Indigenous Knowledge On Medicinal Plants Practiced At Myagdi District, Nepal

Indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants and practices is outdistancing and vulnerable to loss if not properly documented. A survey on medicinal plants and their practices was carried in the Myagdi district. Around 40 tribal people from four different villages were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Documentation of the indigenous knowledge was done in written form and the pictures of available medicinal plants were taken. The study showed that 93.51% of the respondent has used medicinal plants and 87.20% found them effective in curing several diseases and injuries. They are commonly used to cure diseases like bone fractures, abdominal pain, fever, common cold, dysentery, eye opacity, scabies, worm infection, reproductive problems, mental disorder, and cardiovascular problems. As reported, with access to modern pharmaceuticals, the use of medicinal plants has been less practiced these days. The knowledge on medicinal plants and practices are restricted to older-aged groups of the community (76.32%) reflecting that valuable indigenous knowledge is on the wane. This study portrays the commonly used medicinal plants along with their preparation techniques practiced in the study area.

Livelihood pattern and food security of tribal people in a selected area of Bangladesh

Asset’s possession and food consumption level of tribal people in Bangladesh express their socioeconomic status. The study was conducted to analyze the socioeconomic characteristics, measure the livelihood assets, and determine the calorie intake level of the sample households. Primary data were collected through field survey using an interview schedule from 60 tribal households. Tabular analysis and capital asset pentagon from DFID livelihood framework were used for data analysis. Household consumption data were converted to per person per day calorie intake level. The major findings of the study were that about 41.67% of the respondents were being 15-29 years of age, 30% respondents’ education was in the secondary level, average family size was 5.81, 40% of the respondents were occupied with agriculture as their primary occupation, average annual income and expenditure were Tk. 258560 (US$3015.28) and Tk. 242373.50 (US$2826.51), respectively. The livelihood assets were moderate. About 83.34% of the respondents belonged to the poor category and rest 16.67% of the respondents belonged to non-poor category. About 98.33% and 96.67% respondents suggested that, if job opportunity increases and ensure proper education; then their socioeconomic improvement will be faster. So, government and other organizations need to come forward to create more employment opportunity and education facilities for improving their livelihood pattern and food security status.

A Review on Pharmacological and Phytochemical studies towards convolvulaceae species Rivea and Ipomea

: The plants of Rivea and Ipomea are Convolvulaceae species which were identified by their funnel like flowers and radial shaped corolla.The stems of these plants are slender and creeper type.The plant of ipomea contain simple leaves.Whereas the leaves of Rivea are velvety in texture and have a shiny appearance.The fruits are like capsule, berry or nut containing only two seeds per one locule.Mostly Convolvulaceae species are eaten as a fresh leafy vegetable,which has been used traditionally for curing many ailments such as purgative,skin disease and as a blood purifier for arthritis, piles and urinary disorder.Both these plants explain the therapeutic benefits such as curing diabetes, skininfections ,snakebite, ulcer and also posses antimutagenic activities and act as a immune booster and help in the relief of respiratory congestion.On highlighting their phytochemical aspects both the plants shows the presence of flavanoids, terpenoids, poly phenols, carbohydrates, alkaloids, sterols and glycosides.As these plants is creepers,tribal people use their leafy part for their neutraceutical value.

A Brief Review of Sickle-Cell Haemoglobin, β-Thalassaemia and G-6-PD Deficiency Genes among Tribals of Scheduled Area of Rajasthan, India: Focus on Tribal Health

Rajasthan, situated at the north-western part of India is the biggest state in the country of India and has total of 33 districts. By merging eight tribal dominating districts namely, Banswara, Chittourgarh, Dungarpur, Pali, Pratapgarh, Rajasamand, Sirohi, and Udaipur of these, the government has created a special area called the ‘schedule area” in which >70% of the people are tribal. This area is mostly backward and underdeveloped where malaria is also hyperendemic. In this area, Bhil, Damor, Meena, Garasiya, Kathudia and Sahariya are the most dominating and major endogamous tribes. Besides the several communicable and non-communicable diseases in this area, certain erythrocyte genetic disorders, Sickle-Cell Haemoglobin (Hb-S), β-thalassaemia and G-6-PD deficiency (Gd) are also deteriorating the tribal health and causing morbidity and mortality in them. Genes of these red cell genetic disorders are more prevalent and widely distributed among tribal people. The maximum prevalence of these blood genetic disorders in tribes was found as 31.14%, 9.00% and 22.00%, respectively. Since the groundwater of this tribal area contains a high amount of Fluoride (F), drinking it poses a high risk of premature death of tribal people who already have homozygous state of sickle-cell and β-thalassaemic genes. In present communication, besides the focus on tribal health, the status of genes of sickle-cell haemoglobin, β-thalassaemia and G-6-PD deficiency in different tribal ethnic groups of scheduled area, the correlation of these blood genetic disorders with malaria, impact of F intoxication in tribal subjects possessing red cell genetic disorders and the prevention and control of these erythrocyte genetic disorders in tribal people have been critically reviewed. The results of this review are significant and advantageous in making and execution of prevention and control programme of these blood genetic disorders in tribals of scheduled area of Rajasthan, India. Moreover, in this review, research gaps are also highlighted for further research work.

