39.17%, 38.09% respectively. Statistical analysis between before and after treatment findings of objective parameters, extremely significant (P less than 0.0001) improvement was found in both groups in all parameters, except for RBC count in group A, which was significant. No adverse effects were reported during entire period of study by any of the patients in trial group treated with trial drug. Conclusion: The trial drug “Vajravatakmandura” is effective, safe and palatable for the management of iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls.

PM466 RHD Prevention and Control Programme in the Republic of Kiribati

Global Heart ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e157
Author(s):  
Samantha Colquhoun ◽  
Akineti Nikuata ◽  
Joseph H. Kado ◽  
Kautu Bakatu ◽  
Teatao Tiira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Efficacy of Silver Dihydrogen Citrate and Steam Vapor against a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Feline Calicivirus, in Suspension, on Glass, and on Carpet

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Buckley ◽  
Muthu Dharmasena ◽  
Angela Fraser ◽  
Charles Pettigrew ◽  
Jeffery Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Hard Surface ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
A Current

ABSTRACTCarpets and other soft surfaces have been associated with prolonged and reoccurring human norovirus (HuNoV) outbreaks. Environmental hygiene programs are important to prevent and control HuNoV outbreaks. Despite our knowledge of HuNoV transmission via soft surfaces, no commercially available disinfectants have been evaluated on carpets. Our aim was to adapt a current standardized method for virucidal testing by assessing two disinfection technologies, silver dihydrogen citrate (SDC) and steam vapor, against one HuNoV surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV), on wool and nylon carpets. First, we evaluated the effect of both technologies on the appearance of carpet. Next, we evaluated the efficacy of SDC in suspension and the efficacy of SDC and steam vapor against FCV on a glass surface, each with and without serum. Lastly, we tested both technologies on two types of carpet, wool and nylon. Both carpets exhibited no obvious color changes; however, SDC treatments left a residue while steam vapor left minor abrasions to fibers. SDC in suspension and on glass reduced FCV by 4.65 log10and >4.66 log10PFU, respectively, but demonstrated reduced efficacy in the presence of serum. However, SDC was only efficacious against FCV on nylon (3.62-log10PFU reduction) and not wool (1.82-log10PFU reduction). Steam vapor reduced FCV by >4.93 log10PFU on glass in 10 s and >3.68 log10PFU on wool and nylon carpet carriers in 90 s. There was a limited reduction of FCV RNA under both treatments compared to that of infectivity assays, but RNA reductions were higher in samples that contained serum.IMPORTANCEHuman noroviruses (HuNoV) account for ca. 20% of all diarrheal cases worldwide. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea and vomit, with both known to contribute to transmission. The prevention and control of HuNoV are difficult because they are environmentally resilient and resistant to many disinfectants. Several field studies have linked both hard and soft surfaces to HuNoV outbreaks. However, many disinfectants efficacious against HuNoV surrogates are recommended for hard surfaces, but no commercially available products have demonstrated efficacy against these surrogates on soft surfaces. Our research objectives were to evaluate liquid and steam-based technologies in suspension and on hard surface carriers in addition to adapting and testing a protocol for assessing the virucidal effects of disinfection technologies on carpet carriers. These results will inform both the government and industry regarding a standard method for evaluating the virucidal effects of disinfectants on carpet while demonstrating their efficacy relative to suspension and hard-surface tests.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of a Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak Control Programme in Thailand 2008–2015: Case Studies and Lessons Learned

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terdsak Yano ◽  
Sith Premashthira ◽  
Tosapol Dejyong ◽  
Sahatchai Tangtrongsup ◽  
Mo D. Salman
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
And Control

Three Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks in northern Thailand that occurred during the implementation of the national FMD strategic plan in 2008–2015 are described to illustrate the lessons learned and to improve the prevention and control of future outbreaks. In 2008, during a FMD outbreak on a dairy farm, milk delivery was banned for 30 days. This was a part of movement management, a key strategy for FMD control in dairy farms in the area. In 2009, more than half the animals on a pig farm were affected by FMD. Animal quarantine and restricted animal movement played a key role in preventing the spread of FMD. In 2010, FMD infection was reported in a captive elephant. The suspected source of virus was a FMD-infected cow on the same premises. The infected elephant was moved to an elephant hospital that was located in a different province before the diagnosis was confirmed. FMD education was given to elephant veterinarians to promote FMD prevention and control strategies in this unique species. These three cases illustrate how differences in outbreak circumstances and species require the implementation of a variety of different FMD control and prevention measures. Control measures and responses should be customized in different outbreak situations.

scholarly journals Reticulocyte Survival in Sickle Cell Anemia: Effect of Cyanate

Blood ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanche P. Alter ◽  
Yuet Wai Kan ◽  
David G. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Fetal Hemoglobin ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Hemoglobin Molecule ◽  
Red Cell Survival ◽  
And Control

Abstract Cyanate prevents sickling in vitro and apparently prolongs the survival of 51Cr-tagged sickle erythrocytes in vivo. Cautious interpretation is required because the effects of cyanate on 51Cr binding to sickle and fetal hemoglobin-containing red cells are unknown, and comparison of the effect of cyanate on sickle red cell survival to control red cell survival must be performed sequentially. We have studied the survival of sickle reticulocytes utilizing radioactive amino acids that are incorporated into hemoglobin. Two informed adult patients with sickle cell disease were studied. In each study, two 50-ml samples of blood were incubated separately with 14C- and 3H-leucine for 2 hr, after which 50 mM cyanate was added to one aliquot for 1 hr. The cells were then washed and reinfused. Frequent venous samples were obtained, and the specific activities of 14C and 3H in the hemoglobin were followed. The t ½ of the carbamylated cells was tripled, but remained below normal. This method provides a generally useful measurement of the influence of drugs bound to red cells on reticulocyte lifespan. The labels are incorporated into the hemoglobin molecule of the reticulocyte, and simultaneous comparison of the survivals of the same cohort of drug-treated and control cells is achieved.