Employment and Livelihoods among Tribal in India

The present article attempts to explore one of the most pertinent issues of livelihood among tribals in India. In this context, the following two key issues have been examined: (a) whether tribal people are still engaged primarily in agriculture or forestry related activities for their livelihood or they have moved to non-farm and industrial activities over the years and (b) whether the government affirmative action like reservation policy has helped the tribal people in joining more government/public/formal sector jobs. This article is based on analysis of last two decades secondary data from National Sample Surveys (NSS) and Census of India. On the basis of the analysis of the data it has been observed that the participation of tribals in public sector or formal sector jobs has increased over the years, which may be due to various affirmative actions by the governments’ reservation policy. However, the human capital base of tribals is still much below the other social groups. Another important fact has been revealed through probit regression analysis that the government reservation policy is exclusionary in effect. Maximum benefits have been derived by those who are highly educated and those who belong to high income group. These issues need urgent policy interventions for creating better livelihood conditions for the tribal population particularly for those who are relatively less benefitted.

BANKING FACILITIES IN TRIBAL DOMINATED RURAL AREAS - A CASE STUDY OF HEZAMARA BLOCK, MOHANPUR, TRIPURA

A bank is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits, make credits and provide other banking facilities – transactions,payments and insurance.By the way of implementing the concept of financial inclusion,a vast section of the rural disadvantaged tribal people in India was gradually coming under the ambit of formal banking services.As per the report of the World Bank's (2017) Global Findex shows that nearly 80 percent of the people in India had a bank account. However a significant portion of tribal people in India are excluded from the ambit of the banking facilities in the country. In this background the present paper aims to assess the level of access to banking facilities among the tribal people of Hezamara Block of Mohanpur,Tripura and to study their awareness level about financial products and services offered by the banks.The present study is based on primary data collected from the 200 tribal households in Hezamara Block through a set questionnaire and discussion.It has found that 100 percent of sample tribal respondents are having bank accounts and majority of the respondents have their bank accounts in Tripura Gramin Banks (TGBs) and Tripura State Co-operative Banks (TSCBs) respectively.

Perception Of People About Effects Of Atal Tunnel At Rohtang On The Life Of Tribal People In Lahaul Area In The State Of Himachal Pradesh- India

The word ‘tribe’ has different connotations for different branches of social sciences. Western anthropologists and sociologists take the term to denote a “primary aggregate of peoples living in a primitive or barbarous condition under a headman or chief”. Indian Constitution assigned special status to the schedule tribes, traditionally referred to as adivasi, vanavasi, tribes or tribals. The Tribal People of Lahaul have been experiencing geographical isolation as the area remain inaccessible for more than six months from the month of November to April every year due to closing of Rohtang Pass the only way to the area. Having difficult geographic environment i.e. mountainous and rugged terrain, extreme cold and dry agro climatic conditions, non- industrialization and limited basic infrastructure facilities at village level Lahaul tribal area of Himachal Pradesh. However, after opening the Atal Tunnel at Rohtang a new era of development, accessibility and connectivity started in this area. The present Paper is to study the perception of these tribal people about effect of Atal tunnel in Lahaul Tribal area. A questionnaire has been prepared and questions related to the effect of opening the tunnel on their Social, Cultural, economic life, opportunities, Challenges and tribal identity has been asked and recoded for analysis. For this purpose the study area has been divided into five physiographic units for sampling at village level. These micro physiographic units are demarcated by ridge line of mountains, drainage network and tehsils boundaries. Considering the geographic spread the purposive random sampling technique will be used for collecting the primary data. In total, 39 sample villages and about 585 households which constitute approximately 15% of total population surveyed for the present study.