scholarly journals Strategies for prevention and control of COVID-19 in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Sapkota ◽  
Ganesh Dangal ◽  
Madhu Koirala ◽  
Kalyan Sapkota ◽  
Asmita Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Large Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus, is currently affecting a large population across the globe. World health organization (WHO) has already declared COVID-19, a pandemic, and the world is fighting to contain the COVID-19 outbreak. Nepal has taken several preventive measures to control the coronavirus outbreak. However, some additional steps are needed to prevent community transmission of the disease. This brief communication discusses the government of Nepal actions and provides recommendations for the prevention and control of COVID-19 infection in Nepal.

Environmental Protection and Regulations in India: Role of the Central Pollution Control Board

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Chand
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Control Board ◽  
Central Pollution Control Board ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

Since independence, Indian policymakers have attempted to address environmental problems by passing a number of rules and regulations as per the vision of the constitution and in response to the requirement of time. However, due to the prevalent poverty and the developmental compulsions of the nation, environment and its protection was not a priority of the government till the end of the 1960s. But, the 1972 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment brought a marked shift in India’s approach to environmental issues. The conference proved to be a turning point in India’s perception on environment and facilitated the creation of the National Committee on Environmental Planning and Co-ordination (NCEPC) in 1972. The NCEPC triggered a rise in environmental legislation, beginning with the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, which provided for the creation of Pollution Control Boards for the control of water pollution at national and state levels and empowered them to enforce the law. The boards were later empowered to deal with air pollution by Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 and acted as regulatory mechanisms to environmental protection. This article primarily deals with the role of the Central Pollution Control Board as a regulatory authority to environmental protection and regulations in India.

Mobilization, collection, and processing of peripheral blood stem cells in individuals with sickle cell trait

Blood ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 850-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Kang ◽  
Ellen M. Areman ◽  
Virginia David-Ocampo ◽  
Courtney Fitzhugh ◽  
Mary E. Link ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Sickle Cell Trait ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Recovery ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Cell Mobilization ◽  
And Control

Abstract Mobilized peripheral blood is increasingly used as the source of hematopoietic stem cells for allogeneic transplantation, currently the only curative approach for sickle cell anemia. However, the safety and feasibility of stem cell mobilization in individuals with sickle cell trait (SCT) has not been documented. This study is a prospective controlled trial to evaluate the safety and feasibility of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization in 8 SCT subjects and 8 control subjects matched for age and race. Mobilization with filgrastim 10 μg/kg subcutaneous daily for 5 days was followed by 12-L apheresis on the fifth day. Filgrastim administration was accompanied by similar symptoms in all subjects; no untoward adverse events occurred in either group, including sickle cell crises. CD34+ cell mobilization response was not significantly different between SCT and control subjects. Median CD34+ cell content was also similar in PBSCs collected from SCT versus control subjects, 6.8 versus 3.9 ×106 CD34+ cells/70 kg,P = .165. Red cell depletion from SCT products was not possible by using hydroxyethyl starch sedimentation but was achievable with ammonium chloride lysis. There was no evidence of gelling of SCT products after thaw, and no difference in cell recovery was seen among red cell–depleted versus nondepleted products. Cryopreservation in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide/6% pentastarch was associated with superior cell recovery (both SCT and control subjects) compared with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (P = .001). The study concluded that filgrastim mobilization, large volume apheresis, processing, and cryopreservation appears to be safe in donors with SCT, allowing PBSC use for transplantation in patients with sickle cell anemia.

scholarly journals Prevalence and temporal trend (2005–2015) of anaemia among children in Northeast Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 868-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Coeli da Silva Vieira ◽  
Aline Roberta Silva do Livramento ◽  
Monique Suiane Cavalcante Calheiros ◽  
Carla Mariana Xavier Ferreira ◽  
Tamara Rodrigues dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
And Control ◽  
Moderate Magnitude

AbstractObjectiveAnaemia is the main nutritional deficiency in Brazil, and a prevention and control programme (National Program for Iron Supplementation) has been developed since 2005. Studies on the temporal evolution of anaemia prevalence contribute to assessment of the effectiveness of the actions undertaken. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence and temporal trend of anaemia in children.DesignStudy based on two cross-sectional household surveys carried out in 2005 and 2015. Anaemia was defined as Hb<11 g/dl (HemoCue®). Trend analysis was performed using the prevalence ratio (PR), calculated by Poisson regression with a robust adjustment of the variance. Differences were significant when P<0·05 in both crude analyses and those adjusted for possible confounding factors (e.g. socio-economic, demographic and health variables).SettingAlagoas, Brazil.SubjectsIn total, 666 and 782 children in the first and second Alagoas State Health and Nutrition Survey, respectively (probabilistic samples).ResultsIn 2005 and 2015, anaemia prevalence was 45·1 and 27·4 %, respectively (−39·1 %; PR=0·61; 95 % CI 0·52, 0·70). In both surveys, children aged ≤24 months were more affected (P<0·01) than those aged >24 months (67·2 v. 40·7 %; 27·0 v. 19·3 %, respectively).ConclusionsThe prevalence of anaemia reduced significantly in the evaluated period. Thus, it may no longer be a severe public health problem but can instead be considered a problem of moderate magnitude. It remains, however, above the level considered acceptable according to WHO criteria. These results justify the implementation of prevention and control actions.

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